恒温消解-原子荧光法测定尿中硒的研究

[目的]为开展人群尿中硒含量调查提供简便、可靠的检验方法。[方法]采用恒温消解仪消解尿样,以原子荧光法测定尿中硒。[结果]该方法的回归方程^Y=-7.120＋48.77X,相关系数为0.9991～1.000;测定尿中硒在0.5～300μg/L的范围内有良好的线性关系;精确度试验低、中、高3种不同尿样的RSD（%）分别为0.74、0.98、0.81;回收率试验低、中、高3种不同加入量回收率（%）分别为98.5、99.3、98.7。[结论]该方法是较理想的测定尿中硒的方法,尤其适用于大批量样品的检验分析。     

恒温消解-原子荧光法测定尿中总汞的研究

目的：为开展人群尿汞水平调查和汞作业人群尿汞的接触水平调查提供简便、可靠的检验方法.方法：采用恒温消解仪消解尿样,以原子荧光法测定尿中汞.结果：该方法的回归方程Y=10.68＋240.80X,r=0.9997;测定尿中汞在0～80 μg/L的范围内有良好的线性关系;精密度试验低、中、高3种不同尿样的RSD（%）分别为0.96、0.41、0.72;回收率试验低、中、高3种不同加入量其回收率（%）分别为101.0、100.3、99.6.结论：该方法是较理想的测定尿中总汞的检验方法,尤其适用于大批量样品的检验分析.     

直接法与恒温消解法测定尿中锰的比较研究

[目的]为开展人群尿中锰水平调查和锰作业人群尿中锰的接触水平调查提供简便、可靠的检验方法。[方法]分别采用直接石墨炉原子吸收法和恒温消解仪消解尿样后再以石墨炉原子吸收法分别测定尿中锰。[结果]两种方法的回归方程分别为P=0．022＋0．027X．r=0．9998;P=0．018＋0．028X．r=0．9997。测定尿中锰在0．05～20μg／L范围内均有良好的线性关系;二者经t检验在测定尿中锰的结果上无显著差别。[结论]用直接石墨炉原子吸收法测定尿中锰,更简单快捷,是较理想的测定尿中锰的检验方法,尤其适用于大批量样品的检验分析。     

水浴消解-原子荧光法测定尿中汞

目的:为开展职业病体检、人群本底水平调查等大批量尿样中汞的检测提供简单、省时、可靠的检验方法。方法:采用原子荧光法对经过水浴消解的尿样进行汞含量的检测。结果:本法最低检出限0.0016μg/L,测定范围在0~100μg/L有良好的线性关系,r=0.9994;精密度试验2份不同尿样的RSD分别为2.31%和1.12%。回收率试验2份尿样分别加入低、高两种不同浓度的标准其回收率分别为97.0%、98.2%、98.6%、98.9%。结论:水浴消解-原子荧光光谱法是快速、简便、可靠的测定尿汞的检测方法。     

酸性溴酸钾/溴化钾消解原子荧光法测定尿汞

[目的]研究不同的尿样消解方法,寻求一种快速、准确、高通量的适用于样品量大的职业性人群尿汞测定方法. [方法]采用微波消解法、低温高锰酸钾氧化法及酸性溴酸钾/溴化钾氧化法在一定的条件下处理尿样,比较3种方法的准确度、精密度、灵敏度、回收率以及检测时间. [结果]微波消解法与酸性溴酸钾/溴化钾氧化法测定尿汞含量吻合.两种方法相对标准偏差分别为2.4％、1.7％;加标回收率分别为101.5％～ 112.2％及105.5％～110.0％;样品前处理耗时分别为6h、15 min.低温高锰酸钾氧化法测定尿汞结果偏高,加标回收率约为130％.采用酸性溴酸钾/溴化钾氧化法测定冻干人尿汞质控样品,结果与标准值吻合性良好. [结论]本研究比较3种尿汞样品消解方法,结果表明以酸性溴酸钾/溴化钾氧化法较为新颖、准确、高效、快速,适合大批量职业性人群尿汞的简便快速测定.     

快速定量检测试剂盒(热消解)法测定尿中碘

目的了解尿碘快速定量检测试剂盒(热消解)法测定尿碘的准确度、精密度和检出限。方法对低、中、高三种不同浓度的尿样做精密度试验和准确度试验,并与国家标准方法进行比对。结果试剂盒法的检出限为7.90μg/L;低、中、高三种不同浓度(75.20μg/L、207.50μg/L、315.00μg/L)的尿样,8次测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为3.10%、1.60%、1.20%;加标回收率为96.60%～104.00%;试剂盒法和国标法的测定结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论尿碘快速定量检测试剂盒法测定尿碘精密度和准确度高,操作简单,不需要特殊仪器和设备,适合基层开展尿碘测定使用。     

测定尿中砷的微机消解-原子荧光光谱法

目的为开展正常人群尿砷水平调查和职业接触人群的接触水平调查建立快速、准确的检验方法。方法尿样经微机消解仪批量消解,原子荧光光谱法测定尿中砷。结果溶液浓度在0—40μg/L范围内标准曲线线性良好,r=0．9991,样品RSD％为2．26％-2．99％,样品的加标回收率为95．65％-102．5％,方法的检出限为0．046μg/L。结论采用常用设备微机消解仪一次能消解60份样品,样品前处理简单快捷,且具有较好的准确度、灵敏度,适合大批样品的普查检验。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定尿中痕量锰

现有生物材料中锰测定方法,其中尿锰测定主要推荐有高碘酸钾集锰法,该法存在尿样取样量大,前处理复杂繁琐、耗时,回收率低等缺点.本实验利用石墨炉的特殊性能即样品预处理功能,只要将尿样作适当稀释,用硝酸镁作基体改进剂[1],直接注入石墨炉测定,此法能有效消除基体干扰、快速、简单、试剂消耗量少、回收率高,适合于大量样品检测.本法应用于职业人群中尿锰测定,取得了满意的结果.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定尿中锰

[目的]建立一种石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定尿中锰的方法.[方法]尿样用硝酸溶液稀释后,直接用石墨炉原子吸收法测定.[结果]石墨炉原子吸收法测定尿中锰,灰化温度可达1200℃,原子化温度为2400℃.标准曲线的线性范围为0.00～20.00μg/L,方法的检出限为0.2μg/L.测定样品的相对标准偏差在2.1%～4.6%L间,回收率在90.9%～106.8%之间.分别用标准加入法和标准曲线法测定不同尿样中的锰,经统计学处理,两者测定结果无显著性差异.[结论]该方法操作简便、迅速,具有良好的精密度和准确度,可用于尿中锰的测定.     

石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定尿样中砷

[目的]建立以石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定尿样中砷. [方法]由于尿样基体比较复杂干扰严重,园此,采用硝酸及硝酸镍做为基体改进剂,延长干燥时间、提高灰化温度,使仪器条件调至最佳,测定尿样中砷. [结果]该方法的检出限为1.4 μg/L,回收率为92.9%～106.4%,相对标准偏差分别为6.78%、4.59%、3.25%,平均相对标准偏差为4.87%. [结论]该方法操作简单、分析速度快、灵敏度高,是一种理想的测定尿样中砷方法.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.