滤除白细胞对自体回收血诱发大出血手术患者全身炎性反应的影响

目的 评价滤除白细胞对自体回收血诱发大出血手术患者全身炎性反应的影响.方法 选择预计大出血手术需进行自体血液回输患者24例,年龄28～56岁,体重53～78kg,随机分为2组(n=12):对照组(C组)和白细胞滤除组(T组).C组不使用白细胞过滤器,T组于泵后串联LG6型白细胞过滤器,分别于自体血回输前即刻、回输后5、10、30、60 min时抽取桡动脉血3 nd,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-6和IL-8的浓度,计数白细胞(WBC)和中性粒细胞(PMN).结果 与自体血回输前即刻比较,自体血回输后各时点两组血浆TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的浓度及WBC和PMN计数均升高(P<0.05);与C组比较,T组于自体血回输后各时点WBC和PMN计数降低,血浆TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8浓度降低(P<0.05).结论 滤除自细胞可减轻自体回收血诱发大出血手术患者全身炎性反应的程度.     

自体血小板分离回输对全弓置换术患者术后急性肾损伤的影响

目的评价自体血小板分离(APP)回输对全弓置换术患者术后急性肾损伤的影响。方法选择全麻下拟行全弓置换术患者60例, 性别不限, 年龄18～64岁, BMI 19～34 kg/m2, ASA分级Ⅲ或Ⅳ级。采用随机数字表法分为3组(n=20):APP回输组(A组)、急性等容血液稀释组(N组)和单纯自体血回收回输组(C组)。A组于手术开始前完成APP, 浓缩红细胞根据术中情况及时回输, 贫血小板血浆和富血小板血浆待鱼精蛋白中和后回输;N组在手术开始前完成急性等容血液稀释(ANH), 放出的全血待鱼精蛋白中和后回输;C组在术中单纯行自体血回收及洗涤红细胞回输, A组和N组均行自体血回收。分别于麻醉诱导后10 min(T1)、体外循环后5 min(T2)、手术结束即刻(T3)、术后24和48 h(T4, 5)时采集颈内静脉血及尿液, 测定红细胞压积(Hct)、血浆游离血红蛋白(fHb)、尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、组织金属蛋白酶抑制物-2(TIMP-2)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-7(IGFBP-7)的浓度, 计算[TIMP-2]×[IGFBP-7]。于术前、术后当天、术后1...     

自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输在脊柱侧弯矫形术中的价值

目的探讨自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输技术在脊柱侧弯矫形术中的临床价值。方法 60例行脊柱侧弯手术患者随机分为三组,每组20例。Ⅰ组:术前自体血小板分离并制备富血小板血浆（PRP）,术中自体血回收,手术结束前回输PRP;Ⅱ组:仅行术中自体血回收,未进行自体血小板分离回输;Ⅲ组:未进行血液保护措施。测定Ⅰ组手动提取PRP中血小板计数（Plt）,于麻醉诱导前（T₁）、自体血小板分离后10 min（T₂）、输自体回收血及PRP前10 min（T₃）、输自体回收血及PRP后10 min（T₄）、术后24 h（T₅）、术后48 h（T₆）各时点测Hb水平、凝血功能、Plt和血小板聚集功能;比较手术时间、术中出血量、术后24、48 h切口总引流量、术中及术后48 h异体血输入量。结果三组手术时间、术中出血量差异无统计学意义;T₃、T₄时三组Plt和血小板聚集功能明显低于T₁时（P<0.01）。与Ⅰ组比较,T₅、T₆时Ⅱ、Ⅲ组凝血功能、血小板聚集功能显著降低（P<0.05）,术后24、48 h切口总引流量明显增加（P<0.01）,术中及术后48 h内输异体血总量明显增加（P<0.01）。结论自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输可显著改善脊柱侧弯矫形术患者术后血小板聚集及凝血功能,减少术后切口引流量及异体血输注量。     

腰椎内固定术围手术期3种自体血回输方式有效性评价

[目的]对照腰椎开放内固定手术围术期采用的3种自体血回输方法,分析各种自体输血方法单独及联合使用对于预防术后贫血的有效性。[方法]回顾本科2011年1月~2013年10月共179例腰椎内固定手术并采集自体血患者,根据病情需要和医患沟通结果,以有无使用术中及术后自体血回收装置分为Ⅰ组(单纯自体血组,52例),Ⅱ组(自体血+术中回输组,24例),Ⅲ组(自体血+术后回输组,67例),Ⅳ组(自体血+术中回输+术后回输组,26例),对照四组患者输血有效性指标及安全性指标差异情况,进行统计学分析。[结果]各组患者年龄、心血管疾病率、手术时间、住院天数、输异体血比例方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组、Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组、Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组血红蛋白(HGB)及红细胞压积(HCT)术后第1 d差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Ⅰ组与Ⅳ组HGB/HCT术后第1 d差异有统计学意义(P0.05);各组间HGB/HCT术后第7、14 d差异无统计学意义(P0.05);各组术后血小板计数、谷丙转氨酶、总胆红素、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]腰椎后路开放内固定术前储存自体血患者,围术期单独使用术中或术后自体血回输不能降低异体输血率,因此对预防术后贫血无明显意义,联合使用术中或术后自体血回输对预防术后贫血可能有意义。     

自体血回输技术在脑外伤手术患者中的应用

目的探讨回收式自体血回输在脑外伤手术中的应用效果。方法本院2012年1月至2013年12月,实施脑外伤手术,选择无自体血回输禁忌症且预计出血量大于600ml的90例患者随机分成两组,每组45例：对照组A组、术中回收式自体血回输组（研究组）B组,对患者手术前（T1）、手术结束（T2）、术后24小时（T3）患者的凝血功能及红细胞（RBC）、血红蛋白（HGB）、红细胞压积（Hct）进行检测,记录输血量,以及评价并发症。结果应用回收式自体血回输组48%的患者避免了术中、术后异体血的输入,而对照组仅9%的患者不需输入异体血。以对照组相比,自体血回输患者异体输血量平均每例比对照组少输293ml,自体血回输再回收率约49%,各组术前、手术结束、术后24小时血液中的RBC、Hb、Hct及凝血功能检测数据大致正常。结论自体血液回输用以脑外伤患者是安全且有效的方法,可以及时获得大量新鲜血液对患者进行抢救,同时节省异体血用量,并且可以避免血液传播性疾病的发生,对患者影响小、并发症低,可安全应用于脑外伤手术。     

自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输对骨科手术患者凝血功能的影响作用

目的观察术前自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输对骨科手术患者凝血功能的影响作用。方法60例骨科择期手术患者（预计出血量〉1000ml,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级）,随机分为3组,每组20例患者。Ⅰ组采用术前自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输,Ⅱ组采用单纯术中自体血回输,Ⅲ组不进行任何血液保护措施。各组分别于麻醉前、血小板分离后10min、保存的血小板或自体血回输前10min、回输后10min、术后24h、术后48h检测相应时点的血红蛋白水平、凝血功能、血小板水平和聚集功能、术中术后出血量及异体输血情况。结果三组的一般资料、术中出血量、术中术后的血红蛋白水平比较未见明显差异。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组术后24h和术后48h的血小板水平和聚集功能明显降低（P〈0．05）,术后出血量及异体输血率则明显增高（P〈0．01）。结论术前自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输可明显改善骨科手术患者的凝血功能,并有效降低术后出血量和异体血的输注。     

急性高容性血液稀释联合自体血回收回输技术在全髋关节置换手术中的应用及对患者的影响

目的评价急性高容性血液稀释和自体血回收回输技术联合应用对全髋关节置换手术的血液保护效果及其安全性。方法 2010年9月至2012年3月在本组实施全髋关节置换手术、预计出血量〉600ml的120例患者随机分为四组,每组30例：对照组、急性高容性血液稀释组、自体血回输组、急性高容性血液稀释组＋自体血回收回输组。术中、术后对血流动力学指标、凝血功能进行检测,记录术中失血量、输血量,麻醉时间和手术时间,以及评价并发症。结果采用自体回输血技术的患者中约50%患者不用再输异体血,其中自体血回输组未输异体血的比例46.67%、急性高容性血液稀释组＋自体血回收回输组未输异体血比例为60%,而对照组中仅10%的患者不需输入异体血,单纯AHH组为1/3患者未输异体血。与对照组相比,所有采用血液保护措施的患者异体输血量比对照组约少240ml,自体血回输技术的再回收率约为40%;术中、术后各组血流动力学指标和凝血功能指标无明显差异,均保持维持稳定;各种组均未发现与应用血液保护技术有关的并发症。结论联合应用急性高容性血液稀释和自体血回收回输技术,可以明显减少失血量、降低异体输血,对患者影响小,并发症低,对全髋关节置换手术来说是一种安全有效的血液保护技术,值得推广应用。     

川芎嗪对自体血回输中红细胞的保护作用

由于输入异体输血会导致疾病传播、免疫力下降 ,而且目前血源紧张 ,自体血回输已被越来越多的国内医院所采用。但回输红细胞的质量和回收血的利用率直接影响着自体输血的质量。本研究拟观察回输红细胞的形态、洗涤后回输红细胞内钙浓度变化及回收血的利用率 ,并探讨川芎嗪对其的保护作用。1.材料和方法 :选择采用自体血回输的无血液疾病的骨科患者 40例 ,随机分为 2组 ,每组 2 0例。Ⅰ组患者于收集自体血前 30ｍｉｎ经静脉滴注川芎嗪 4ｍｇ/ｋｇ ,5ｍｉｎ内滴完。然后将回收血液的肝素化生理盐水冲洗液内加入川芎嗪 ,浓度为 7 5ｍｇ/ 10 0ｍ…     

自体血液回输器在骨科大手术术中及术后的应用

目的探讨自体血液回输器在骨科大手术术中及术后的应用。方法采用美国CBCⅡConsta Vac自体血液回输器回收骨盆骨折、股骨骨折及髋、膝关节置换术中出血和术后渗血,通过过滤装置过滤后回输给患者。记录回输血量,观察回输后不良反应,对回输血液进行细菌培养,对术前静脉血、回输血及术后24 h静脉血进行血常规及血浆电解质检查。结果所有患者的回输血液量在600~2000 mL,有1例患者出现酱油样小便,无术后感染,术后血常规及血浆电解质检查与术前比较变化不明显。结论采用自体血液回输器回收患者术中手术野出血及术后切口渗血,通过血液回输器回输给患者,安全有效,从而避免或减少异体输血,这在当前血源紧张的情况下具有重要的现实意义。     

骨科手术中自体血液回输对血清前炎性细胞因子浓度的影响

目的 测定下肢骨科手术术野回收血经自体血回收机处理前后及患者自血回输前后血清前炎性细胞因子浓度,观察骨科手术中自体血回输对患者细胞免疫的影响.方法 30例择期行下肢骨科手术患者,分别采集自体血回收机处理前后的术野回收血,并于自体血回输前10min、回输后1 h采集患者动脉血,采用放射酶联免疫吸附测量法测定血样中3种前炎性细胞因子白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)浓度,并观察相关并发症.结果　术野回收血经自体血回收机处理前后3种前炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF浓度分别为(0.54 ±0.22)、(0.71±0.16)、(16.23±5.68)μg/L和(0.26±0.12)、(0.29±0.09)、(6.32±2.57)μg/L,与处理前比较,处理后3种细胞因子浓度显著降低(P＜0.05);自血回输前后患者血清中3种细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF浓度分别为(0.35±0.17)、(0.47±0.15)、(8.44±3.56)μg/L和(0.39±0.19)、(0.52±0.18)、(9.48±3.45)μg/L,与回输前比较,回输后患者血清中3种细胞因子浓度增高(P＜0.05);30例患者自体血回输后12 h内均未观察到低血压、心动过速、血红蛋白尿、凝血功能紊乱、脓毒血症、空气栓塞、心肺问题等并发症.结论　骨科手术患者术中可适量自体血回输,回收血液经自体血回收机处理后前炎性细胞因子浓度显著降低,回输后未观察到严重并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of autologous blood transfusion on serum cytokine levels in patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery. Methods A total of 30 cases scheduled for undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery were enrolled in this study. Each patient had four blood samples taken (pre-transfusion, one h post-transfusion, cell saver container, and post-filtration from the blood bag). An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurement of radiation was conducted to determine levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Serious complications and sequelae associated with autotransfusion were recorded. Results In comparison to cell saver container, levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF in the blood bag were decreased significantly (P＜0. 05 ). In comparison to pre-transfusion, levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF were increased significantly (P ＜ 0. 05 ). No serious complications and sequelae associated with autotransfusion were observed. Conclusion The use of cell saver container appears to be safe in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery and the levels of the cytokines in post-filtration blood are decreased.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.