实验动物的环境与福利

实验动物在生物科学研究领域中的应用不断发展,其饲养环境和福利保障的问题已越来越被国际所关注.实验动物的环境与福利不仅是对动物本身的保护,更重要的是对动物试验结果的保证.本文详细论述了大环境(温度、湿度、气流等方面)及小环境( 笼具、饲养密度、垫料)对实验动物福利的影响,通过总结国内外的研究概况,旨为我国改善和提高实验动物的福利提出一些思路.     

北京地区部分实验动物设施改建结果综合评价

根据国家标准对北京地区近两年内部分改建实验动物设施环境质量进行了全面检测并综合评价其改建效果。结果表明,通过改建不同程度地提高和改善了北京地区部分实验动物设施环境条件,改建后实验动物设施质量分别达到了国家有关标准要求,但综合分析结果表明,各改建设施之间以及同一改建设施内不同区域局部之间各项指标均存在有极为显著差别(P< 0-01) ,有待改进和统一标准。建议尽快研究建立我国实验动物设施设计施工规范,统一设计施工标准,促进我国实验动物设施环境标准化。     

浅谈医学实验动物与环境污染控制

医学实验动物虽然是经人工饲养、繁育、对其携带微生物及寄生虫、遗传背景明确应用医学科学研究、教学、生产和检验的动物，但是，我们考察动物和医学实验动物在人类传染病流行中的作用时候，不但要看到一般情况下的有害生物，还要看到特定情况下的“条件有害生物”，而成为“条件有害生物”的可能性对所有那些平时不是有害生物的动物种类来说都是普遍存在的，且一般是无法预测的。医学实验动物尽管不同于一般动物，但实验动物饲养与动物实验过程对外界环境的污染是肯定的。这个污染主要有三个方面，一是实验动物与人类传染病相互污染；二是做动物试验污染、实验动物与实验动物、野生动物与实验动物问相互的污染；三是实验动物对饲养室内外环境的废气污染。如何控制好这三个方面的污染，有很多问题值得进一步探讨研究。     

中国动物福利立法情况介绍

所谓动物福利，就是让动物在康乐的状态下生存，其标准包括动物无任何疾病、无行为异常、无心理紧张压抑和痛苦。动物伦理问题在我国是一个崭新的课题，尤其是对于为了人类的幸福和发展做出巨大牺牲的实验动物的福利和伦理问题，更为引人注目并且也给研究带来一定的难度。有关方面“善待动物”的呼声已越来越高涨。专家呼吁，不仅要给予动物舒适的居住环境，足够营养的饲料、清洁用水，有条件的还应该提供镇静剂、     

新疆医科大学医学实验动物中心屏障设施的建立

根据《实验动物环境及设施》GB14925-2001国家标准[1],在新疆医科大学医学实验动物中心完成了对屏障设施自检的基础上,邀请了具有国家级实验动物环境条件检测[2]资质的专家进行了达标验收,完全达到了国家有关标准。     

实验动物福利发展浅析及教学体会

“实验动物福利”就是为了让实验动物在康乐的状态下生存，人们采取的一系列行为和给动物提供的相应的外部条件。国际上普遍认可的动物福利是“五项基本福利”，或称为“五大自由”。其主要内容为：动物有免受饥饿的自由，有生活舒适的自由，有免受痛苦、伤害和疾病的自由，有免受恐惧和不安的自由，有免受身体热度不适和表达所有自然行为的自由。     

实验动物环境设施监测分析

实验动物环境及设施（Laboratory animal requirements of environment and housing facilities）是影响动物进化、生态反应、育种、保种、动物生产及动物实验重要基本条件。定期或不定期监测实验动物生长发育的环境条件是否维持在适应状态至关重要，因此，实验动物的环境设施监测与遗传监测、营养监测、微生物监测一样，是保证实验动物质量的基本手段。本文对2005年江苏省已取得实验动物使用许可证的14家单位，23处环境设施监测结果进行分析。     

2012年湖北省实验动物设施环境检测结果与分析

目的 针对湖北省2012年度实验动物许可证年检环境设施检测结果,对检测结果进行分析总结,提出建议,促进湖北省实验动物环境设施可靠运行。方法 各实验动物环境设施采用30%区域抽检方式,依据GB14925-2010《实验动物环境及设施》,对各区间微环境指标进行检测检测。 结果 除气流速度、沉降菌最大平均浓度外,其他检测指标均存在不符合国家标准的情况。 结论 应加强对实验动物设施管理培训工作,提高实验动物设施管理人员的管理水平,从而整体提高湖北省实验动物设施环境条件。     

实验动物房投资现状及减少运行费用的探讨

实验动物设施(在此我们称为生态动物饲养房或动物房),比其他类型的实验室环境更需要仔细和重点的工程工艺设计。稳定和高质量的动物生活环境是确保研究完善的关键所在。此外,通风系统必须为工作人员提供安全、舒适的工作环境。在维持房间正确压力的同时,还必须确保污浊空气的排出。     

加强检测，全面提高实验动物质量

实验动物是生命科学研究的基础和重要支撑条件，实验动物标准化是实验动物的核心工作，其三个基本环节包括动物生产条件的标准化、动物应用条件的标准化和动物质量的标准化，生产条件的标准化和应用条件的标准化是前提，而动物质量的标准化是核心。实验动物的遗传控制、微生物控制、环境控制和营养控制是保证动物质量标准化的根本内容，加强质量检测，是保证实验动物标准化的重要举措，检测中心是实施质量检测的执法机构。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.