联合运用VBM方法和DTI技术揭示精神分裂症的神经元基质

目的:运用基于体素形态学VBM(voxel-based morphometry)方法探索未用药的首发精神分裂症患者与正常人脑结构差异,并用弥散张量成像DTI(diffusion tensor imaging)技术观察脑白质结构完整性。方法:纳入18个首发精神分裂症患者,和19个年龄性别都相符的正常人,分别采集高分辨T1WI图像和DTI图像。T1WI图像的处理采用优化的VBM方法进行全脑分析比较。结果:与健康对照组相比,首发精神分裂症患者双侧枕叶和双侧丘脑明显的灰质密度降低,左侧顶枕束、左上纵束及右扣带回后部白质密度降低。而右枕额纤维束,右胼胝体压部到右扣带回后部有相应FA值降低。结论:联合优化的VBM以及DTI图像分析技术,发现首发精神分裂症患者枕叶视辐射区,丘脑皮质回路(边缘系统)皮质以及白质完整性受损,提示在精神分裂症早期就存在边缘系统和视觉通路的神经发育异常。     

精神分裂症患者大脑灰质结构异常的VBM初步分析

目的评价基于体素的形态学分析法(VBM)分析精神分裂症大脑灰质结构的价值。方法采用GE Signa Twin Speed1.5T超导型MRI成像系统,对9例精神分裂症患者和9例年龄、性别与之相匹配的正常人行全脑扫描,获取16～18层脑结构MRT1图像。数据分析采用以SPM2软件包为基础的全自动VBM技术进行处理。结果与正常对照组比较,精神分裂症患者灰质明显减少区域在双侧前扣带回、前额叶、右侧颞上回(P<0.005),且大脑灰质减少具有不对称性,前额区偏侧化系数(AIs)为 0.19,颞区为-0.50。灰质明显增多的区域在右前额叶与右枕区、左顶下小叶(P<0.005),也具有不对称性,前额区AIs为-0.77,顶叶 1.00,枕区为-0.73。结论精神分裂症患者大脑灰质结构异常。VBM法具有简便、自动化的特点,在精神分裂症脑形态结构研究方面前景广阔。     

首发精神分裂症听觉感觉门控异常的功能磁共振研究

目的通过功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术探讨首发精神分裂症听觉感觉门控异常与脑功能异常激活之间的关系,为该病的临床研究提供更多客观依据。方法选择2011年6月至2012年6月精神科收治的15例首发精神分裂症患者作为研究组,同时选取年龄、性别、受教育程度相匹配的15例志愿者作为正常对照组,两组均进行脑功能磁共振成像,采用多声音刺激和单声音刺激比较的范式,比较两组患者感觉听觉门控的异常。结果研究组听觉感觉门控脑激活在右侧海马、右侧丘脑区明显低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论首发精神分裂症患者的听觉门控异常可能与大脑海马、丘脑等功能激活异常有关。     

应用基于体素的形态测量学分析慢性原发性三叉神经痛患者脑灰质形态改变

目的 应用基于体素的形态测量学（VBM）方法,分析慢性原发性三叉神经痛（CPTN）患者脑灰质形态改变。方法 利用VBM-DARTEL算法,对30例CPTN患者（CPTN组）及30名年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者（正常对照组）的3D-T1W序列脑结构数据行VBM处理及统计分析,探讨CPTN患者脑灰质体积改变及其与临床指标（病程及量表评分）的相关性。结果 与正常对照相比,CPTN患者双侧前扣带回（ACC）后部及中扣带回（MCC）、双侧颞叶、双侧丘脑、左侧海马及海马旁回、右侧中央前回灰质体积减小,右侧后扣带回（PCC）及右侧顶叶灰质体积增大（P均<0.05）,但所有差异脑区的灰质体积与临床指标之间无线性相关关系。结论 CPTN患者存在多个脑区灰质体积的异常,VBM方法能显示这些改变,为临床评价CPTN患者脑形态学异常提供客观的影像学依据。     

颞叶内侧癫痫全脑灰质基于体素的MRI形态分析

目的应用MRI基于体素的形态学测量方法（VBM）,分析颞叶内侧癫痫患者全脑灰质结构的改变。方法对23例颞叶内侧癫痫患者（其中右侧病变11例,左侧病变12例）,13例年龄性别与之匹配的健康志愿者行全脑扫描,应用磁化准备快速梯度回波成像序列获取三维结构图像。数据分析采用以SPM99软件包为基础的全自动VBM技术进行处理。结果与健康对照组比较,颞叶内侧癫痫患者显示了患侧和对侧海马,以及丘脑、扣带回等边缘系统结构灰质密度的减少。额叶及小脑皮层等结构也显示弥漫灰质密度的减少。结论VBM法操作简单,不但可检测颞叶内侧癫痫海马结构的异常,还可显示海马结构以外弥漫脑灰质结构的异常。     

青少年首发精神分裂症患者脑结构异常及其相关因素研究

目的探讨青少年首发精神分裂症患者的脑结构异常及其相关因素。方法应用回顾性统计方法分析2013年1月至2016年4月新入院379例青少年精神分裂症患者临床资料及头部CT资料,分为头部CT正常组(340例)与头部CT异常组(39例)。观察青少年首发精神分裂症患者头部CT异常的发生率和脑结构异常类型,分析青少年首发精神分裂症患者脑结构异常的相关因素。结果青少年首发精神分裂症脑结构异常者39例,头部CT异常率为10.3%,其中脑室扩大17例(43.6%),脑沟增宽11例(28.2%),大枕大池7例(17.9%),蛛网膜囊肿4例(10.3%)。与头部CT正常者相比,青少年首发精神分裂症患者头部CT异常者年龄更小,母孕期异常(早产、剖宫产者)更多,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。应用Pearson相关分析,青少年首发精神分裂症患者头部CT异常者,脑结构异常的发生与年龄负相关(r=-0.31,P0.01),与母孕期异常正相关(r=0.19,P0.01);脑结构异常类型与性别、家族史、临床表现等无相关性(P0.05)。结论青少年首发精神分裂症脑结构异常检出率较高,并且脑结构异常者起病年龄更小、母孕期异常更多,青少年精神分裂症脑结构异常可能为其神经生物学基础。     

慢性高原病患者脑灰质变化的VBM-MRI研究

目的采用MRI基于体素的形态学测量（VBM-MRI）技术,分析慢性高原病（CMS）患者全脑灰质体积的变化。材料与方法对14例临床确诊的CMS患者和年龄、性别、受教育年限、海拔高度相匹配的11例正常志愿者行全脑扫描,获取3D-T1结构图像。利用VBM方法对CMS组和正常组的全脑灰质图像进行基于体素的统计学比较。结果与对照组相比,CMS患者右侧舌回、后扣带回、双侧海马旁回及左侧颞下回灰质体积增加;左侧前扣带回灰质体积减少。结论利用VBM方法对MR结构图像分析能够客观显示CMS患者特定脑区体积的变化,从影像学角度揭示高原缺氧对脑结构的影响。     

VBM分析在颞叶癫痫患者脑结构MRI检测中的应用

【目的】基于像素的形态学测量（VBM ）法分析颞叶癫痫患者脑区灰质密度和体积的差异,探讨VBM对常规M RI未发现病灶的颞叶癫痫患者的检测准确性。【方法】选择本院收治的30例常规M RI未发现病灶的颞叶癫痫患者（颞叶癫痫组）,其中男13例,女17例;选择同期本院体检健康者30例（对照组）,其中男16例,女14例。采用磁化预备快速梯度回波序列进行高分辨率全脑结构像扫描两组研究对象脑部,通过VBM分析其全脑灰质体积及密度变化。【结果】①颞叶癫痫患者组的左侧枕叶、楔叶,右侧小脑山顶脑区的灰质密度较对照组降低,差异有显著性意义;双侧壳核、外侧苍白球、左侧颞下回、右侧额下回脑区的灰质密度较对照组升高,差异有显著性意义;②颞叶癫痫患者组双侧岛叶,右侧中央前回、颞上回、楔叶、楔前叶、枕中回、缘上回,左侧颞中回、角回、舌回、颞横回、中央后回、中央旁小叶、海马旁回、梭状回的脑灰质体积较正常对照组降低,差异有显著性;未发现灰质体积升高的脑区。【结论】颞叶癫痫患者不仅颞叶灰质存在异常,而且颞叶外脑区也存在广泛的灰质异常,对于常规M RI未发现病灶的颞叶癫痫患者,进行VBM 分析可发现广泛的脑结构异常。     

精神分裂症患者脑结构异常的CT分析

目的:对精神分裂症患者的头颅CT检查异常改变进行探究,以指导后续治疗方案的合理制定。方法:随机选取我院2017年1月至8月期间的118例精神分裂症患者为例,对其头颅CT检查结果予以分析,与此同时,根据PANSS量表分将其分为以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症、以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症,比较两者之间的头颅CT检查情况。结果:①共118例精神分裂症患者,脑CT总异常检出率为43.2%;②与阳性症状为主的精神分裂患者比较,以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者头颅CT异常率明显增高,对比差异显著(X~2=8.69,P0.05);③与首发精神分裂症患者比较,复发精神分裂症患者脑CT异常率增高,比较差异显著(X~2=6.17,P0.05)。结论:脑结构异常,是精神分裂症常见的一种表现,早期即可检出,当中的以阴性症状为主精神分裂症属于器质性改变。     

遗忘型轻度认知障碍基于体素的形态学MRI研究

目的：利用基于体素的分析方法（VBM）研究遗忘型轻度认知障碍（aMCI）患者灰质、白质萎缩的特点及灰质体积与认知功能改变的关系。方法：采用1.5T磁共振对29例aMCI患者及30例正常老年人进行三维T1加权成像扫描,利用基于SPM的DARTEL工具箱对扫描获得的结构图像进行预处理,再对aMCI组和对照组的全脑灰质、白质体积进行基于体素的统计学比较。此外,将所有患者的灰质体积作为因变量,MMSE评分作为自变量进行回归分析。结果：与正常老年组比较,aMCI组左侧海马、海马旁回、舌回、颞上回,双侧岛叶、颞中回等结构的灰质体积萎缩,双侧海马旁回的白质体积出现萎缩,其差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05,FDR corrected,K≥50体素）。回归分析发现左侧海马的萎缩程度与MMSE评分相关。结论：基于体素的形态学研究能够较客观、全面的发现遗忘型轻度认知障碍患者大脑灰质、白质结构萎缩的模式。aMCI患者左侧内侧颞叶萎缩最为显著,双侧海马旁回白质也出现了明显萎缩。左侧海马的体积变化可能用于评估认知功能损害程度。     

Longitudinal loss of gray matter volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: DARTEL automated analysis and ROI validation

Region of Interest (ROI) longitudinal studies have detected progressive gray matter (GM) volume reductions in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FESZ). However, there are only a few longitudinal voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies, and these have been limited in ability to detect relationships between volume loss and symptoms, perhaps because of methodologic issues. Nor have previous studies compared and validated VBM results with manual Region of Interest (ROI) analysis.In the present VBM study, high-dimensional warping and individualized baseline-rescan templates were used to evaluate longitudinal volume changes within subjects and compared with longitudinal manual ROI analysis on the same subjects. VBM evaluated thirty-three FESZ and thirty-six matched healthy control subjects (HC) at baseline (cross-sectionally) and longitudinally evaluated 21 FESZ and 23 HC after an average of 1.5 years from baseline scans. Correlation analyses detected the relationship between changes in regional GM volumes in FESZ and clinical symptoms derived from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, as well as cognitive function as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination.At baseline, patients with FESZ had significantly smaller GM volume compared to HC in some regions including the left superior temporal gyrus (STG). On rescan after 1.5 years, patients showed significant GM volume reductions compared with HC in the left STG including Heschl's gyrus, and in widespread brain neocortical regions of frontal, parietal, and limbic regions including the cingulate gyrus. FESZ showed an association of positive symptoms and volume loss in temporal (especially STG) and frontal regions, and negative symptoms and volume loss in STG and frontal regions. Worse cognitive function was linked to widespread volume reduction, in frontal, temporal and parietal regions. The validation VBM analyses showed results similar to our previous ROI findings for STG and cingulate gyrus. We conclude FESZ show widespread, progressive GM volume reductions in many brain regions. Importantly, these reductions are directly associated with a worse clinical course. Congruence with ROI analyses suggests the promise of this longitudinal VBM methodology.     

Voxel-based morphometric analysis of gray matter in first episode schizophrenia

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) may afford a more rapid and extensive survey of gray matter abnormalities in schizophrenia than manually drawn region of interest (ROI) analysis, the current gold standard in structural MRI. Unfortunately, VBM has not been validated by comparison with ROI analyses, nor used in first-episode patients with schizophrenia or affective psychosis, who lack structural changes associated with chronicity. An SPM99-based implementation of VBM was used to compare a group of 16 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and a group of 18 normal controls and, as a further comparison, 16 first-episode patients with affective psychosis. All groups were matched for age and handedness. High spatial resolution structural images were normalized to the SPM99 template and then segmented, smoothed, and subjected to an ANCOVA. Schizophrenia vs control group comparisons: Voxel-by-voxel comparison of gray matter densities showed that only the left STG region was significantly different when corrected for multiple comparisons (P <.05), consistent with our previously reported manual ROI results. Analysis of the extent of voxel clusters, replicated with permutation analyses, revealed group differences in bilateral anterior cingulate gyri and insula (not previously examined by us with manually drawn ROI) and unilateral parietal lobe, but not in medial temporal lobe (where our ROI analysis had shown differences). However, use of a smaller smoothing kernel and a small volume correction revealed left-sided hippocampal group differences. Affective psychosis comparisons: When the same statistical thresholding criteria were used, no significant differences between affective psychosis patients and controls were noted. Since a major interest was whether patients with affective psychosis shared some anatomical abnormalities with schizophrenia, we applied a small volume correction and searched within the regions that were significantly less dense in schizophrenia compared to control subjects. With this statistical correction, the insula showed, bilaterally, the same pattern of differences in affective disorder subjects as that in schizophrenic subjects, whereas both left STG and left hippocampus showed statistical differences between affectives and schizophrenics, indicating the abnormalities specific to first-episode schizophrenia. These findings suggest both the promise and utility of VBM in evaluating gray matter abnormalities. They further suggest the importance of comparing VBM findings with more traditional ROI analyses until the reasons for the differences between methods are determined.     

基于体素的形态学测量-自建模板及微分同胚图像融合算法评价近期发病创伤后应激障碍患者脑结构

目的 采用基于体素形态学测量-自建模板及微分同胚图像融合（VBM-DARTEL）算法,对比近期发病创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）患者与有创伤暴露史的健康对照（TEHC）间脑结构的体积差异,分析差异脑区的体积与患者症状严重程度的相关性。方法 采集地震后7~15个月右利手的地震幸存者的高分辨率三维T1WI图像,其中近期发病PTSD患者28例（PTSD组）、TEHC 28名（TEHC组）。采用MatLab 2012b工作平台下SPM8软件的VBM-DARTEL工具包预处理图像。以性别、年龄、受教育程度、地震后时间及颅内容积为协变量,对比两组间全脑灰质和白质的体积差异。以与上述相同的协变量评价差异脑区的体积与患者临床创伤后应激障碍诊断量表（CAPS）评分间的相关性。结果 与TEHC组相比,PTSD组右侧舌回灰质体积增加,右侧楔叶、右侧枕中回、右侧丘脑及双侧颞上回灰质体积缩小,左侧颞上回白质体积缩小。两组间海马灰质体积差异无统计学意义。左侧颞上回灰质体积与患者CAPS评分呈负相关。结论 近期发病PTSD患者结构改变以部分脑区灰白质萎缩为主。近期发病PTSD患者海马体积无萎缩可能是与病程延续数年PTSD患者不同的脑结构特征。     

An MRI study of spatial probability brain map differences between first-episode schizophrenia and normal controls

We created a spatial probability atlas of schizophrenia to provide information about the neuroanatomic variability of brain regions of patients with the disorder. Probability maps of 16 regions of interest (ROIs) were constructed by taking manually parcellated ROIs from subjects' magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and linearly transforming them into Talairach space using the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template. ROIs included temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortex subregions, with a principal focus on temporal lobe structures. Subject Ns ranged from 11 to 28 for the different ROIs. Our global measure of the spatial distribution of the transformed ROI was the sum of voxels with 50% overlap among subjects. The superior temporal gyrus (STG) and fusiform gyrus (FG) had lower values for schizophrenic subjects than for normal controls, suggestive of greater spatial variability for these ROIs in schizophrenic subjects. For the computation of statistical significance of group differences in portions of the ROI, we used voxel-wise comparisons and Fisher's exact test. First-episode schizophrenic patients compared with controls showed lower probability (P < 0.05) at dorso-posterior areas of planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus, lateral and anterior regions in the left hippocampus (HIPP), and dorsolateral regions of fusiform gyrus. Importantly, most ROIs of schizophrenic subjects showed a significantly lower spatial overlap than controls, even after nonlinear spatial normalization, suggesting a greater heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of ROIs. There is consequently a need for caution in neuroimaging studies where data from schizophrenic subjects are normalized to a particular stereotaxic coordinate system based on healthy controls. Apparent group differences in activation may simply reflect a greater heterogeneity of spatial distribution in schizophrenia.     

阿尔茨海默病脑灰质体积异常的MRI研究

目的研究阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者MRI图像脑灰质萎缩的模式。方法对19例AD患者和20例正常老年对照者行MRI扫描,通过优化的基于体素的形态学(optimizedvoxelbasedmophometry,OVBM)分析方法,分析AD患者全脑和局部脑灰质的体积异常。结果AD患者全脑灰质体积相对于正常对照者明显降低(P=0.0048),双侧海马、双侧丘脑、双侧颞上回和左侧颞中回体积明显减少(多重校正后,相当于P<0.05)。结论AD患者的全脑灰质体积明显降低,局部区域明显萎缩。     

首发抑郁症患者静息态脑镜像同伦功能连接与认知功能的相关性研究

目的:探讨首发抑郁症患者静息态脑镜像同伦功能连接(VMHC)及认知功能损害的特点及其相关性。方法:纳入首发抑郁症患者(抑郁症组)与健康成年者(正常对照组)各30例进行静息态磁共振(rs-fMRI)扫描,并行数字符号测试(DST)、数字广度测试(DSPT)及语言流畅性测试(VFT)。对rs-fMRI数据进行常规预处理,将基于体素VMHC的方法应用于数据分析,比较2组VMHC值及认知功能测试评分,分析抑郁症组VMHC值与认知功能测试评分的相关性。结果:与正常对照组比较,抑郁症组双侧额中回及双侧颞上回VMHC值明显降低(P<0.01,AlphaSim校正,体素个数>50);与正常对照组比较,抑郁症组的DST、DSPT及VFT评分明显下降(P<0.05)。抑郁症患者双侧颞上回VMHC值与DST评分呈正相关(r=0.45,P=0.002);双侧额上回VMHC值与DSPT及VFT评分呈正相关(r=0.32,P=0.01;r=0.34,P=0.02)。结论:首发抑郁症患者双侧额中回及双侧颞上回静息态脑VMHC明显下降且与认知功能损害密切相关。     

Social cognition and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometric study

Impaired social cognition in schizophrenia is considered as the core contributor in the poor psychosocial functioning of schizophrenic patients. In this study, in order to better understand the neurobiological processes underlying social dysfunction in schizophrenia, we investigated regional structural brain abnormalities and emotion-attribution abilities in these patients. Twenty schizophrenic patients and 20 group-matched healthy comparison participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were examined for emotion-attribution abilities by using the Perception of Affect Task (PAT). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was applied to investigate regional brain structural alterations. Relative to the healthy participants, the schizophrenic patients exhibited reduced gray matter concentrations in the left superior temporal gyrus, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), right anterior cingulate gyrus, bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and right insula. The schizophrenic patients performed poorly on emotion-attribution tasks. Importantly, poor performance on emotion attribution to protagonists in social situations was found to be associated with reductions in gray matter in the MPFC of the patient group. This preliminary result suggests that in schizophrenia, difficulties in understanding the emotional experiences of others are possible manifestations of structural abnormalities in the MPFC. This study provides the neurobiological correlates of social dysfunction in schizophrenia and links structural abnormalities with impaired social cognitive abilities.     

未受教育及受教育儿童语言处理脑区偏侧化的差异:基于体素的MR形态学分析

目的采用基于体素的形态学方法分析未受教育及受教育儿童语言处理相关脑区的偏侧化差异。方法对42名学龄儿童(未受教育组23名,6.0～7.8岁,中位年龄6.5岁;受教育组19名,5.8～7.6岁,中位年龄6.3岁)行高分辨力T1W扫描,采用VBM8软件包进行图像后处理,并采用LI-tools工具软件进行偏侧化分析,比较未受教育组与受教育组的灰质密度(GMD)偏侧化指数情况。结果受教育组的额下回(BA44)以及颞上回(BA22)的GMD偏侧化指数显著高于未受教育组。结论学校教育可能显著促进额下回和颞上回的GMD偏侧化。     

藏族双语者与汉族非双语者脑灰质VBM-MRI的初步研究

目的应用基于体素的形态学测量(voxel-based morphometry,VBM)技术初步探讨第二语言的习得对大脑微观结构的影响。材料与方法应用PHILIPS3.0 T磁共振对35名掌握藏-汉双语的健康藏族志愿者和35名汉族非双语健康志愿者行全脑扫描,获得T1-3D脑结构图像,然后应用VBM技术进行统计分析。结果藏族双语者较汉族左侧中央后回、左侧缘上回、左侧颞上回、右侧颞上回、右侧豆状核、右侧顶下小叶、左侧小脑8区脑灰质体积增加。结论第二语言的习得可以导致部分脑语言区体积的增加,双语学习可以促进脑语言区皮质的发育。     

轻度阿尔茨海默病脑血流灌注和脑灰质体积的改变

目的:探究轻度阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)患者的脑血流(Cerebral blood flow,CBF)灌注和脑灰质体积的变化特点。方法:临床招募轻度AD患者和健康对照老年人进行包含3D-T1WI和3D伪连续动脉自旋标记(Three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling,3D-pcASL)序列的磁共振扫描,运用统计参数图(Statistical parametric mapping,SPM)8软件对两组受试者全脑CBF图进行基于体素的全脑灌注差异的分析;采用基于体素的形态学测量方法(Voxel-based morphometry,VBM)比较两组受试者全脑灰质体积的差异;对灌注有差异的脑区的CBF与简易智力状态检查量表(Mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评分进行相关性分析。结果:共纳入轻度AD患者26例(年龄(73.0±6.8)岁,男16例),年龄、性别相匹配的健康对照者53例(年龄(73.7±8.2)岁,男23例)。与对照组相比,轻度AD组患者CBF灌注减低区主要位于双侧顶叶(以楔前叶、角回为主)、枕叶以及左侧颞叶和额叶;CBF灌注增高区主要位于右海马和海马旁回、右扣带回、基底节核团以及双侧额叶(以眶面和内侧面为主)(P<0.01,FDR校正,团块阈值>100像素)。轻度AD患者的脑灰质萎缩主要位于双侧颞叶内侧结构(海马、海马旁回、杏仁核),也累及双侧岛叶和基底节核团(P<0.01,FDR校正,团块阈值>100像素)。轻度AD组患者左颞顶叶脑回、双侧额上回的CBF值与MMSE评分呈现正相关;双侧内侧和旁扣带回、右前扣带回的CBF值与MMSE评分呈现负相关(P<0.05)。结论:轻度AD患者存在以顶叶为主的低灌注和以海马、基底节区、额叶为主的高灌注改变,而其灰质萎缩主要集中在双侧颞叶内侧结构。