上肢动作研究量表在脑卒中患者中的效度

目的验证上肢动作研究量表（ARAT）在脑卒中患者中的会聚效度、区分效度和同时效度。方法对30例慢性脑卒中患者进行上肢动作研究量表、Fugl-Meyer评价量表和动作活动记录量表（MAL）的评价，进行相关分析。结果ARAT得分与Fugi—Meyer量表上肢得分显著相关（p-0．906，P〈0．001），Fugl-Meyer量表上肢得分〈33分组和≥33分组的ARAT得分之间有非常高度显著性差异（t=6．614，P〈0．001），ARAT与MAL的使用量量表（AOU）和动作质量量表QOM之间显著相关（p=0．894和0．761，均P〈0．001）。结论ARAT在脑卒中患者中具有良好的会聚效度、区分效度和同时效度。     

强制性使用运动疗法对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能恢复的影响：2例报告

目的：探讨强制性使用运动疗法对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能恢复的影响。方法：对2例发病分别8个月和4年的脑卒中患者进行单病例实验设计，分为两个阶段：治疗前和治疗后的比较。在治疗前和治疗后分别用Fugl—Meyer法评测上、下肢运动功能；用Barthel指数测定日常生活活动能力；用Berg平衡量表测定平衡功能；用TUGT和MWS分别测定起立行走和10m最大步行速度及在活动平板上的最高速度来评价患者的下肢运动功能。结果：经强制性使用运动疗法治疗后，2例患者的Fugl—Meyer的评分无明显变化；Barthel指数的变化为：能力较低的1例患者变化明显（P〈0．05）、能力较高的另1例患者变化不明显，出现天花板效应；Berg平衡功能有显著提高（P〈0．05）；TUGT、MWS及在活动平板上的最高速度提高更加显著（P〈0．001）。结论：强制性使用运动疗法是改善脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的有效治疗方法。     

减重支持系统对脑卒中偏瘫患者行走能力的影响

目的：探讨减重支持系统训练（PBWS）对脑卒中患者行走能力的影响。方法：53例脑卒中患者随机分为对照组27例和PBWS组26例，均进行常规的功能训练；PBWS组配合减重支持系统训练。结果：治疗8周后2组患者的Berg平衡量表评分、Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、ADL评分及10rn步行速度与治疗前比较均有明显提高（P〈0．05-0．01），其中Fugl—Meyer评分2组比较差异无显著性意义，其他各项指标评分PBWS组均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：功能训练可改善脑卒中患者整体运动功能，结合PBWS更能明显提高治疗效果。     

Fugl—Meyer量表在社区脑卒中康复疗效评定中的应用

目的：运用Fugl—Meyer量表评定社区脑卒中康复疗效、判断其可行性。方法：对313例社区脑卒中偏瘫的患者分康复治疗组和对照组，运用偏瘫实用训练技术进行康复治疗3个月。治疗组在康复治疗前、治疗1个月、治疗2个月、治疗3个月利用Fugl—Meyer量表对肢体功能进行评定。对照组仅做定期跟踪康复评定。评定内容同治疗组。结果：①康复治疗前后肢体运动功能有明显改善，治疗前后Fugl～Meyer评分差异有高度显著性（P〈0．001）。②康复治疗组较对照组效果好，治疗2个月后两组间Fugl—Meyer评分差异有高度显著性（P〈0．001）。结论：运用Fugl—Meyer量表可显示出社区脑卒中患者的康复疗效，该量表可以在社区作为评定标准使用。     

减重步行训练对脑卒中早期偏瘫患者步行能力恢复的影响

目的探讨减重步行训练对脑卒中早期患者步行能力恢复的影响。方法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成2组，减重组30例，行减重步行训练加常规康复治疗；对照组30例，仅行常规康复训练。用Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、改良Ashworth法肌张力评级和Holder步行功能分级进行训练前、后评定。结果经过4周治疗后。2组患者Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、肌张力评级和步行功能分级较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01），但减重组Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、肌张力评级、步行功能分级改善均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论减重步行训练加常规康复治疗对脑卒中早期患者步行功能恢复具有明显促进作用。     

脑卒中患者急性期姿势控制能力对其功能结局的预测价值

目的：评定脑卒中急性期患者的姿势控制能力，可明确其存在问题，探讨脑卒中患者急性期的姿势控制能力与出院时日常生活活动能力的相关性。方法：选择2002-08／2004-08在中山大学附属第二医院康复医学科治疗的45例脑卒中急性期患者为观察对象。所有患者在发病1周内应用脑卒中患者姿势评定量表（12项，每项0～3分，总分36分）评定其姿势控制能力、简式Fugl-Meyer量表（共50项，总分100分，上肢66分，下肢34分）评定其运动功能，Berg平衡量表（14项，每项0-4分，总分56分）评定其平衡能力，Barthel指数（10项，总分100分）评定其日常生活活动能力，在出院时再次评定Barthel指数，所有量表评分越高，患者功能状态越好。应用Pearson检验分析脑卒中患者急性期的各量表得分和年龄等变量与出院时Barthel指数的相关性；并以逐步回归分析上述变量与出院时日常生活活动能力的关联程度。结果：按意向处理分析，45例患者均进入结果分析。Pearson相关分析显示脑卒中患者急性期的脑卒中患者姿势评定量表、简式Fugl-Meyer量表、Berg平衡量表、Barthel指数等变量与出院时Barthel指数高度正相关（r=0．708，0．602，0．655，0．635，P〈0．001），患者年龄与出院时Barthel指数中度负相关（r=-0．468，P〈0．05）。逐步回归分析结果显示脑卒中患者姿势评定量表评分是出院时日常生活活动能力的显著预测因子（R^2=0．563，P〈0．001），仅脑卒中患者姿势评定量表单独就可解释出院时56％的日常生活活动能力，而4个量表和年龄等变量共同才可解释出院时69％的日常生活活动能力。结论：脑卒中患者急性期的姿势控制能力、偏瘫侧肢体的运动功能、平衡能力、日常生活活动能力和年龄与患者出院时日常生活活动能力密切相关，是患者出院时日常生活活动能力的预测因素，而姿势控制能力更是显著预测因子。     

Wolf运动功能测试量表的标准效度和评定者内部信度研究

目的：研究脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动的Wolf运动功能测试量表（WMFT）的标准效度和评定者内部信度研究。方法：22例脑卒中慢性期患者在2周内由同一测试者进行WMFT的检查，并与Fugl—Meyer评价量表上肢部分进行效度分析。结果：两次WMFT计时组内相关系数（ICC）为0．990，95％置信区间为0．977—0.996；两次WMFT动作质量分级组内相关系数（ICC）为0．988．95％置信区间为0.970—0．995。WM丌计时与WMFT动作质量分级相关系数为-0.971（P〈0．001）。WMFT计时与FMA上肢评分相关系数为-0．732（P〈0．001），WMFT动作质量分级与FMA评分相关系数为0．838（P〈0．001）。结论：WMFT具有好的重测信度和标准效度。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者步行速度临床决定因素的分析

目的 判别决定脑卒中偏瘫患者步行速度最重要的临床变量。方法 32例恢复步行能力的脑卒中偏瘫患者，测定在自然舒适状态下的10m步行速度，用Fug1—Meyer评价法评测下肢运动功能，用Motricity指数评测下肢肌力，用Berg平衡量表评定平衡功能，用改良Ashworth评定法评定足跖屈肌张力。对步行速度和临床变量进行Pearson相关分析，然后进行逐步回归分析。结果 患者的步行速度与下肢运动功能、平衡功能和下肢肌力之间呈高度正相关(r＝0．781—0．834，P＜0．001)；下肢运动功能与步行速度之间的相关性更高(r＝0．834)；步行速度与足跖屈肌张力痉挛程度呈负相关(r＝-0．461，P＜0．05)。进一步回归分析分析发现，下肢运动功能对步行速度有显著性影响(R^2＝0．696，P＜0．001)。结论 下肢运动功能是决定脑卒中偏瘫患者步行速度最重要的临床因素。     

Berg平衡量表在脑卒中患者中的内在信度和同时效度

目的：探讨Berg平衡量表在脑卒中患者中的内在信度和同时效度。方法：40例符合入选标准的脑卒中偏瘫患者参与本研究。对患者进行Berg平衡量表、计时起立-步行测验和Barthel指数的评价。结果：Berg平衡量表的Cronbach α系数为0.864,14项目的Cronbach α系数范围为0.844—0.869,Berg平衡量表折半信度系数为0.915。Berg平衡量表与效标工具计时起立-步行测验和Barthel指数之间显著相关。结论：Berg平衡量表在脑卒中患者中具有良好的内在信度和同时效度。     

三种常用平衡量表评估脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡和功能结局的一致性：康复医学科

背景：对脑卒中患者平衡评定有助于康复目标与治疗计划的制定。目的：探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者常用的3个平衡量表各参数与其他功能评价变量之间的相互关系。设计：平衡量表间变量参数。单位：解放军总医院耳鼻咽喉科、康复医学科。对象：2002-09／2003-07在解放军总医院康复医学科进行康复治疗的57例脑卒中偏瘫患者。均为首次发病、颈内动脉系统一侧大脑半球病变的患者，其中男45例，女12例，年龄14-79岁，病程0．3～11个月。方法：对57例患者于康复训练后进行Berg平衡量表、改良Fugl-Meyer平衡量表、脑卒中患者姿势控制量表、下肢运动功能、日常生活活动能力和步行功能评定。用。Pearson相关分析方法来确定3种平衡量表之间的相关性；确定3种平衡量表与下肢运动功能、日常生活活动能力和步行功能之间的相关性。主要观察指标：①3种平衡量表之间的相关性。②3种平衡量表与下肢运动功能、日常生活活动能力之间的相关性。结果：57例脑卒中偏瘫患者均进入结果分析。①Berg平衡量表评分(46．70&;#177;5．15)，Fugl-Meyer平衡量表评分(10．26&;#177;1．58)，脑卒中患者姿势控制量表评分(32．56&;#177;2．06)，Fugl-Meyer评价法中下肢运动功能评分(22．35&;#177;5．82)，功能独立性测量中的转移和行进项目评分(24．95&;#177;5．2)，10m最大步行速度为[(49．06&;#177;24．68)m／s1。3种平衡量表之间呈高度相关(r=0．613-0．766，P&;lt;0．001)。②3种平衡量表与患者的下肢运动功能、日常生活活动能力和步行功能之间呈高度相关(r=0．479．0．718，P&;lt;0．001)。结论：Berg平衡量表、Fugl-Meyer平衡量表和脑卒中患者姿势控制量表在评定脑卒中患者平衡功能方面具有良好的一致性和良好的效度，均可以反映脑卒中患者的平衡和功能结局，对患者下肢运动功能、日常生活活动能力及步行功能的恢复具有预测性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.