Prediction of visual recovery after scleral buckling of macula-off retinal detachments.

Patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments involving the fovea have visual loss that may not be recoverable despite anatomically successful surgery. Few guidelines exist to predict ultimate visual outcome with any certainty. We found that despite macular detachment, a device commonly used to predict visual acuity in cataractous eyes, the Potential Acuity Meter (Mentor O & O, Inc., Norwell, Massachusetts), provided acuity measurements even when Snellen visual acuity levels were poor or unmeasurable. In a study of 50 consecutive patients with clear media, we investigated a possible correlation between postoperative Snellen visual acuity with the preoperative Potential Acuity Meter results. We found that actual visual improvement correlated well with potential visual improvement as determined by Potential Acuity Meter measurements (R = .92). Preoperative assessment of patients with this device was a better predictor of final visual outcome than preoperative Snellen visual acuity, the extent of retinal detachment, or the duration of the retinal detachment by history.     

Visual recovery after scleral buckling surgery in macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

PURPOSE: The primary goal of this study was to investigate the functional results after scleral buckling (SB) surgery in macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), with more or less than 7 days' duration of macular detachment (DMD). The secondary outcome measure was to determine the long-term functional results in these two groups 5 years after SB surgery. METHODS: The retrospective studies included 96 eyes of 96 patients with primary, uncomplicated, macula-off RRD. Two studies, one with a short-term follow-up and one with a long-term follow-up, were performed, and in both studies the eyes were divided into two groups according to the DMD. In study I, 96 patients were divided into DMD or=4 days and 7 days (n = 11). Additional preoperative predictive factors including DMD, preoperative visual acuity (VA) and patients' age at the time of the RRD were correlated with the postoperative VA. RESULTS: In study I, the mean final VA was significantly better (0.45) after a DMD of less than or equal to 7 days, compared to patients with a DMD of more than 7 days (0.22; Student's t test, p = 0.02). VA >or=0.4 was achieved in 68% with a subacute DMD compared to 52% in patients with prolonged DMD (chi(2) test, p < 0.001). However, the postoperative VA (0.48 +/- 0.09) in eyes with DMD of 1-3 days was similar (0.42 +/- 0.07) to eyes with DMD of 4-7 days (Student's t test, p = 0.455). We divided the 96 patients into 2 groups according to a preoperative VA. Eyes with a preoperative VA 0.1 (n = 34; Student's t test, p < 0.001). Patients 75 years of age or younger were more likely to achieve a VA of 0.4 or better after SB surgery than older patients (more than 75 years; chi(2) test, p = 0.008). In study II, VA improved (by a mean of 1.60 +/- 0.02 lines) during the follow-up period from 0.32 +/- 0.08 at the 3-month follow-up to 0.46 +/- 0.10 at the 5-year follow-up. Eyes with a subacute DMD had a significantly better VA than eyes with a prolonged DMD (Student's t test, p = 0.004). Patients aged 75 years or less were more likely to achieve a VA of 0.4 or better than patients older than 75 (chi(2) test, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The time point of SB surgery has no statistical impact on the final visual recovery in patients with an acute primary macular-off RRD of less than or equal to 7 days. A delay of SB surgery within this time frame does not contribute to an impaired final visual outcome. There was no evidence, that primary macula-off RRDs are emergencies, which cannot wait for a systemic evaluation of the RRD and surgical treatment at the next available scheduled day. A preoperative VA of more than 0.1 and patients' age under 60 years at presentation had an additional prognostic value on the final outcome. Surgeons should be aware that visual function after reattachment may continue to improve over a long period. This study provides useful guidelines for the clinical management of macula-off RRD and the assessment of potential visual recovery in patients after successful SB surgery.     

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography analysis of persistent subretinal fluid after scleral buckling surgery for macula-off retinal detachment

Purpose

To determine the predictive value of markers for persistent subretinal fluid (SRF) absorption and the influence of subfoveal fluid on visual outcome after scleral buckle (SB) surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Patients and methods

This was a retrospective, observational study. We reviewed the medical records of 64 eyes of 64 patients who underwent SB surgery for macula-off RRD. Patients underwent clinical examination and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography before surgery, at 1 month and every 3 months postoperatively. The height and width of SRF bleb(s) were measured over time.

Results

Persistent SRF at 1 month was observed in 40 eyes (62.5%). SRF blebs were first detected 1.7±2.2 months postoperatively. In 29 cases that could be fully followed up, SRF blebs were completely absorbed 7.8±4.4 months postoperatively. Resolution of fluid was associated with an improvement of VA (P=0.003). Serial measurements of SRF bleb size showed that bleb width decreased significantly at all time points during the 12-month follow-up period (P<0.05), while significant bleb height decrease occurred from postoperative sixth month only (P<0.05). There was no correlation between VA outcomes and subfoveal bleb height or width (P>0.05). The cut-off value of the bleb width-to-height ratio level for predicting bleb absorption at 6 months was 7, with 89% sensitivity and 83% specificity.

Conclusions

Visual improvement may occur with late resolution of residual subfoveal fluid. A bleb width-to-height ratio >7 indicates a higher risk of SRF to persist beyond 6 months after surgery.     

Optical coherence tomography in the evaluation of incomplete visual acuity recovery after macula-off retinal detachments

PURPOSE: To determine whether pre and/or postoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) evaluation of the fovea is useful in explaining delayed or incomplete visual acuity recovery after successful surgery for shallow macula-off retinal detachments. METHODS: Prospective study of 16 patients (10 female, 6 male; mean age 53+/-4 years) with a spontaneous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with peripheral breaks and a shallow elevation of the fovea. Patients were examined by OCT preoperatively and at 1, 6, and 10-12 months after surgery. At 1 month after surgery, fluorescein angiography was also performed. Mean follow-up was 11.0+/-1.0 months. RESULTS: Preoperative OCT images could be classified into four categories according to the extent of retinal edema and presence of foveal depression. The extent of retinal edema in the detached macula did not correlate with preoperative or postoperative vision. In 11 cases, OCT images at 1 month after surgery showed a foveal detachment with residual subretinal fluid that was not visible clinically or on angiography. Long-term persistence of this fluid could be observed in eight cases at 6 months and in one case at 12 months, and was associated with incomplete recovery of visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative OCT of the detached macula can demonstrate widespread retinal edema, the extent of which does not appear to influence final postoperative vision. Delayed and incomplete visual recovery after successful reattachment of the retina may, however, be due to persistent circumscribed subfoveal fluid accumulation that is visible only on OCT not clinically or on fluorescein angiography.     

累及黄斑的视网膜脱离术后5a的视功能和光学相干断层扫描的分析

目的:观察累及黄斑区视网膜脱离巩膜扣带术后的黄斑光学相干断层扫描(OCT)图像及术前和术后最佳矫正视力(BCVA)之间的关系的研究。方法:回顾分析5a随访的47例47眼累及黄斑区视网膜脱离患者,并将其分成两组:黄斑脱离≤7d组和>7d组。间接眼底镜行眼底检查,并行TOPCON光学相干断层扫描。结果:患者47例术后5a较术后3mo平均术后BCVA增加1.60±0.02行。≤7d组术后5a的BCVA为0.53,>7d组为0.25,两组之间有显著差异(P=0.008)。≤7d组术后BCVA≥0.4者28例,而>7d组术后BCVA≥0.4者7例(P<0.01)。5a术后随访间接检眼镜检查表明,视网膜脱离均复位。而OCT显示视网膜下液1眼(2%),黄斑区神经上皮层组织堆积1眼(2%),这2例患者术后5a的平均视力只有0.13,明显低于其他45例,术后5a平均BCVA视力为0.54(P=0.025)。术后视网膜较厚组BCVA明显高于视网膜较薄的组,并有统计学差异(P=0.008)。结论:累及黄斑的视网膜脱离时间对术后视力的恢复有很大影响,呈负相关,同时术后视力在较长时间里仍会不同程度的提高,术后视网膜的厚度与术后视力呈正相关性。我们建议对于某些术后复位良好而视力不佳者进行OCT扫描,以便发现视力不佳的原因。本研究对临床预测评估累及黄斑的视网膜脱离复位术后,潜在视功能恢复的情况提供依据。     

Visual recovery after macula-off retinal detachment

With modern surgical techniques to repair retinal detachments, a greater than 90% primary anatomic success rate can be expected. Despite this high level of anatomic success, visual results remain compromised mainly because of permanent functional damage once the macula becomes detached. The most important predictor of visual recovery after retinal detachment surgery is preoperative visual acuity. Preoperative acuity appears to be directly related to the height of macular detachment. Shorter duration of detachment and younger age are also important in visual recovery. This paper will review the current literature that helps to improve our understanding of visual recovery after macula-off retinal detachments.     

孔源性视网膜脱离伴黄斑脱离巩膜扣带术后影响视力的因素分析

背景巩膜扣带术是治疗孔源性视网膜脱离（RRD）的主流手术之一,近年来随着手术技巧的改进,视网膜的复位率逐渐提高,术后视功能的恢复仍是备受关注的问题。目的分析RRD伴黄斑脱离患者巩膜扣带术后影响视力的因素。方法对116例116眼行巩膜扣带术的RRD伴黄斑脱离患者的临床资料和随访资料进行回顾性分析,按不同年龄、病程的长短、术前视力及视网膜裂孔情况、视网膜裂孔的位置与数目、视网膜脱离的范围及隆起度、手术过程中是否放液、玻璃体腔是否注气等分别分组后进行∥检验,并将确定的统计量与术后视力进行Logistic多因素线性回归分析,分析年龄、术前视力、病程、屈光度等多种因素与术后视力预后的关联情况。结果χ^2检验结果表明,不同的术前视力、病程长短对术后视力预后的影响差异均有统计学意义（P=0．002,P=0．009）;Logistic多因素回归分析发现,术前视力是影响术后视力恢复的独立危险因素（P=0．009）,术前视力与术后视力预后有线性相关关系（r=0．400,P=0．000）,术前视力≥0．05的患者术后视力恢复至0．4的可能性是术前视力〈0．05患者的3倍（OR=2．992）。本组患者病程≤7d、术前视力〉0．05者行巩膜扣带术后视力预后较好。结论RRD伴黄斑脱离患者行巩膜扣带术后影响视力恢复的主要因素为术前视力和病程,提示RRD伴黄斑脱离时应在7d内早期手术,最晚不宜超过10d,以免影响视功能的恢复。     

Predictive visual outcome after macula-off retinal detachment surgery using optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: To determine whether preoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful in predicting postoperative visual outcome for patients with primary macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD). METHODS: This prospective study included 20 nonconsecutive eyes with macula-off RD and successful reattachment of the retina. Preoperative 5-mm OCT was performed through the center of the fovea. The relationship among preoperative OCT findings, main preoperative clinical variables, and final postoperative visual acuity was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Final postoperative visual acuity was negatively correlated with three preoperative OCT variables: height of RD at the central fovea (r=0.79; P <0.001), distance from the central fovea to the nearest undetached retina (r=0.75; P <0.00051), and, to a lesser degree, extent of structural changes in the detached retina (r=0.48; P=0.03). Preoperative visual acuity was the only clinical variable statistically correlated with final postoperative visual acuity in this study (r=0.55; P=0.01). Using multivariate logistic regression analyses, the structure of the detached retina combined with the distance from the central fovea to the nearest undetached retina, as determined with OCT, was highly correlated with final postoperative visual acuity (r=0.82; P <0.000051). CONCLUSION: Preoperative macular analysis with OCT may help to predict visual outcome for patients with macula-off RD.     

Retinal function after scleral buckling for recent onset rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: assessment with electroretinography and optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: To investigate central and peripheral retinal function after scleral buckling surgery for recent onset rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD). METHODS: Fifteen phakic patients with rhegmatogenous RD for <1 week underwent scleral buckling surgery. Clinical investigation, optical coherence tomography (OCT), full-field electroretinography (ERG), and multifocal ERG (mfERG) with fundus illumination were performed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Anatomical success was achieved in 14 patients. mfERG amplitudes were reduced preoperatively in detached retina, with significant improvement at follow-up (P = 0.002). Foveal amplitudes improved significantly (P = 0.027). There was no significant difference in postoperative mfERG amplitudes between areas that had been preoperatively detached or attached (P = 0.739). In the subgroup of eight patients in whom the detachment engaged the fovea preoperatively, rod function improved significantly as assessed with full-field ERG (P = 0.008). In these patients, the extent of detachment ranged between 4 clock hours and 6 clock hours, as compared with 2 clock hours and 5 clock hours in the remaining patients. OCT showed subretinal foveal fluid in four patients at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In recent onset rhegmatogenous RD, total rod and localized central retinal dysfunction in detached retina can improve significantly after reattachment. mfERG and OCT are suitable tools for further studies of functional outcomes in RD.     

巩膜扣带术后黄斑区光学相干断层扫描与视力预后的分析

目的 对累及黄斑区的孔源性视网膜脱离行巩膜扣带术手术成功眼后极部进行OCT扫描,并分析其与术后视力的关系.方法 28例28只眼视网膜脱离已累及黄斑区者,经间接检查眼镜下巩膜外加压术联合或不联合环扎术,视网膜均成功复位,分别于术后1周、1、3、6、12个月行最佳矫正视力、眼底照相、光学相干断层扫描(OCT)检查,并进行统计分析.结果 最佳矫正视力提高2行以上者于术后1周、3月、6月、12月分别为53.57％、60.71％、78.57％、85.71％、88.46％,最佳矫正视力(BCVA)术后1周视力较术前明显提高(P=0.001),术后1月与术后1周差异无统计学意义(P=0.124);术后3月与术后1月差异有统计学意义(P=0.033);术后6月与术后3月差异无统计学意义(P=0.206);术后12个月与术后6个月差异无统计学意义(P=0.243),但与术后3个月差异有统计学意义(P=0.011).OCT扫描测量黄斑区神经上皮层厚度+视网膜下液高度于术后1周、1月、3月、6月、12月分别为(507.89±144.37)μm、(389.89±104.47)μm、(298.15±97.35)μm、(264.00±82.26)μm、(230.57±58.71)μm;术后1月与1周(P=0.000)、术后3月与1月(P=0.000)、术后6月与3月(P=0.001)差异均有统计学意义,而术后6月和12月则无明显变化(P=0.088).视网膜神经上皮下积液,随着时间的延长,积液不断吸收,至术后12月时达92.31％视网膜神经上皮下积液完全吸收.结论 OCT能清晰地显示视网膜脱离术后黄斑区微观形态结构的变化,黄斑区解剖复位需要较长时间,可以较好地解释术后视力的恢复过程.     

Two-year follow-up study comparing primary vitrectomy with scleral buckling for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

PURPOSE: To compare the anatomic and visual outcomes achieved by scleral buckling and primary vitrectomy for the repair of macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHODS: The records were reviewed for a consecutive series of 167 patients (167 eyes) who were initially treated with scleral buckling or pars plana vitrectomy for primary macula-off retinal detachment. Patients were treated between January 1993 and December 1996. After adjustments for preoperative characteristics, data from 102 cases (55 scleral buckle cases and 47 primary vitrectomy cases) were used for the final comparison. There had been a minimum follow-up period of 24 months. RESULTS: No significant differences in single-procedure reattachment incidence (91%), final success incidence (100%) and incidence of postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy development (4%) were observed between the two treatment groups. Preoperative visual acuity, preoperative intraocular pressure, and duration of macular detachment were the three best predictors of postoperative visual recovery in both groups. Favorable overall visual recovery was obtained postoperatively, with no significant differences between the two groups throughout the follow-up period. However, in the eyes with poor preoperative visual acuity (<0.1), ocular hypotony (intraocular pressure <7 mm Hg), or prolonged macular detachment (more than 7 days), visual recovery in the primary vitrectomy group was significantly better (P <.05) than in the scleral buckle group from the first postoperative month. CONCLUSION: Both procedures achieved favorable anatomic and visual outcomes in the majority of patients with primary macula-off retinal detachment. Primary vitrectomy may be more effective than scleral buckling for achieving early visual rehabilitation in cases complicated by poor preoperative vision, ocular hypotony, and prolonged macular detachment.     

Metamorphopsia after successful retinal detachment surgery: an optical coherence tomography study

PURPOSE: To investigate the findings in optical coherence tomography (OCT) in eyes with metamorphopsia after scleral buckling surgery for macula-off retinal detachment. METHODS: A total of 46 patients (46 eyes) with macula-off retinal detachment were prospectively studied 2 months after successful scleral buckling surgery. Patients were examined with the Amsler grid, fundus biomicroscopy and OCT. RESULTS: At the 2 month follow-up, 31/46 (67%) patients had metamorphopsia; 24/31 (77%) of these patients had an abnormal macular structure on OCT and 7/31 (23%) showed a normal macula. However, of the 15 patients in the non-metamorphopsia group, 4/15 (27%) had an abnormal macula and 11/15 (73%) had a normal macula (p = 0.0015). The most common finding on OCT was neurosensory retinal detachment. CONCLUSIONS: Metamorphopsia after scleral buckling surgery in macula-off detachment is more common in patients in whom abnormal macular structure is seen on the OCT scan compared to those showing a normal macular structure. Neurosensory retinal detachment is the most common pathology in these patients.     

Imaging analysis with optical coherence tomography angiography after primary repair of macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology - To evaluate changes in the microcirculation of various retinal layers and choroid following successful repair of macula-off...     

光学相干断层扫描图像对巩膜扣带术后黄斑形态检测的临床意义

目的探讨光学相干断层扫描图像（ＯＣＴ）在巩膜扣带术后黄斑形态检测中的意义。方法应用Ｚｅｉｓｓ－Ｈｕｍｐｈｅｒｙ　ＯＣＴ检查仪对３０例（３１只眼）经巩膜扣带术复位成功的患者黄斑区进行经中心凹水平和垂直扫描，观察黄斑形态，并测量中心凹处神经上皮厚度。结果共３１只眼接受检查，黄斑区结构正常１１只眼，神经上皮平均厚度为（１４９．５４±１２．５８）μｍ，黄斑结构异常２０只眼，检测异常率为６４．５％，其中黄斑区视网膜水肿３只眼，中心凹神经上皮变薄５只眼，黄斑区色素上皮脱离６只眼，视网膜前膜和皱折４只眼，黄斑全层裂孔和视网膜出血各１只眼。ＯＣＴ能观察术后黄斑结构的变化，并与术后视力存在一定关系。结论ＯＣＴ能精确探查视网膜复位术后黄斑结构的变化，并且在病变的定量随访中有重要意义。     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections after scleral buckling procedures for retinal detachments associated with atopic dermatitis

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and the clinical course of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of acute-onset infections in patients with atopic dermatitis after a scleral buckling procedures.DesignA retrospective chart review.ParticipantsTwo hundred eighty-seven patients (293 eyes) who underwent scleral buckling procedures to treat rhegmatogenous retinal detachments at either Osaka Rosai Hospital or Osaka University Medical School between July 1, 1995, and June 30, 1997, participated. Of these, 32 eyes (10.9%) were associated with atopic dermatitis.InterventionDemographic and clinical data were abstracted from patients’ medical records.Main outcome measuresThe incidence, clinical features, and management of postoperative infections associated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus were studied.ResultsMethicillin-resistant S. aureus infection after scleral buckling procedures was identified in 6 (18.8%) of 32 eyes of patients with atopic dermatitis but in only 1 (0.4%) of the other 261 cases without atopic dermatitis (P < 0.001). The average interval from the scleral buckling procedures to the initial onset of infection was 8.3 ± 9.1 days (range, 2–28 days). Bacterial infection and inflammation were controlled in four eyes by prompt removal of the infected buckle in combination with vancomycin administration. In the other three eyes, however, repeat intravitreous injections of vancomycin or emergent vitrectomies were required because of the development of endophthalmitis.ConclusionsMethicillin-resistant S. aureus is an important causative pathogen of scleral buckling infections, particularly in patients with retinal detachment associated with atopic dermatitis. Preoperative evaluation and intraoperative attention to contamination are recommended to prevent methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections in these patients.