飞行人员胆囊结石的空中B超观察

旨在观察飞行中胆囊结石有无位移及能否诱发空中突然失能。采用日本SDL－32型B超诊断仪，对16名飞行人员胆囊结石患者进行了地面及空中观察。结果表明，地面观察未见胆囊结石有明显位移；跟班飞行观察，从飞机爬升经巡航到下滑几个阶段内，胆囊结石保持原位不动者9例（共有块状结石7枚，泥沙状结石3堆），其中结石位于胆囊颈部3例、胆囊体部6例，为滞留型；结石发生了位移者7例（共有块状结石13枚），其中结石由胆囊颈部降到胆囊体部者4例、由胆囊体部落到胆囊底部者2例，在胆囊体部前后壁间横向移位者1例，为游移型。游移型结石有可能速入胆道，引起突然失能，危及飞行安全，应密切观察。     

飞行中灰尘引起结膜炎一例

一、临床资料某歼击机飞行员 ,男 ,30岁 ,飞行总时间 15 0 0 h。在一次昼间飞行中 ,高度3 0 0 0 m ,遇云随长机下降高度 ,突感异物入眼 ,用手揉擦未见好转 ,坚持完成课目 ,安全返航 ,着陆后异物感加重伴流泪。查 :左眼上眼睑内有一微小尘粒 ,球结膜严重充血。处理 :无菌棉球擦拭尘粒 ,生理盐水冲洗 ,氯霉素眼药水每日 4次滴左眼 ,两天后痊愈。二、讨论本例异物性结膜炎发生的主要原因为座舱环境不清洁 ,飞机突然下降尘粒荡起入眼所致。为此 ,应吸取以下几点教训 :1航空军医要高度重视飞行装备卫生检查 ,发现问题及时会同有关部门解决。 2飞…     

飞行中人体的呼吸生理变化

现代高性能战斗机具有持续高过载、高过载增长率、高角加速度、高认知负荷的特点,在训练作战飞行中,最大过载可达9-10 Gz,其增长率为1.5-10 G/s,作用时间持续数十秒[1]。飞行人员在高空低压低氧、外加呼吸阻力及加速度作用特定环境下工作,由于脑组织缺血缺氧引起的空中晕厥(G-i     

常见影响夜间视觉的因素及部队相关教育训练需求（摘要）

目的调查夜间飞行时常见的影响视觉因素和部队相关教育训练情况,了解飞行人员对夜间视觉知识的掌握程度及需求。方法采用问卷调查和座谈形式对300名参加过夜航训练的飞行人员进行调查。结果81％的飞行人员在夜间飞行中遇到过因夜间视觉特点及其局限性而导致的各种影响视觉的因素,在不同的飞行时段和不同地域上空飞行时出现频率不同。     

反复高G值暴露对脑的潜在影响及其机制

反复高Ｇ值暴露对脑的潜在影响及其机制孙喜庆高性能战斗机具有很高的机动性能，在飞行中产生的最大过载高达＋９Ｇｚ，持续时间１５～４５ｓ。飞行中＋Ｇｚ致意识丧失发生率增多，对飞行安全构成严重威胁。此外，飞行员在进行高Ｇ值离心机训练时也可多次经历＋Ｇｚ作用。...     

模拟飞行条件下双重任务时飞行员心理生理参数的变化特点

测量了５０名健康飞行员和１３名康复疗养飞行员，在模拟飞行条件下双重任务时的心理生理反应。结果发现，模拟飞行各阶段心率变化趋势与实际飞行基本一致，但变化幅度较低。双重任务时，反映情绪性变化的心率、呼吸率及肺通气量明显增加，与思维活动有关的泛眼率增加。心理运动反应速度与飞行操纵质量相互影响，其程度有个体差异。同时在该负荷环境下，发现５例心律失常的无症状飞行员。结果提示：模拟飞行双重任务条件可以造成飞行     

用量表评价高性能战斗机飞行人员的心理健康状况

目的评估高性能战斗机飞行人员的心理健康状况,为其心理健康维护提供依据。方法采用《中国飞行人员心理健康量表》及SCL-90症状自评量表,对来院疗养的高性能战斗机飞行人员进行测试,对比分析非高性能战斗机飞行人员的测评结果。结果高性能战斗机飞行人员自信性、焦虑性、乐观性、躯体化、充沛性因子与非高性能战斗机飞行人员相比,差异非常显著;紧张性、忧郁性、情绪稳定性、进取性因子与非高性能战斗机飞行人员相比,差异显著。结论高性能战斗机飞行人员心理健康状况优于非高性能战斗机飞行人员。     

模拟飞行条件下双重任务时飞行员心理生理参数的变化特点

测量了50名健康飞行员和13名康复疗养飞行员，在模拟飞行条件下双重任务时的心理生理反应。结果发现，模拟飞行各阶段心率变化趋势与实际飞行基本一致，但变化幅度较低。双重任务时，反映情绪性变化的心率、呼吸率及肺通气量明显增加，与思维活动有关的眨眼率增加。心理运动反应速度与飞行操纵质量相互影响，其程度有个体差异。同时在该负荷环境下，发现5例心律失常的无症状飞行员。结果提示，模拟飞行双重任务条件可以造成飞行员心理生理负荷，并可能有助于发现一些潜在性病症。     

飞行人员过敏性鼻炎在飞行中的发作情况调查

目的：探明患过敏性鼻炎（ AR）的飞行人员在飞行中的实际发作情况和对飞行的影响程度。方法在疗养的飞行人员大体检时,对确诊为AR的92例飞行人员进行问卷调查,内容包括：飞行前的发作情况、飞行中的发作情况、自身感觉对飞行的影响情况等。结果在41例AR发作期坚持飞行的患者中,在飞行中有发作史者6例（14．6％）。其中发作程度为轻度者5例（83．3％）,中度者1例（16．7％）,无重度者。自我感觉对飞行有影响者4例（9．6％）。结论飞行过程中,AR的发作几率明显低于飞行前,发作程度明显减轻;飞行前AR有发作的飞行人员并非对飞行一定有影响,但飞行前为重度发作者均有不同程度的影响。     

发生飞行错觉怎么办?

飞行错觉是飞行人员在飞行中对飞机空间状态、位置和运动状况发生的一种错误知觉。每个飞行员在飞行生涯中都或多或少、或轻或重地发生过飞行错觉。尤其在复杂气象中飞行，发生飞行错觉的可能性就更大，常常危及飞行安全。那么，发生了飞行错觉飞行人员应采取哪些措施加以...     

The Cincinnati DC-9 experience: lessons in aircraft and airport safety

Twenty-three passengers died on June 2, 1983, when a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 experienced an inflight rear lavatory fire near Cincinnati, OH. Evidence of toxic fume inhalation was developed by investigators, demonstrating lethal levels of carbon monoxide and cyanide in the victims' blood. An analysis of the inflight progression of fire and smoke, and the subsequent extension of this following the emergency landing at Greater Cincinnati Airport has been accomplished. This data is augmented by other data from previous accidents of this type. Data from interviews with survivors was collected, including inflight experiences, emergency escape processes and airport disaster management during the emergency. Several practical means of respiratory protection both inflight and during emergency evacuation are documented. Onboard preventive measures in regard to this type of emergency have been identified. Emergency evacuation and modern airport disaster management techniques are codified and described. This recent accident provides information for future adoption by the responsible authorities so that inflight and postflight fires do not continue to cause significant numbers of fatalities. Modified lightweight passenger breathing apparatus, upgraded flight attendant and aircrew portable breathing apparatus, floor level guidance to exits, less flammable and toxic interior materials, improved passenger evacuation information, tailored airport emergency response procedures, and upgraded toilet smoke detector equipment are examples.     

Peacetime U.S. Army aircrew rescue and factors delaying rescue.

Despite strict flight discipline, U.S. Army aircraft infrequently suffer inflight mishaps. This is a retrospective study of aircrew survival and rescue in 97 mishaps investigated by the U.S. Army Safety Center from October 1988 to June 1990. To identify factors delaying rescue, recent mishaps are compared with 37 mishaps where the time to reach the mishap site exceeded 2 h. The average time to reach a mishap site was 2.2 h, but over 90% were reached within 2 h. There were two or more survivors at 82% of the sites and 98% of the downed aircrew had at least personal survival equipment available. Adverse operational and environmental factors were more common in delayed rescue mishaps. Sudden aircraft failure was three times more common in prolonged rescue mishaps, while night or instrument meteorologic conditions contributed eight times and four times greater risk of delay, respectively. Rescues in mountainous terrain or overwater were seven times more likely to be delayed. While fatalities were more common with prolonged rescue, there were no mishaps where a delay in reaching the crash site resulted in the loss of an airman.     

Reported in-flight incapacitation: the early birds of 1911

Numerous fatal accidents marred the early years of aviation, but not until 1911 was the first accident attributed to inflight incapacitation of the pilot. Two such accidents occurred in 1911 and were reported due to medical causes. Our review of the circumstances surrounding these two accidents lead to different conclusions. We believe them to have been caused by pilot error, and not by medical causes. So the first accident due to inflight incapacitation of the aircrew for medical reasons still remains unknown.     

跨时区飞行对飞行员心率变异性的影响

目的　探讨跨时区飞行对飞行员心率变异性的影响 ,以评价其对飞行员自主神经系统的作用。　方法　采用 2 4h动态心电图方法检测 16名跨时区国际长途飞行的飞行员动态心电图及心率变异性 (HRV) ;另外检测 10名国内昼间飞行的飞行员动态心电图及HRV作为对照。检查指标 :①HRV的低频功率 (0 .0 4～ 0 .15Hz ,LF) ;②HRV的高频功率 (0 .15～ 0 .4 0Hz,HF) ;③HRV的总频功率 (0 .0 4～ 0 .4 0Hz,TF)。计算飞行员HRV谱成份的夜间调节指数。用两组飞行员调节指数的差值作为自主神经负荷程度的定量估计。　结果　对照组飞行员的HF反映迷走神经活性在 2 4h中显示明显的昼夜节律 ,即夜间HF增高 ,LF降低 ;白天HF降低 ,LF增高。交感神经活性在跨时区飞行组上述谱成份的昼夜节律性明显降低。②对照组飞行员的HF夜间调节指数为 0 .32± 0 .11,而跨时区飞行组HF夜间调节指数为 0 .0 6± 0 .0 2 (P <0 .0 5 )。对照组LF夜间调节指数为 - 0 .0 2± 0 .0 8,而跨时区飞行组LF夜间调节指数为 - 0 .0 9± 0 .0 4 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　跨时区飞行使飞行员HRV谱成份的昼夜周期节律显著降低     

Physiologic responses of pilots flying high-performance aircraft

This study deals with the physiologic responses to stress in F-4 fighter pilots and aircrew engaged in surface attack training (SAT) missions. Blood levels of HDL-cholesterol, LDH and LDH isoenzymes, CPK, and myoglobin were determined before and after each mission. Continuous EKG and transcutaneous PO2 recordings were made during briefing, preflight, and inflight. The personal history and habits of each participant were recorded. Each mission consisted of six successive bomb deliveries at 80-s intervals and at increasingly steep dive angles, each terminating in 5.5-6 +Gz during pull-up. Results revealed no apparent effect on HDL, COP isoenzymes, and LDH isoenzymes. Many myoglobin levels dropped as much as 50%. EKG recordings revealed ST elevations, ST depressions, T wave inversions, and marked sinus arrhythmias in some, while others showed increases in cardiac rate. Pilots flying these SAT missions in F-4C aircraft were found not to be significantly physiologically stressed.     

Inflight exercise affects stand test responses after space flight

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise performed by Space Shuttle crew members during short-duration space flights (9-16 d) affects the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses to standing within 2-4 h of landing. METHODS: Thirty crew members performed self-selected inflight exercise and maintained exercise logs to monitor their exercise intensity and duration. Two subjects participated in this investigation during two different flights. A 10-min stand test, preceded by at least 6 min of quiet supine rest, was completed 10-15 d before launch (PRE) and within 4 h of landing (POST). Based upon their inflight exercise records, subjects were grouped as either high (HIex: > or = 3 times/week, HR > or = 70% HRmax, > or = 20 min/session, N = 11), medium (MEDex: > or = 3 times/week, HR < 70% HRmax, > or = 20 min/session, N = 10), or low (LOex: < or = 3 times/week, HR and duration variable, N = 11) exercisers. HR and BP responses to standing were compared between groups (ANOVA, P < or = 0.05). RESULTS: There were no PRE differences between the groups in supine or standing HR and BP. Although POST supine HR was similar to PRE, all groups had an increased standing HR compared with PRE. The increase in HR upon standing was significantly greater after flight in the LOex group (36 +/- 5 bpm) compared with HIex or MEDex groups (25 +/- 1 bpm; 22 +/- 2 bpm). Similarly, the decrease in pulse pressure (PP) from supine to standing was unchanged after space flight in the MEDex and HIex groups but was significantly greater in the LOex group (PRE: -9 +/- 3; POST: -19 +/- 4 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS: Thus, moderate to high levels of inflight exercise attenuated HR and PP responses to standing after space flight.     

飞行人员变应性鼻炎的特点及对飞行的影响

目的 探讨变应性鼻炎和航空航天飞行的关系。方法 总结分析飞行人员变应性鼻炎资料３２份。结果 ３２例中常年性鼻炎２０人,季节性变应性鼻炎１２人。２６例继续飞行,６例永久停飞。结论 变应性鼻炎可影响航空航天飞行;航空航天飞行也可诱发或加重变应性鼻炎。     

Hematology and immunology studies: the second manned Skylab mission.

The hematologic and immunologic functions of the Skylab 3 (second manned mission) astronauts were examined during the preflight, inflight, and postflight phases of the 59-d mission in order to evaluate the response to and/or the influence of the space flight environment. Most changes observed were subtle and did not represent a threat to the health and safety of the crewmen during orbital flight. Even the most significant change observed, a reduction in the circulating red cell mass, did not have a detrimental influence on the astronaut cardiovascular or exercise responses as evaluated by other experiment protocols. Considering the facts that the data were not collected under ideally controlled conditions and that the astronauts were in excellent physical condition, the results of these studies would seem to indicate that man can function quite well in the space flight environment of the Skylab orbiting workshop for extended periods of time.     

Circadian adaptation of aircrew to transmeridian flight

BACKGROUND: Most research investigating the rate of circadian adaptation to transmeridian flight has focused on single, acute time zone transitions. Often however, aircrew experience compound time zone transitions, the physiological effects of which are not well understood. The primary aim of the current study was to investigate the circadian adaptation of a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) aircrew to several small time zone transitions using salivary melatonin onset as the marker of circadian phase. METHODS: Fifteen members of an RAAF aircrew collected saliva samples, sleep/wake records, and subjective alertness ratings during a 13-d surveillance patrol around the southwest Pacific Ocean. RESULTS: During the first 6 d of the surveillance patrol, the aircrew traveled 3.5 time zones east and melatonin onset advanced by 3.8 h. During the next 6 d the aircrew traveled 2 time zones west, but melatonin onset did not shift. Night-time sleep duration was shorter prior to workdays (6.4 h) than prior to rest days (8.4 h). Subjective alertness was not significantly affected by either the duration of night-time sleep prior to work, or the duration of flight. CONCLUSIONS: The melatonin onset results indicate that participants' body clocks adapted well to several small time zone transitions when initially traveling eastward, but did not adapt to a similar pattern of time zone transitions when subsequently traveling westward. This finding is contrary to expectations based on studies of single acute time zone transitions which indicate that adaptation to westward flight is more rapid than adaptation to eastward flight.     

住院飞行人员疾病谱分析

目的总结我院空勤科住院飞行人员疾病谱的特点,为新时期航卫保障提供参考依据。方法收集2006年1月—2012年12月住院飞行人员的病历资料,对其疾病谱进行分析研究。结果 326例住院飞行人员疾病谱分布较广,排在前5位的是上呼吸道感染、自主神经功能紊乱、神经性头痛、颈椎病、腰椎间盘突出。年龄分布在前3位的是25～29岁,30～34岁,35～39岁。医学鉴定结论为飞行合格250例,暂时不合格76例。结论住院飞行人员疾病谱,从一定程度上反映了本地区飞行人员从疾病、年龄到医学鉴定结论的分布特点,这对指导飞行部队航医有针对性地加强疾病的防范有重要意义。