饮用水中无机砷形态分析

目的建立电化学氢化物发生与原子吸收光谱联用技术对无机砷形态分析的方法．为地方性砷中毒病区饮用水中砷的形态分析提供快速的检测方法。方法基于3价砷（iAsⅢ）和5价砷（iAsⅤ）电化学氢化物发生效率的差异，实现低电流条件下对iAsⅢ的选择性还原和测定；在高电流条件下实现iAsⅢ和iAsv的电化学氢化，并根据吸收加和性原理测定iAsⅤ。结果以0.4、1．2A为优化的电解电流条件，iAsⅢ和iAsⅤ测定的检出限分别为03、0．6μg/L。本方法应用于饮用水中无机砷的形态分析，样品加标回收率为96％（14．4／15．0）～102％（10．2／10．0）。结论该方法灵敏、准确可靠，操作简单、快速，适用于地方性砷中毒病区饮用水中不同形态砷的测定分析。     

长期染砷致家兔肝脏蛋白巯基水平及巯基代谢相关酶活力下降

目的 探讨长期砷暴露对家兔肝脏蛋白巯基水平及与巯基代谢相关酶活力的影响及机制。方法 家兔以自由饮水方式慢性暴露于无机3价砷（iAs^Ⅲ）及5价砷（iAs^Ⅴ），18周后，测定肝脏组织中蛋白巯基、非蛋白巯基、硫氧还蛋白（TRX）水平，以及硫氧还蛋白还原酶（TR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性，同时检测血、尿及毛发中无机砷及其代谢产物甲基砷（MMAs）和二甲基砷（DMAs）。结果 经过18周的砷暴露，两个染毒组血和尿中iAs、MMAs、DMAs以及毛发中iAs、DMAs均显著高于对照组；iAs^Ⅴ组血中iAs、MMAs及尿中MMAs水平显著低于iAs^Ⅲ组，而尿及毛发中iAs水平显著高于iAs^Ⅲ组。iAs^Ⅴ组总巯基及蛋白巯基水平显著低于对照组。iAs^Ⅵ组TRX水平、TR及GR活力以及iAs^Ⅲ组TR活力与对照组相比亦显著下降。结论 家兔长期砷暴露导致肝脏中蛋白巯基水平及与巯基代谢密切相关的TR、GR活力显著下降，提示慢性无机砷暴露会引起肝脏内氧化及抗氧化失衡从而引发组织氧化损伤。     

内蒙地砷病病区人群的形态砷暴露研究

对内蒙地砷病病区人群通过饮水而暴露于不同形态砷化合物的种类和水平进行了研究，结果表明，病区饮水中砷主要以无机砷形式存在，其中Ａｓ（Ｖ）水平高于Ａｓ（Ⅲ），有机砷普遍以低浓度水平存在于水中。在该病区开展饮水中不同形态砷暴露水平与地砷病发病关系的横断面流行病学研究所得数据资料，无论单因素分层分析还是多元逐步Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析，结果均显示不同形态砷暴露对地砷病的发病有着不同的影响，地砷病的患病率随     

不同砷化物对原代培养星型胶质细胞毒性作用的研究

目的 观察不同砷化物对原代培养星型胶质细胞的毒性作用。方法 细胞活力检测与形态学观察。结果 暴露40、60、80、100μmol／L3价和200、300、400、500μmol／L 5价无机砷的星型胶质细胞的AlamarBlue还原力与对照组比较差异有显著意义，且呈剂量-效应关系。体外24h暴露iAs^v和iAs^Ⅲ对原代培养星形胶质细胞的半数细胞活力抑制浓度分别为260．3μmol／L和50．8μmol／L。同时，暴露最低25μmol／L3价和100μmol／L5价无机砷的星型胶质细胞的细胞形态有明显的改变。另一方面，暴露最高1000μmol／L5价甲基砷和二甲基砷的星型胶质细胞的AlamarBlue还原力及细胞形态与对照组比较未见明显差异。结论 接触最少25μmol／L的3价无机砷或100μmol／L的5价无机砷对星型胶质细胞可产生明显的毒性损伤作用。3价无机砷的毒性明显大于5价无机砷。在微摩尔浓度范围内的5价甲基砷和二甲基砷对原代培养的星型胶质细胞无明显的直接毒性作用。     

杭锦后旗地方性砷中毒病区水环境的研究

应用中子活化分析对内蒙古巴盟杭锦后旗地方性砷中毒病村井水中砷的形态、价态及其它微量元素进行了测定。分析结果表明：病区饮水中水砷严重超过国家饮用水水质标准，且水砷含量越高，病人病情越严重。井水中所含砷含量大多以无机砷的形式存在，所占比例为总砷含量的９２～９８％，其中Ａｓ（Ⅲ）为无机砷的５２．７～８４．３％。在水砷含量相近的情况下，三价砷比例越高，病情越重，Ｆｅ、Ｂａ等微量元素可能加重砷的中毒，而Ｃｏ、Ｓｒ、Ｃａ可能拮抗砷的毒性。     

饮水砷暴露小鼠肝和脑组织多形态砷检测分析

目的观察饮用含不同质量浓度和不同形态的无机砷(iAsⅢ,iAsⅤ)水,砷化物在小鼠肝和脑组织中的分布及代谢情况。方法小鼠以自由饮水方式暴露iAsⅢ或iAsⅤ42d,采用氢化物发生-超低温捕集-原子吸收分光光度法,测定小鼠肝和脑组织中无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂(MA)、二甲基胂(DMA)和三甲基胂(TMA)水平。结果在小鼠肝组织中,iAs、MA及DMA均随染砷量的增加而升高;在脑组织中,iAs在各染砷组与对照组之间,差异无统计学意义。DMA在各染砷组中随染砷剂量的增加而升高,但脑组织中未检测到MA。结论经饮水进入小鼠体内的iAsⅢ或iAsⅤ,主要在肝组织内进行甲基化代谢,低质量浓度的iAsⅢ较iAsⅤ更容易进入肝组织,并被甲基化代谢。砷化物可以透过成鼠的血脑屏障,脑组织分布的砷化物形态以DMA为主。     

内蒙地砷病病区人群的形态砷暴露研究

对内蒙地砷病病区人群通过饮水而暴露于不同形态砷化合物的种类和水平进行了研究。结果表明，病区饮水中砷主要以无机砷形式存在。其中Ａｓ水平高于Ａｓ，有机砷普遍以低浓度水平存在于水中。在该病区开展饮水中不同形态砷暴露水平与地砷病发病关系的横断面流行病学研究所的数据资料，无论单因素分层还是多元逐步Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析，结果均显示不同形态砷暴露对砷病的发病有着不同程度的影响，地砷病的患病率随饮水呒机砷水平     

饮水除砷方法

砷是大家熟知的对人类健康有害的物质。长期饮用含砷高的水,会引起黑脚病、神经痛、血管损伤及坏疽,以及增加心脏发病等。现已确定砷是致癌、致突变因子,对动物还有致畸作用。含砷化合物的毒性太小,直接与其在水中的溶解度和价态有关。无机砷化物比有机砷化合物毒性大,三价砷的毒性比五价砷大60倍。     

离子交换—原子荧光法测定地砷病区饮水中砷形态

本文用离子交换树脂柱分离，以氢化物原子荧光测定，建立了地砷病病区饮水中不同砷形态的分离测定方法；并对水样的保存条件和形态砷的分离条件进行了探讨。本法对不同形态砷的分离效果邓，方法简便，变异系数在５％左右，回怍率为８５－１０５％。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法分析饮水中不同价态的无机砷

目的用氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定生活饮用水中不同价态的无机砷。方法用氢化物发生-原子荧光法,选择一个最佳分析酸度,使其既适合测总砷也适合测3价砷(As3 )。用总砷减去As3 计算出5价砷(As5 )。结果以2%的盐酸为反应介质,既可测定总砷,也可以测定As3 ,从而可计算出As5 。在分析As3 时,As5 的干扰可以降到最低。最低检出限为0.11ng/ml。结论该方法分析饮用水中总无机砷、As3 、As5 灵敏度高,稳定可靠,操作简单,适用于地方性砷中毒病区大量水样中不同价态的砷分析。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Use of fab fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies in the therapy of massive digoxin poisoning

A case of massive digoxin ingestion with multiple arrhythmias, consisting of high grade A-V block and ventricular ectopy not responsive to lidocaine, is described. The arrhythmias ceased following administration of digoxin-specific Fab fragments. The patient improved and was transferred to the psychiatric unit.     

Comparison of intravenous and oral routes of theophylline loading in acute asthma

In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 19 patients with an acute exacerbation of asthma were given a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV (n = 10) or oral route (n = 9) of administration following treatment with epinephrine. Plasma concentrations of theophylline were measured prior to giving the loading dose, and one, two, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing spirometric measurements prior to giving the loading dose, and one, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Side effects also were recorded. In the IV group, the mean peak plasma theophylline concentration was 15.1 micrograms/mL one hour after loading, and in the oral group the mean peak serum theophylline concentration was 14.2 micrograms/mL three hours after loading. There was no correlation between theophylline concentrations and normalized change in spirometric values. There was no significant difference in spirometric values between the IV and oral groups. Nausea was slightly more common in the IV group. We conclude that there is no therapeutic advantage to giving a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV route rather than orally in patients with mild-to-moderate exacerbation of asthma initially treated with epinephrine.     

Application of Granular Biocomposites Based on Homogenised Peat for Absorption of Oil Products

Among the various methods for collecting oil spills and oil products, including from the water surface, one of the most effective is the use of sorbents. In this work, three-component bio-based composite granular adsorbents were produced and studied for oil products’ pollution collection. A bio-based binder made of peat, devulcanised crumb rubber from used tyres, and part fly ash as cenospheres were used for absorbent production. The structure, surface morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and sorption kinetics of the obtained samples were studied. Composite hydrophobicity and sorption capacity to oil products, such as diesel fuel (DF) and motor oil (MO), were determined. The obtained pellets are characterised by a sufficiently pronounced ability to absorb oil products such as DF. As the amount of CR in the granules increases, the diesel absorption capacity increases significantly. The case of 30-70-0 is almost three times higher than the granules from homogenised peat. The increase in q is due to two factors: the pronounced surface hydrophobicity of the samples (Θ = 152°) and a heterogeneous porous granule structure. The presence of the cenosphere in the biocomposite reduces its surface hydrophobicity while increasing the diesel absorption capacity. Relatively rapid realisation of the maximum saturation by the MO was noted. In common, the designed absorbent shows up to 0.7 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for MO and up to 1.55 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for diesel. A possible mechanism of DF absorption and the limiting stages of the process approximated for different kinetic models are discussed. The Weber–Morris diffusion model is used to primarily distinguish the limiting effect of the external and internal diffusion of the adsorbate on the absorption process.     

Role of microRNA in regulation of myeloma-related angiogenesis and survival

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease caused by clonal proliferation of plasma cells that result in monoclonal gammopathy and severe end organ damage. Despite the uniform clinical signs, the disease is very diverse in terms of the nature and sequence of the underlying molecular events. Multiple cellular processes are involved in helping the malignant cells to remain viable and maintain proliferative properties in the hypoxic microenvironment of the bone marrow. Specifically, the process of angiogenesis, triggered by the interactions between the malignant MM cells and the stroma cells around them, was found to be critical for MM progression. In this review we highlight the current understanding about the epigenetic regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells and its dependency on angiogenesis in the bone marrow that is carried out by different microRNAs.     

RNA-Seq在老年神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病是老年人最常见的两种神经退行性疾病,但其发病机制及治疗是研究的热点。随着高通量测序技术的进步及成本的下降,RNA-Seq也成为神经退行性疾病机制研究及生物标志物发现的有力手段。RNA-Seq相对于microarray具有高灵敏度、高准确性、高重复性以及噪声低等优势,在阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病研究中有较为广泛的应用,包括检测差异表达基因,可变剪接、新长链非编码RNA预测分析和miRNAs调控等,但是容易受病理复杂性及样本等因素影响。目前阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病转录组研究相比于癌症等还不够深入,在临床诊断及治疗应用还面临较大挑战。但是随着新技术及新方法的发展,RNA-Seq将进一步推动神经退行性相关疾病的研究和临床转化。     

安徽巢湖市丝虫病控制、消除历程和监测报告

【摘要】 目的  回顾并总结巢湖市丝虫病的流行、控制,以及消除丝虫病的历程。 方法  统计分析1970~1989年在该市采取以消灭传染源、切断传播途径为主的防治策略,以及展开大规模防治的各个阶段。 结果  1989年,采用分层整群抽样调查方法调查,微丝蚴率下降至0.032%,以行政村为单位,微丝蚴率已控制在1.0%以下,达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准;1991年,经省级调查考核,认定全市已达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准。1996年,省级审评确认已达到卫生部颁布的消灭丝虫病标准。经过10年的监测和跟踪治疗,到2005年,全市丝虫病病原学监测未查见微丝蚴阳性者,解剖镜检人房内淡色库蚊1 348只,蚊体内均未查见人体幼丝虫。 结论  巢湖市达到了消除丝虫病的标准。     

Advanced Evaluation of the Freeze–Thaw Damage of Concrete Based on the Fracture Tests

This paper presents the results of an experimental program aimed at the assessment of the freeze–thaw (F–T) resistance of concrete based on the evaluation of fracture tests accompanied by acoustic emission measurements. Two concretes of similar mechanical characteristics were manufactured for the experiment. The main difference between the C1 and C2 concrete was in the total number of air voids and in the A300 parameter, where both parameters were higher for C1 by about 35% and 52%, respectively. The evaluation of the fracture characteristics was performed on the basis of experimentally recorded load–deflection and load–crack mouth opening displacement diagrams using two different approaches: linear fracture mechanics completed with the effective crack model and the double-K model. The results show that both approaches gave similar results, especially if the nonlinear behavior before the peak load was considered. According to the results, it can be stated that continuous AE measurement is beneficial for the assessment of the extent of concrete deterioration, and it suitably supplements the fracture test evaluation. A comparison of the results of fracture tests with the resonance method and splitting tensile strength test shows that all testing methods led to the same conclusion, i.e., the C1 concrete was more F–T-resistant than C2. However, the fracture test evaluation provided more detailed information about the internal structure deterioration due to the F–T exposure.