食管鳞癌中DACT2基因表达及甲基化状态研究

[目的]检测食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)中DACT2基因表达及启动子区甲基化状态,探讨DACT2基因在食管鳞癌发生发展中的作用.[方法]分别应用逆转录—聚合酶链反应(RTPCR)以及甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)的方法检测DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-dC)处理前后的食管癌细胞系(TE1、TE13、T.Tn、Eca109)以及食管鳞癌组织及相应癌旁组织中DACT2 mRNA表达情况及启动子区甲基化状态.[结果]经5-aza-dC处理后4种食管癌细胞系中DACT2基因的表达均增高.4种未经5-aza-dC处理的食管癌细胞系中DACT2基因呈高甲基化状态.应用5-aza-dC处理后,DACT2基因在4种细胞系中均呈非甲基化状态.DACT2基因在食管鳞癌组织中的表达显著低于癌旁组织(0.66±0.53 vs 0.95±0.64,t=-2.43,P=0.018),并与淋巴结转移密切相关(t=-2.030,P=0.048).食管鳞癌组织中DACT2基因的启动子区甲基化率显著高于癌旁组织(50.0％ vs 21.1％,x2=9.439,P=0.002),并与TNM分期、组织学分化程度和淋巴结转移密切相关(P均＜0.05).发生DACT2基因甲基化的食管鳞癌组织中DACT2基因的表达量显著低于未发生甲基化的食管鳞癌组织(0.46±0.32 vs 0.78±0.61,t=-2.341,P=0.023).[结论]DA CT2基因在食管鳞癌中的异常低表达与食管鳞癌的发生、发展密切相关,且其启动子区甲基化可能是导致其表达沉默的机制之一.     

食管癌TβRⅠ和TβRⅡ基因甲基化及mRNA表达的相关性研究

目的:探讨食管鳞状细胞癌(ES-CC)组织中转化生长因子β受体Ⅰ、Ⅱ(TβRⅠ、Ⅱ)基因启动子甲基化及其mRNA表达的关系.方法:改进的甲基化特异性聚合酶链式反应(MSP)和逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测65例ESCC及59例癌旁组织中Tt3R Ⅰ和TI]RⅡ基因启动子的甲基化状态和41例ESCC及15例癌旁组织中TβR Ⅰ和TβRⅡ基因mRNA的表达水平,分析2个基因启动子甲基化与临床参数和mRNA表达的关系.结果:TβR Ⅰ在ES-CC和癌旁组组的甲基化率分别为52.3%(34/65)和40.7%(24/59),差异无统计学意义,χ2=1.680.P=0.1 95.TβRⅡ在ESCC和癌旁组组的甲基化率分别为70.8%(46/65)和47.5%(28/59),ESCC组的甲基化率显著高于癌旁组,γ2=6.984.P=0.008.TβR Ⅰ和TβRⅡ基因启动子甲基化与临床资料无关,P>0.05.ESCC组TβRⅠ和TβRⅡmRNA表达水平均明显低于癌旁组织(t1=-3.393,P1=0.001;t2=-2.358,P2=0.022).ESCC组中发生甲基化和未发生甲基化的mRNA表达水平差异无统计学意义,t1=-1.287,P1=0.206;t2=-0.922,P2=0.362.结论:TβR Ⅰ基因甲基化可能与ESCC的发生、发展无关,而TβR Ⅱ基因启动子甲基化可能是引起基因转录失活,导致ESCC形成的原因之一.     

SRY-box 17基因在食管鳞状细胞癌中异常甲基化及表达的研究

目的:检测食管磷癌(esophageal squamous cell cancer,ESCC)细胞株及组织标本中Wnt通路相关因子SRY-box 17基因的甲基化状态及表达情况,探讨其与食管鳞癌发生的相关性.方法:分别采用甲基化特异性-PCR(methylation specific-PCR,MSP)和RT-PCR的方法检测食管癌细胞株TE1、TE13及109例食管鳞癌及相应癌旁非肿瘤组织中SRY-box 17基因的甲基化状态及mRNA表达情况,并分析其与Wnit通路中心因子β-catenin蛋白表达的关系.结果:在食管癌细胞株TE1和TE13中,SRY-box 17基因mRNA均呈阴性或弱阳性表达,用甲基化抑制剂5-氮-2’-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine,5-Aza-dC)处理后,其mRNA全部恢复阳性表达;MSP检测结果显示,在食管癌细胞株中SRY-box 17基因均呈高甲基化状态;在食管癌组织标本中,SRY-box17基因的甲基率为89.0％ (97/109),明显高于癌旁组织的53.2％ (58/109)(P＜0.01);癌组织中SRY-box 17基因的甲基化率在Ⅲ和Ⅳ期肿瘤患者中明显高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ期患者(P＜0.05),而该基因的甲基化率与肿瘤患者的组织学分级无相关性;在癌组织中该SRY-box17mRNA的阳性表达率为28.4％(31/109),明显低于癌旁组织(P＜0.01).其mRNA表达的缺失率及通路中心因子β-catenin蛋白的异质表达率均与该基因的甲基化状态有相关性(P＜0.05).结论:食管鳞癌组织及细胞株中SRY-box 17基因均呈高甲基化状态,该基因的高甲基化可能是引起mRNA表达下调的重要机制之一,并可能通过Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路的激活在食管癌的发生、发展中具有重要作用;对该基因的甲基化检测可能对食管癌的预后判断有一定的临床指导意义.     

食管鳞癌中CAV-1基因的表达及甲基化状态

背景与目的：作为重要的表观遗传学现象之一,DNA甲基化对基因表达发挥着重要的调控功能。研究表明肿瘤细胞基因组正常DNA甲基化模式异常改变所导致的肿瘤相关基因功能异常可能参与肿瘤发生与发展。本研究通过检测食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinomas,ESCC)组织中质膜微囊蛋白-1(caveolin-1,CAV-1)基因的表达及甲基化状态,探讨CAV-1基因在食管鳞癌发生及发展中的作用。方法：分别应用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)、RT-PCR法、免疫组织化学SP法检测食管癌及相应癌旁正常黏膜组织标本中CAV-1基因甲基化状态、mRNA及蛋白表达情况。结果：CAV-1 mRNA在食管癌和癌旁正常组织中的表达量分别为0.86±0.56和0.40±0.36,食管癌组织中CAV-1 mRNA表达量明显高于癌旁正常组织,2者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CAV-1 mRNA表达与患者的淋巴结转移及肿瘤组织学分级有关(P<0.05);食管鳞癌组织中,CAV-1蛋白表达阳性率为66.7%(34/51);显著高于正常食管黏膜组织(15.7%,8/51)(P<0.01)。CAV-1蛋白表达与患者的淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),而与肿瘤的临床分期和分化程度无关(P>0.05)。51例食管癌组织中1例发生了基因启动子区甲基化,甲基化率为2.0%(1/51);而相应癌旁正常黏膜组织中未发现有该基因的甲基化现象。食管癌组织中该基因的甲基化率与相应癌旁正常组织相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：CAV-1基因在食管鳞癌组织中mRNA及蛋白表达均明显高于癌旁正常黏膜组织,该基因的高表达对于肿瘤的发生及淋巴结的转移起到了一定的促进作用;癌及癌旁组织中该基因的表达异常均与该基因的甲基化状态无关。     

食管鳞状细胞癌组织Bin1基因启动子甲基化状态及其临床意义

目的:探讨食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell cancer,ESCC)患者的食管鳞癌组织、癌旁组织中Bin1基因启动子甲基化状态及其mRNA的表达及其临床意义.方法:采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分别检测58例经病理证实的ESCC患者的食管鳞癌组织、癌旁组织中Bin1基因mRNA的表达情况;用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)检测上述食管鳞癌组织中Bin1基因启动子甲基化状态,比较ESCC患者Bin1甲基化状态与临床病理分期的关系.结果:ESCC组织中Bin1基因启动子甲基化率明显高于癌旁组织(58.62％ vs 25.86％,x2=12.76,P＜0.01),Bin1甲基化状态与患者TNM分期、肿瘤侵润深度、分化程度、淋巴结转移相关(均P ＜0.05).ESCC组织中Bin1 mRNA的表达水平明显低于癌旁组织[(0.78 ±0.05) vs (1.03±0.03),t=9.643,P＜0.01)];发生Bin1甲基化的组织中Bin1 mRNA表达水平明显低于未发生甲基化的组织[(0.68±0.04) vs (0.85±0.07),t=2.476,P＜0.05].结论:Bin1基因启动子区甲基化状态可能与ESCC的发生密切相关,它是ESCC中Bin1 mRNA低表达或缺失的机制之一,且与ESCC进展和淋巴结转移有关.     

PTEN基因甲基化及其表达异常与胃癌的关系

目的：探讨PTEN基因表达、启动子区甲基化与胃癌及其临床病理特征的关系。方法：采用甲基化特异性PCR法（MSP）和逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）法，分析胃癌组织及相应癌旁正常组织中PTEN基因启动子区甲基化及其mRNA表达情况。结果：48．2％（27／56）的胃癌组织和3．6％（2／56）的癌旁胃组织PTEN基因启动子区发生甲基化．癌组织PTEN基因启动子区甲基化率显著增高（P〈0．05）：其中，2例甲基化癌旁胃组织均为胃癌组织中有甲基化的病例．发生淋巴结转移的29例胃癌组织中．19例PTEN基因启动子甲基化；发生淋巴结转移的PTEN基因启动子甲基化显著高于无淋巴结转移组（P〈0．05）。RT—PCR结果显示，所有甲基化的胃癌组织中PTEN mRNA均无表达，结论：胃癌中PTEN基因mRNA失表达与其启动子区甲基化有关，这可能是胃癌发生、发展以及转移的原因之一。     

血管内皮生长因子-C mRNA的表达与食管鳞癌临床病理特征的关系

目的 探讨血管内皮生长因子-C(VEGF-C)mRNA的表达与食管鳞癌临床病理特征的关系.方法 采用实时荧光定量逆转录多聚酶链反应(QRT-PCR)法,测定59例食管癌和正常黏膜中VEGF-C mRNA的表达.结果 食管癌组织中VEGF-C mRNA表达显著高于正常黏膜(6.30和2.81,P=0.02),淋巴结转移者的VEGF-C mRNA表达显著高于无转移者(10.11和4.15,P=0.04),转移淋巴结≥4枚患者的VEGF-C mRNA表达显著高于<4枚的患者(62.19和6.30,P=0.01),转移淋巴结组≥3组患者的VEGF-C mRNA表达显著高于<3组的患者(18.98和4.92,P=0.04),Ⅱb+Ⅲ+Ⅳ期患者的VEGF-C mRNA表达显著高于Ⅰ+Ⅱa期患者(9.99和3.80,P=0.03),颈淋巴结转移与区域淋巴结转移患者的VEGF-C mRNA表达无统计学意义.Logistic多元回归分析显示,VEGF-C mRNA高表达是食管癌淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(P=0.01).单因素和多因素分析均显示,EGFR-C mRNA表达与食管鳞癌患者的预后无关,而淋巴结转移组数是食管癌预后的独立危险因素(P<0.01).结论 VEGF-C mRNA的表达与食管鳞癌淋巴结转移密切相关,在食管鳞癌的淋巴结转移中起着非常重要的作用.     

长链非编码RNA XLOC_002319在食管鳞癌中表达及其甲基化状态

目的:通过检测食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)中长链非编码RNA XLOC_002319(long non-colding RNA XLOC_002319,lncRNA XLOC_002319)基因的表达及其甲基化状态,探讨XLOC_002319基因在ESCC发生及发展中的作用.方法:分别应用RT-PCR以及甲基化特异性PCR(methylation specific PCR,MSP)的方法检测DNA甲基化转移酶抑制剂5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2'-deoxycitydine,5-aza-dC)处理前后的食管癌细胞株(TE1、TE13、Yes-2、Eca109和T.TN)、ESCC组织以及癌旁正常组织、食管上皮内瘤变(esophageal intraepithelial neoplasia,EIN)组织中XLOC_002319基因的表达和甲基化状态.结果:未经5-aza-dC处理的5种食管癌细胞中XLOC_002319基因的表达均呈阴性或弱阳性,经5-azadC的5种食管癌细胞中XLOC_002319基因的表达均增高.5株食管癌细胞在5-aza-dC处理前表现为XLOC_002319高甲基化状态,处理后,Eca109和T.TN细胞系中XLOC_002319基因甲基化程度降低,其余3株细胞系中XLOC_002319基因均表现为非甲基化状态.XLOC_002319基因在ESCC组织中的表达显著低于食管上皮内瘤变组织和癌旁正常组织(P＜0.01),并与组织学分化程度和TNM分期密切相关(P＜0.05).ESCC组织中XLOC_002319基因启动子区甲基化率为63.75％ (51/80),显著高于食管上皮内瘤变组织和癌旁正常组织(P＜0.01),并与淋巴结转移、组织学分化程度和TNM分期密切相关(P＜0.05).发生XLOC_002319基因甲基化的ESCC组织中XLOC_002319基因表达显著低于未发生甲基化的ESCC组织(P＜0.01).结论:XLOC_002319基因在ESCC中的低表达可能与ESCC的发生密切相关,且其启动子区甲基化可能是导致其表达沉默的机制之一.     

新疆哈萨克族食管癌survivin启动子区CpG岛甲基化状态及其临床意义

目的： 检测消化道肿瘤早期相关基因survivin mRNA在哈萨克族食管癌组织中的表达及其启动子区CpG岛甲基化状态,并进一步探究survivin启动子甲基化是否参与了食管癌的发生。方法：提取哈萨克族食管癌患者癌组织及远端无癌组织RNA,RT-PCR检测组织中survivin mRNA的表达水平,甲基化特异性PCR (methylation specific PCR,MSP)检测survivin启动子区CpG 岛的甲基化状态。结果：在20对食管癌组织标本中,癌组织中survivin mRNA阳性表达率 (95%)明显高于远端无癌组织 (65%) (P＜0.05)。癌组织及远端无癌组织中survivin基因启动子区CpG岛多为杂合型甲基化,且两种组织间甲基化状态无明显差异 (P＞0.05)。结论：survivin mRNA表达水平的增高在哈萨克族食管癌的发生、发展过程中起到了一定的作用,但其表达与启动子区CpG岛甲基化无关,提示甲基化并未直接调控该基因的表达并促进哈萨克族食管癌的发生发展。     

Hypermethylation of tachykinin-1 is a potential biomarker in human esophageal cancer.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to investigate whether and at what stage hypermethylation of the tachykinin-1 (TAC1) gene is associated with human esophageal neoplastic transformation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: TAC1 promoter hypermethylation was examined by real-time methylation-specific PCR in 258 human esophageal specimens and 126 plasma samples from patients or tissues at various stages of neoplastic evolution. RESULTS: TAC1 hypermethylation in tissue samples showed highly discriminative receiver-operator characteristic curve profiles, clearly distinguishing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) from normal esophagus (P < 0.0001). Both frequencies and normalized methylation values of TAC1 tissue methylation were significantly higher in Barrett's metaplasia (BE), dysplastic Barrett's esophagus, EAC, and ESCC than in normal esophagus (P < 0.01). The frequency of TAC1 hypermethylation increased dramatically and early during neoplastic progression, from 7.5% in normal esophagus to 55.6% in BE from patients with Barrett's metaplasia alone, 57.5% in dysplastic Barrett's esophagus, and 61.2% in EAC. There was a significant relationship between TAC1 hypermethylation and BE segment length, a known clinical risk factor for neoplastic progression. Twelve (50%) of 24 ESCC exhibited TAC1 hypermethylation. Overall patient survival correlated significantly with TAC1 methylation status in ESCC patients (mean survival, 22 versus 110 months; P = 0.0102, log-rank test), but not in EAC patients. Both mean normalized methylation values and frequency of TAC1 hypermethylation in plasma samples were significantly higher in EAC patients than in control subjects. Treatment of KYSE220 ESCC and BIC EAC cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reduced TAC1 methylation and increased TAC1 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: TAC1 promoter hypermethylation is a common event in both major histologic types of human esophageal carcinoma, occurs early, correlates with other progression risk factors in esophageal adenocarcinogenesis, and is a tissue biomarker of a poor prognosis in ESCC. Circulating methylated TAC1 promoter DNA also offers potential as a biomarker for the diagnosis of EAC.     

Aberrant promoter hypermethylation and silencing of the critical 3p21 tumour suppressor gene, RASSF1A, in Chinese oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

3p21 is an important locus harbouring critical tumour suppressor genes (TSG), which are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple tumours, including oesophageal carcinoma. RASSF1A is a 3p21.3 candidate TSG frequently inactivated by promoter methylation in multiple tumours. We investigated RASSF1A promoter methylation and gene expression in Chinese oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) to compare it to data from Japanese patients. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) showed that RASSF1A was partially methylated in 3/7 (43%) cell lines; 22/64 (34%) primary tumours and 3/64 (5%) corresponding non-tumour samples; and was not methylated in 2 immortalized normal oesophageal epithelial cell lines and 6 normal oesophageal epithelium samples. Bisulfite genome sequencing confirmed the MSP results. Promoter hypermethylation correlated well with RASSF1A mRNA down-regulation. Treatment of cell lines with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine activated RASSF1A mRNA expression along with promoter demethylation. RASSF1A hypermethylation in the Chinese cohort was much lower than in a published report of Japanese ESCC patients (52%) and cell lines (74%). Our own analysis of Japanese ESCC cell lines for direct comparison also detected a high frequency of RASSF1A hypermethylation (8/10; 80%) and high levels of hypermethylation at each CpG site. No significant association between RASSF1A hypermethylation and histological differentiation (p=0.953), tumour staging (p=0.117), or survival (p=0.7571) was found in Chinese ESCC, unlike the results of Japanese patients. The incidence of oesophageal cancer shows marked variation by geographic area and ethnic group; it is almost three times higher in China than in Japan, indicating possible different pathogenetic mechanisms. Our results show that RASSF1A hypermethylation in ESCC has epidemiological/ethnic differences, and suggest that Chinese ESCC may result from different pathogenetic mechanisms.     

Hypermethylation of the nel-like 1 gene is a common and early event and is associated with poor prognosis in early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma

The nel-like1 (NELL1) gene maps to chromosome 11p15, which frequently undergoes loss of heterozygosity in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). NELL1 promoter hypermethylation was examined by real-time methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in 259 human esophageal tissues. Hypermethylation of this promoter showed highly discriminative receiver-operator characteristic curve profiles, clearly distinguishing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and EAC from normal esophagus (NE) (P<0.001). NELL1 normalized methylation values were significantly higher in Barrett's metaplasia (BE), dysplastic Barrett's (D) and EAC than in NE (P<0.0000001). NELL1 hypermethylation frequency was zero in NE but increased early during neoplastic progression, to 41.7% in BE from patients with Barrett's alone, 52.5% in D and 47.8% in EAC. There was a significant correlation between NELL1 hypermethylation and BE segment length. Three (11.5%) of 26 ESCCs exhibited NELL1 hypermethylation. Survival correlated inversely with NELL1 hypermethylation in patients with stages I-II (P=0.0264) but not in stages III-IV (P=0.68) EAC. Treatment of KYSE220 ESCC and BIC EAC cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reduced NELL1 methylation and increased NELL1 mRNA expression. NELL1 mRNA levels in EACs with an unmethylated NELL1 promoter were significantly higher than those in EACs with a methylated promoter (P=0.02). Promoter hypermethylation of NELL1 is a common, tissue-specific event in human EAC, occurs early during Barrett's-associated esophageal neoplastic progression, and is a potential biomarker of poor prognosis in early-stage EAC.     

食管鳞癌中p16基因启动子区甲基化及其表达

 目的探讨食管鳞癌（ESCC）p16基因甲基化的状况及其表达与食管鳞癌临床病理特征之间的关系。方法采用甲基化特异性PCR方法（MSP）分别检测75例食管癌组织、癌旁组织和切缘组织p16基因启动子区域CpG岛甲基化状态。采用Envision免疫组化法检测食管癌组织及癌旁组织的p16蛋白的表达。结果75例标本中，食管癌组织、癌旁组织和切缘细织p16基因甲基化率分别为41．3％（31／75）、13．3％（10／75）和6．67％（5／75）。癌组织和癌旁组织P16蛋白的阳性表达率分别为29．3％（22／75）和56．7％0（17／30）。31例癌组织p16基因甲基化阳性标本中有2例（6．4％）检测到P16蛋白的表达，而44例癌组织p16基因甲基化阴性标本中有20例（45．5％）检测到P16蛋白的表达。食管癌组织p16基因甲基化率显著高于癌旁组织和切缘组织（P〈0.01），P16蛋白表达与p16基因甲基化呈负相关。p16基因启动子区甲基化与食管癌的组织学分级、肿瘤部位无明显相关，与临床分期、淋巴转移密切相关。结论p16基因甲基化在食管癌发生发展中起着重要作用，食管鳞癌的分期和淋巴结转移与p16基因甲基化之间有密切关系。     

Promoter hypermethylation of CDH13 is a common, early event in human esophageal adenocarcinogenesis and correlates with clinical risk factors

Although the CDH13 gene has been shown to undergo epigenetic silencing by promoter methylation in many types of tumors, hypermethylation of this gene in Barrett's-associated esophageal adenocarcinogenesis has not been studied. Two hundred fifty-nine human esophageal tissues were therefore examined for CDH13 promoter hypermethylation by real-time methylation-specific PCR. CDH13 hypermethylation showed discriminative receiver-operator characteristic curve profiles, sharply demarcating esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and normal esophagus (NE) (p < 0.0001). CDH13 normalized methylation values (NMV) were significantly higher in Barrett's esophagus (BE), dysplastic BE (D) and EAC than in NE (p < 0.0000001). CDH13 hypermethylation frequency was 0% in NE but increased early during neoplastic progression, rising to 70% in BE, 77.5% in D and 76.1% in EAC. Both CDH13 hypermethylation frequency and its mean NMV were significantly higher in BE with than without accompanying EAC. In contrast, only 5 (19.2%) of 26 ESCCs exhibited CDH13 hypermethylation. Furthermore, both CDH13 hypermethylation frequency and its mean NMV were significantly higher in EAC than in ESCC, as well as in BE or D vs. ESCC. Interestingly, mean CDH13 NMV was significantly lower in short-segment than in long-segment BE, a known clinical risk factor for neoplastic progression. Similarly, BE segment length was significantly lower in specimens with unmethylated than with methylated CDH13 promoters. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment of OE33 EAC and KYSE220 ESCC cells reduced CDH13 methylation and increased CDH13 mRNA expression. These findings suggest that hypermethylation of CDH13 is a common, tissue-specific event in human EAC, occurs early during BE-associated neoplastic progression, and correlates with known clinical neoplastic progression risk factors.