经皮肝穿刺胆管引流联合三维适形放疗治疗肝门部癌伴梗阻性黄疸

目的观察经皮肝穿刺胆管引流（PTCD）联合三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）治疗肝门部癌伴梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效。方法对26例肝门部癌伴梗阻性黄疸患者行经PTCD,胆红素下降后行3D-CRT。结果 26例患者均引流成功,术后胆红素均较术前明显下降（P〈0.05）;行3D-CRT后总有效率73.08%,中位生存期14.5个月。全组无治疗相关的严重并发症。结论 PTCD联合3D-CRT治疗肝门部癌伴梗阻性黄疸近期疗效好,且安全性高。     

胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸５３例分析

目的　观察经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效及不良反应。方法　５３例恶性胆道梗阻患者采用经皮肝穿刺置入胆管支架治疗,术前及术后１周复查血清总胆红素、直接胆红素。２２例患者行肝动脉栓塞化疗（ＴＡＣＥ）。结果　共置入５５枚镍钛形状记忆合金内支架,其中２例各置入２枚胆道支架,技术操作成功率１００％。术前及术后１周血清总胆红素、直接胆红素均有显著差异（Ｐ＝０.０２１,Ｐ＝０.０１８）,支架置入后行ＴＡＣＥ者中位生存期（３９.２周）明显高于未行ＴＡＣＥ组（１７.３周）,术中及术后的并发症经及时处理后均能缓解。结论　对梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿刺支架治疗对解除胆道梗阻是一种安全、有效的方法。术后行肝动脉栓塞化疗者能明显延长患者生存。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流和经皮肝穿刺胆管支架置入治疗老年人恶性胆管梗阻

目的:探讨经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)和经皮肝穿刺胆管支架(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial sent,PTCS)置入对老年人恶性胆管梗阻的临床应用价值.方法:53例60岁以上老年人恶性胆管梗阻患者, 35例施行PTCS置入,11例施行PTCD,7例施行单纯外引流,术后1周进行肝胆管造影复查,手术前及手术后1周检测血清总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)及丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)等指标.结果:32例患者支架一次性置入成功,3例患者行肝胆管外引流5～7 d后成功置入支架.手术后1周TBIL及ALT较手术前明显下降(P<0.05).胆管内支架置入患者的平均生存期为11.5个月,行胆管内外引流患者的平均生存期为5.5个月.结论: PTCD和PTCS置入治疗老年人恶性胆管梗阻操作简便、有效.     

肝外胆管癌的介入治疗现状与展望

肝外胆管癌是指源于肝外胆管包括肝门区至胆总管下端胆管的恶性肿瘤.在美国癌症联合会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)第8版指南中,肝外胆管癌被分类分为肝门胆管癌和远端胆管癌两部分.近年来,肝外胆管癌的发病率逐渐升高,且预后较差,手术切除在治疗中的局限性逐渐体现.在胆管癌的诊...     

彩色多普勒超声成像引导下经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术的应用价值

目的 探讨经彩色多普勒超声成像(CDFI)引导下经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术(PTCD)的临床应用价值.方法 在CDFI引导下对224例恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者行PTCD术置管248根次,选择左肝外叶下段胆管(左路)118根次,右肝胆管(右路)130根次,其中左右肝胆管分别置管者16根次.结果 224例248根次置管总成功率为99.59%(247/248),一针成功率为92.33%(229/248),其中一针左路成功率[96.61%(114/118)]明显高于右路[88.46%(115/130)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CDFI引导下PTCD安全、简便、微创、成功率高,是治疗阻塞性黄疸的有效方法.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸姑息手术术式选择探讨

 目的　探讨对恶性梗阻性黄疸姑息手术术式的选择。方法　对112例姑息性手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　手术死亡率7.1 %（8／112）;术后复发性胆管炎发生率17.3 %（13／75）;术后生存期：胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术组［（9.4±1.6）个月］与开腹支架内引流术组［（9.8±12.5）个月］、经皮经肝胆和引流（PTCD）内支架引流术组[（9.0±3.1）个月]差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）,与开腹桥式内引流术组［（6.8±1.7）个月］差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,与逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）内支架引流术组［（3.5±2.2）个月］和单纯开腹探查术组［（2.8±2.7）个月］比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论　胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术式适用于胆管中、下段梗阻,开腹内支架引流术式适用于肝门胆管梗阻患者,ERCP内支架术式仅适用于胆管下段的梗阻,PTCD内支架术式适用于任何一段的梗阻。胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术、开腹支架内引流术和PTCD内支架引流术能够延长患者术后生存期和提高生活质量。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的 :探讨介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。方法 :31例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者先行PTCD( 17例 )及金属支架置入术 ( 14例 ) ,1周后行肝动脉灌注化疗或栓塞治疗。结果 :31例PTCD或胆道内支架置入后 ,血清总胆红素下降。 2例患者 2个月内死于与本治疗无关的原因。 2例支架再狭窄。所有病例均获随访 ,平均生存 9个月 ,最长 2 6个月。结论 :介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸是一种有效的方法 ;介入治疗可以延长恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的生存时间。     

肝门部胆管癌内支架置入术后再梗阻的介入处理

 目的　探讨肝门部胆管癌内支架置入术后再梗阻的原因及其有效的治疗方法。方法　 13例内支架置入术后病人出现再梗阻症状 ,8例行CT检查 ,5例MR检查后 ,再行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD) ,5例再次行金属内支架置入术 ,共使用 5枚金属内支架 ,6例配合动脉灌注化疗 ,使用药物有 5 FU、健择 ,每隔 3～ 5周重复 1次。结果　病人再梗阻可能的原因是肿瘤向支架近端生长 (5例 ) ,支架腔内堵塞 (9例 ) ,左侧胆管梗阻 (1例 )和胆道感染化脓 (8例 )。 13例行PTCD均获得成功。 1例病人由于肿瘤发展侵犯多支肝内胆管和严重的胆道感染于PTCD术后 15天死亡 ,5例于引流 5～ 10天后再次行金属内支架置入术 ,共使用 5枚 ,其中右侧胆道 4枚 ,左侧胆道 1枚 ,7例带管出院 ,6例于肝功能明显改善后先后行腹腔动脉灌注化疗 1～ 4次。经 30个月的随访 ,13例病人自初次PTCD术后半年、1年和 2年的生存率分别是 10 0 % ,75 %和 33.3% ,其中 1例病人带管引流 2年尚在生存 ,发生了穿刺道皮肤转移。结论　肝门部胆管癌内支架置入术后再梗阻的原因多种 ,再次PTCD引...     

PTC下胆道活检诊断恶性阻塞性黄疸的临床应用

目的　探索PTC下胆道活检的可行性和敏感性 ,获取病变胆管的组织病理学 ,指导临床治疗。方法　 19例恶性阻塞性黄疸 ,在行PTCD(经皮经肝穿刺胆道内外引流术 )减黄术中 ,PTC下胆道活检 ,进行组织病理学检查。结果　 19例患者中有 18例获得组织病理学诊断 (敏感性 ,94 74% )。病理报告为胆管癌n =13 ,胰腺癌n =2 ,转移瘤n =2 ,肝细胞癌n =1,阴性结果n =1,阳性结果率为 94 74%。结论　PTC胆道活检是一种准确可靠的获取组织病理学检查途径     

Comparison of Infection between Internal-External and External Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage in Treating Patients with Malignant Obstructive Jaundice

Purpose: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is a form of palliative care for patientswith malignant obstructive jaundice. We here compared the infection incidence between internal-externaland external drainage for patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. Methods: Patients with malignantobstructive jaundice without infection before surgery receiving internal-external or external drainage fromJanuary 2008 to July 2014 were recruited. According to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), ifthe guide wire could pass through the occlusion and enter the duodenum, we recommended internal-externaldrainage, and external drainage biliary drainage was set up if the occlusion was not crossed. All patients withinfection after procedure received a cultivation of blood and a bile bacteriological test. Results: Among 110patients with malignant obstructive jaundice, 22 (52.4%) were diagnosed with infection after the procedure inthe internal-external drainage group, whereas 19 (27.9%) patients were so affected in the external drainagegroup, the difference being significant (p<0.05). In 8 patients (36.3%) in the internal-external group infectionwas controlled, as compared to 12 (63.1%) in the external group (p< 0.05). The mortality rate for patients withinfection not controlled in internal-external group in one month was 42.8%, while this rate in external group was28.6% (p< 0.05). Conclusion: External drainage is a good choice, which could significantly reduce the chance ofbiliary infection caused by bacteria, and decrease the mortality rate at one month and improve the long-termprognosis.     

Length and quality of survival following external beam radiotherapy combined with expandable metallic stent for unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is a morbid disease with a poor prognosis because resection cannot be performed in many cases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether external beam radiotherapy (RT) combined with expandable metallic biliary stent (EMS) affects the length and quality of survival of patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinomas. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty patients received external beam radiotherapy combined with EMS (EMS+RT group), 10 patients were treated with EMS alone (EMS group), and the remaining 11 patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage alone (PTBD group). The length and quality of survival were analyzed and compared among the three groups. RESULTS: The mean survival of 6.4 months in the EMS group was significantly longer than that of 4.4 months in the PTBD group (P < 0.05). The EMS+RT group with a mean survival of 10.6 months had a significantly longer survival than the EMS group (P < 0.05). The average of the monthly Karnofsky scores of 74.9 in the EMS+RT group and 68.1 in the EMS group, as a parameter of quality of survival, was significantly higher than that of 57.7 in the PTBD group (P < 0.01). The number of hospital days per month of survival was significantly smaller in the EMS+RT and EMS groups than in the PTBD group (10.4, 14.2 vs. 27.3 days; P < 0.001). The EMS+RT group had a longer stent patency than the EMS group (mean: 9.8 vs. 3.7 months; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that external radiotherapy combined with metallic biliary endoprosthesis can increase the length and quality of survival and consequently provide a definite palliative benefit for patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

经皮经肝胆道引流与胆道金属支架置入治疗肝门部胆管癌的疗效分析

目的 对比分析经皮经肝胆道金属支架内引流和导管外引流治疗肝门部胆管癌的疗效和安全性.方法选择肝门部胆管癌患者46 例.按照不同引流方法分为金属支架内引流组27 例和导管外引流组19 例.术后7 天复查两组患者肝功能,记录患者术前术后并发症的发生情况.观察两组患者术后生存情况.结果 两组患者治疗后血清ALT?AST?GGT?ALP?TBiL和DBiL 水平均较术前显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);相比于导管外引流组,金属支架内引流组患者ALT?AST?GGT?ALP?TBiL 和DBiL 各指标水平下降更显著,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05).金属支架内引流组患者中位生存时间为12.5 个月,略高于导管外引流组患者的(10.6 个月),但是差异无统计学意义(χ2 =2.531,P =0.112).导管外引流组并发症发生率为31.6%,显著高于金属支架内引流组的11.1%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 经皮经肝胆道引流途径金属支架置入姑息性治疗肝门胆管癌的疗效确切,安全性高,优于于经皮经肝胆道导管外引流方法.     

胆管引流术与胆管支架置入术治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸的临床疗效比较

目的 比较经皮经肝胆管引流术(PTBD)和经皮经肝胆管支架置入术(PTBS)治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸的疗效.方法 210例阻塞性黄疸患者中,161例行PTBD,49例行PTBS.收集患者的临床资料,并通过电话随访或从患者复检记录中获取随访资料.结果 技术成功率为100%.术后3～5 d,PTBS组(15例)血清总胆红素(TB)下降了(178.04±42.32)μmol/L,血清直接胆红素(DB)下降了(83.97±23.63)μmol/L;PTBD组(28例)血清TB下降了(95.67±34.28)μmol/L,血清DB下降了(49.84±28.21)μmol/L,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.017,P=0.035).术后6～9 d,PTBS组(28例)血清TB下降了(188.22±79.90)μmol/L,PTBD组(126例)下降了(141.39±65.32)μmol/L,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.014);两组血清DB下降值差异无统计学意义(P=0.567).PTBD组和PTBS组的中位通畅期分别为60和197 d,中位生存期分别为148和245 d,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01).结论 FIBS治疗恶性阻塞性黄疽的近期和远期疗效均优于PTBD.     

Concomitant chemoradiation treatment in the management of patients with extrahepatic biliary tract recurrence of gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the role of concomitant chemoradiation in the alleviation of obstructive jaundice in patients with extrahepatic biliary tract metastases from gastric carcinoma. METHODS: Thirteen patients with good performance status who had obstructive jaundice resulting from extrahepatic biliary metastases after gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma were treated with palliative intent. Treatment consisted of insertion of a percutaneous transhepatic choledochal drainage (PTCD) catheter followed by external radiation up to a total dose of 40-60 grays in combination with chemotherapy (cisplatin 20 mg/m(2)/day, 5-fluorouracil 600 mg/m(2)/day, and leucovorin 90 mg/m(2)/day for 96 hours during the first and fifth weeks) on an outpatient basis. RESULTS: The concomitant chemoradiation produced a good palliative effect in all 13 patients. Hyperbilirubinemia continued to improve after treatment, patients' clay-colored stool resolved within an average of 4 weeks (range, 2-6 weeks), and bilirubin levels returned to normal. The PTCD catheter could be removed after treatment was completed (the seventh week); the mean duration of PTCD placement was 2 months. The entire treatment course was performed on an outpatient basis; hospital admission was necessary only for PTCD insertion and chemotherapy. Ten patients died of their disease, with an average survival of 14.4 months (range, 4-31 months) from the time of PTCD insertion. Three patients are still alive at 16, 21, and 8 months. Biliary tract patency was maintained until death. No serious treatment-related complications occurred, and no endoprothesis or intraluminal brachytherapy was needed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory palliation can be achieved by concomitant chemoradiation for patients with obstructive jaundice resulting from extrahepatic biliary metastases from gastric carcinoma, providing an alternative treatment choice for these patients.     

Role of interventional radiography in the treatment of the hepato-pancreato-duodenal area,complicated by obstructive jaundice

We assessed the role of interventional radiological procedures used in the treatment of patients with hepatopancreatobiliary cancer complicated by obstructive jaundice. Between 1990 and 2000, 71 patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD): external drainage--18 (group A); external-internal drainage or stenting (group B), and external-internal drainage or stenting plus chemoinfusion or chemoembolization of the hepatic artery--15 (group C). Mean survival (M(SD) calculated for patients who died was 2.1(0.5 mo for group A; (pb,c(0.01), 7.9(6.7 mo (group B), and 16.6(14.8 mo for group C (NS with B). The actual one-year survival was 10, 25, and 45%, respectively. External-internal PTBD and stenting are safe effective palliative procedures for patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. Survival in patients with hepatopancreatobiliary cancer doubled after chemoinfusion or chemoembolization, without grave complications or lethality.     

Internal-External Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage for Patients with Malignant Obstructive Jaundice

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of internal-external percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (IEPTBD)for patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. Methods: During the period of January 2008 and July 2013,internal-external drainage was performed in 42 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. During theprocedure, if the guide wire could pass through the occlusion and into the duodenum, IEPTBD was performed.External drainage biliary catheter was placed if the occlusion was not crossed. Newly onset of infection, degreeof bilirubin decrease and the survival time of patients were selected as parameters to evaluate the effect ofIEPTBD. Results: Twenty newly onset of infection were recorded after procedure and new infectious rate was47.6%. Sixteen patients with infection (3 before, 13 after drainage) were uncontrolled after procedure, 12 ofthem (3 before, 9 after drainage) died within 1 month. The mean TBIL levels declined from 299.53 umol/L beforedrainage to 257.62 umol/L after drainage, while uninfected group decline from 274.86 umol/L to 132.34 umol/Lp(P < 0.5). The median survival time for uninfected group was 107 days, and for infection group was 43 days (P< 0.05). Conclusions: The IEPTBD drainage may increase the chance of biliary infection, reduce bile drainageefficiency and decrease the long-term prognosis, and the external drainage is a better choice for patients withmalignant obstructive jaundice need to biliary drainage.     

Drainage Alone or Combined with Anti-tumor Therapy for Treatment of Obstructive Jaundice Caused by Recurrence and Metastasis after Primary Tumor Resection

Aim: To compare drainage alone or combined with anti-tumor therapy for treatment of obstructive jaundicecaused by recurrence and metastasis after primary tumor resection. Materials and Methods: We collect 42 patientswith obstructive jaundice caused by recurrence and metastasis after tumor resection from January 2008 - August2012, for which percutaneous transhepatic catheter drainage (pTCD)/ percutaneous transhepatic biliary stenting(pTBS) were performed. In 25 patients drainage was combined with anti-tumor treatment, antineoplastic therapyincluding intra/postprodure local treatment and postoperative systemic chemotherapy, the other 17 undergoingdrainage only. We assessed the two kinds of treatment with regard to patient prognosis. Results: Both treatmentsdemonstrated good effects in reducing bilirubin levels in the short term and promoting liver function. The timeto reobstruction was 125 days in the combined group and 89 days in the drainage only group; the mean survivaltimes were 185 and 128 days, the differences being significant. Conclusions: Interventional drainage in thetreatment of the obstructive jaundice caused by recurrence and metastasis after tumor resection can decreasebilirubin level quickly in a short term and promote the liver function recovery. Combined treatment prolongsthe survival time and period before reobstruction as compared to drainage only.     

A case of unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma treated with an insertion of biliary stent and herbal medicine obtaining a good quality of life

An advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma was poor in prognosis and required a biliary duct drainage tube insertion to prevent jaundice. An endoscopically placed metallic biliary stent is efficient for improving QOL of patients with the disease. This case was of a 65-year-old man. He was admitted to our hospital with obstructive jaundice. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma was diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Abdominal angiography revealed an unresectable cholangiocarcinoma through the portal vein obstruction and stenosis of the left hepatic artery for tumor invasion. After a second opinion and informed consent, he was inserted a biliary stent (non-covered metallic stent) under an endoscopy. The jaundice was improved further and other laboratory data showed normal results except for tumor markers. After the patient left the hospital, he came to our hospital as an outpatient basis for observation. He was prescribed herbal medicine from the other hospital. Now after ten months since the biliary stent insertion, he has been free from symptoms with normal laboratory data.     

PTBD及PTIBS治疗胆道恶性梗阻的临床研究

目的:探讨经皮经肝胆管引流术(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD)和经皮经肝胆管内支架引流术(percutaneous transhepatic insertion of biliary stent,PTIBS)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的技术,疗效及并发症。方法:172例恶性胆道梗阻患者在影像监视下行PTBD或PTIBS,术后10天复查血清总胆红素和直接胆红素。结果:172例恶性胆道梗阻患者,行外引流者123例,行内外引流者34例,行胆道支架置入者15例。技术操作成功率100%。所有患者术后第10天血清总胆红素和直接胆红素明显下降,肝功能改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.005)。结论:PTBD和PTIBS是治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,具有创伤小、操作简便、安全性高的优点。     

A case of advanced gastric cancer with obstructive jaundice that responded to TS-1/CPT-11 combination therapy after percutaneous transhepatic cholangio drainage

TS-1/CPT-11 combination therapy was carried out in a case of advanced gastric cancer with liver and lymph node metastases and obstructive jaundice after percutaneous transhepatic cholangio drainage (PTCD). Regression of the primary carcinoma and reduction in size of metastases were observed. Grade 1 fatigue and grade 2 neutropenia were noted as adverse reactions to the treatment. TS-1/CPT-11 combination therapy was useful in this case of advanced gastric cancer with liver and lymph node metastases.