Pancreatic Cancer Incidence and Mortality Patterns in China, 2009

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality rates for pancreatic cancer in China. Methods: Afterchecking and reviewing the cancer registry data in 2009 from 72 cancer registry centers, we divided cancerregistry areas into urban and rural areas. Incidence/mortality rates, age-specific incidence/mortality rates, agestandardizedincidence/mortality rates, proportions, and cumulative incidence/mortality rates for pancreaticcancer were calculated. Results: The total number of newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer cases and deaths in 2009were 6,220 and 5,650, respectively. The crude incidence rate in all cancer registry areas was 7.28/100,000 (males8.24, females 6.29). The age-standardized incidence rate by Chinese standard population (ASR) was 3.35/100,000,with ranking at 7th among all cancers. Pancreatic cancer incidence rate was 8.19/100,000 in urban areas whereasit was 5.41/100 000 in rural areas. Cancer mortality rate in all cancer registry areas was 6.61/100,000 (males7.45; females 5.75), with ranking at 6th among all cancers, and 7.42/100 000 in urban but 4.94/100000 in ruralareas. Conclusions: Pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality rates have shown a gradual increase in China.Owing to the difficulty of early diagnosis, identification of high-risk population and modification of risk factorsare important to reduce the burden of pancreatic cancer.     

Cancer Incidence in Southwest of Iran: First Report from Khuzestan Population-Based Cancer Registry, 2002-2009

Background: Cancer incidence rates are increasing particularly in developing countries. It is crucial for policymakers to know basic cancer epidemiology in each region to design comprehensive prevention plans. There havehitherto been no population-based data available for cancer in Khuzestan province. The present report is a firstfrom the regional population-based cancer registry for the period of 2002-2009. Materials and Methods: Datawere collected retrospectively reviewing all new cancer patients whom were registered in Khuzestan provincecancer registry during an 8-year period (2002-2009). All cases were coded based on the ICD-O-3 coding systemand collected data were computerized using SPSS (Chicago, IL) software, version 11.5. The age standardizedincidence rates (ASRs) per 100,000 person-year for all cancers were computed using the indirect method ofstandardization to the world population. Results: During the 8-year study period, 16,801 new cancer cases wereregistered. Based on the computed ASRs, the five most frequent malignancies in females were breast (26.4 per100,000), skin (13.6), colorectal (5.72), stomach (4.31) and bladder(4.07) and in males, the five most frequentwere skin (16.0 per 100,000), bladder (10.7),prostate (7.64), stomach (7.17), and colorectal (6.32).The ASR forall malignancies in women was 92.5 per 100,000, and that for men was 87.4. Conclusions: The observed patternsfrom the analysis of Khuzestan cancer registry data will lead to better understanding of the epidemiology ofvarious malignancies in this part ofthe country and consequently provide a useful guide for authorities to makeefficacious decisions and policies about a cancer control program for south-west Iran.     

Report of incidence and mortality in China Cancer Registries, 2008

Objective: Annual cancer incidence and mortality in 2008 were provided by National Central Cancer Registry in China, which data were collected from population‐based cancer registries in 2011. Methods: There were 56 registries submitted their data in 2008. After checking and evaluating the data quality, total 41 registries’ data were accepted and pooled for analysis. Incidence and mortality rates by area (urban or rural areas) were assessed, as well as the age‐ and sex‐specific rates, age‐standardized rates, proportions and cumulative rate. Results: The coverage population of the 41 registries was 66,138,784 with 52,158,495 in urban areas and 13,980,289 in rural areas. There were 197,833 new cancer cases and 122,136 deaths in cancer with mortality to incidence ratio of 0.62. The morphological verified rate was 69.33%, and 2.23% of cases were identified by death certificate only. The crude cancer incidence rate in all areas was 299.12/100,000 (330.16/100,000 in male and 267.56/100,000 in female) and the age‐standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and world standard population (ASIRW) were 148.75/100,000 and 194.99/100,000, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate (0-74 years old) was of 22.27%. The crude incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas. However, after adjusted by age, the incidence rate in urban was lower than that in rural. The crude cancer mortality was 184.67/100,000 (228.14/100,000 in male and 140.48/100,000 in female), and the age‐standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world population were 84.36/100,000 and 114.32/100,000, respectively. The cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years old) was of 12.89%. Age‐adjusted mortality rates in urban areas were lower than that in rural areas. The most common cancer sites were lung, stomach, colon‐rectum, liver, esophagus, pancreas, brain, lymphoma, breast and cervix which accounted for 75% of all cancer incidence. Lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer death, followed by gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer and pancreas cancer, which accounted for 80% of all cancer deaths. The cancer spectrum varied by areas and sex in rural areas, cancers from digestive system were more common, such as esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer, while incidence rates of lung cancer and colorectal cancer were much higher in urban areas. In addition, breast cancer was the most common cancer in urban women followed by liver cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Conclusion: Lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and female breast cancer contributed to the increased incidence of cancer, which should be paid more attention to in further national cancer prevention and control program. Different cancer control strategies should be carried out due to the varied cancer spectrum in different groups.     

Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Central Myanmar: Report of Nay Pyi Taw Population-Based Cancer Registry

Background: Cancer is a major public health problem in Myanmar, and cancer registration activities are currently underway through both hospital-based and population-based approaches. So far, there are no population-based cancer incidence and mortality estimates in the country. Methods: According to the 2014 census, the total population of Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory was 1,160,242 within the area of 70,571 km2. Nay Pyi Taw Cancer Registry team collected data of new cancer cases both actively and passively from all data sources in the region. The data were registered, updated, cross-checked, quality-assured, and analyzed in CanReg5. The results were presented as the number of cases by site, sex, and age, cumulative risk (CR), crude rate, age-specific, and age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) per 100,000. Results: Total 5,952 new cancer cases and 1874 cancer deaths were recorded among the population of the Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory between 2013 and 2017. The age-standardized incidence rate for all cancer sites excluding non-melanoma skin cancers in males was 125.9 and 107.3 for females. For both sexes combined, the most common cancers were lung (14%), breast (11.4%), liver (10.2%), mouth and pharynx (8.5%), and stomach cancers (7.8%). In males, the most common were lung (18.1%), liver (14.8%), mouth and pharynx (13%), stomach (8.9%) and colon, rectum, and anus (7.4%) cancers. In females, these were breast (21.2%), cervix (13.0%), lung (10.3%), stomach (6.9%) and colon, rectum, and anus (6.3%) cancers. The most common cancer deaths were caused by liver (20.8%), lung (15.7%), mouth and pharynx (9.3%), stomach (7.5%), and Colon, rectum, and anus (6.8%) cancers. Conclusion: The findings in this study are salient and have potential to serve as important information for the National Cancer Control Program to formulate prevention and control strategies.     

Cancer Incidence in Kerman Province,Southeast of Iran: Report of an ongoing Population-Based Cancer Registry, 2014

Introduction: The epidemiology of common cancers in Kerman province, southeast of Iran, was assessed basedupon results of the Kerman Population-Based Cancer Registry Program (KPBCR). Methods: in this retrospective study,all patients diagnosed with primary cancers and registered with the KPBCR were included. New cancer cases registeredfrom 2014 were identified from pathological labs, medical reports of 48 health facilities providing cancer diagnosis ortreatment services and the national death registry program. Data for patients who were referred to neighboring provincesto access health services were also collected from national referral registries. Results from autopsies was additionallyextracted from regional forensic and legal medicine centers and added to the registry periodically. Age standardizedincidence rates (ASRs) per 100,000 person-years for all cancers were computed, using direct-standardization and CanRegmethodology. Mortality to incidence (M:I) ratios and microscopically verified (MV) proportions were calculated asquality measures. Results: A total of 2,838 cases of cancer were registered in Kerman province, 2014. Of these 45. 6%involved women (n=1,293). Individuals aged 60-64 years represented the largest proportion (11.6%) of the total cancerprevalence, followed by those aged 55-59 years (10.86%) and 65-69 years (8.99%). The ASRs for all cancers were155.1 and 118.90 per 100,000, in men and women, respectively. In women, breast (ASR: 26.4), skin (ASR: 13.0),thyroid (ASR: 9.2), leukemia (ASR: 8.0) and colorectal (ASR: 7.70) were the most common cancers. In men, bladder(ASR: 24.70), skin (ASR: 16.80), lung (ASR: 14.6), leukemia (ASR: 14.50), and stomach (ASR: 10.8) were found tobe the most frequent. Conclusion: This study provided latest evidence on epidemiology of cancer in the southeast ofIran that could be used to empower prevention and control interventions in a developing country.     

Cancer statistics in China, 2015

With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high‐quality data from an additional number of population‐based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population‐based cancer registries (2009‐2011), representing 6.5% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000‐2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age‐standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2% per year; P = .1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2% per year; P < .05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (?1.4% per year; P < .05) and females (?1.1% per year; P < .05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:115–132. © 2016 American Cancer Society.     

Cancer Occurrence in Semnan Province,Iran: Results of a Population-Based Cancer Registry

Introduction: suitable information of different cancers in special geographic areas can help define medical ‍programs for treatment and screening of high-risk groups. ‍Aims and Methods: The provincial health authority reported a high mortality rate from upper GI cancer in the ‍center of Iran. A comprehensive search was undertaken to survey and register all cases of cancer during a 5-year ‍(1998-2002) period among the indigenous population of Semnan Province. Diagnosis of cancer was based on ‍histopathology, clinical or radiological findings, and death certificates. ‍Results: A total of 1732 patients with cancers (mean age 59.41%+19.08% years) were found during the study. Of ‍these, 936(54.86%) were in males. Crude rates were 124.8/100’000 and 112.1/100,000 for males and females, ‍respectively. Age-standardized ratios (ASRs) for all cancers in males and females were 156/100’000 and 136/100,000 ‍person-year, respectively. Gastric cancer was the most common tumor with an incidence rate of 19.7 per 100,000 ‍people (ASR=27.5). In upper gastrointestinal cancers, gastric cancer was the most common (47.17%), followed by ‍colon malignancies (8.1%, 9.5 per 100,000 populations), esophagus (6.8%, 7.9 per 100,000 populations), liver (2.4%, ‍and 2.8 per 100,000 populations). In women, breast, uterine and ovary, stomach and skin were the most common ‍cancers. In the child population the most common tumors were of the brain, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and bone. ‍Conclusion: Gastric cancer alone constitutes one-sixth of all cancers in Semnan, with the highest ASR incidence ‍rate reported from Iran up to now.     

中国肿瘤登记地区2008年恶性肿瘤发病和死亡分析

[目的]利用全国肿瘤登记中心2011年收集的各登记处肿瘤登记资料,分析2008年全国肿瘤登记覆盖地区癌症的发病与死亡水平。[方法]通过对全国56个登记处上报的2008年肿瘤登记数据进行全面审核与评价,选取其中41个登记处的数据进行合并,按地级以上城市和县(县级市)划分城市和农村,分别计算发病(死亡)率、年龄别发病(死亡)率、标化发病(死亡)率、构成比、累积发病(死亡)率。[结果]2008年中国肿瘤登记地区的41个登记处合计覆盖登记人口66 138 784人(城市52 158 495人,农村13 980 289人),共报告新发病例197 833例,死亡病例122 136例,病理诊断比例为69.33%,只有死亡证明书比例为2.23%,死亡/发病比为0.62。中国肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病率为299.12/10万(男性330.16/10万,女性267.56/10万),中标发病率148.75/10万,世标发病率194.99/10万,累积发病率(0~74岁)为22.27%。城市地区发病率为307.04/10万,中标发病率148.64/10万,农村地区发病率为269.57/10万,中标发病率151.02/10万。恶性肿瘤死亡率为184.67/10万(男性228.14/10万,女性140.48/10万),中标死亡率84.36/10万,世标死亡率114.32/10万,累积死亡率(0~74岁)为12.89%。城市地区恶性肿瘤死亡率为181.54/10万,中标死亡率79.21/10万。农村地区恶性肿瘤死亡率为196.34/10万,中标死亡率106.05/10万。中国肿瘤登记地区无论城市还是农村,恶性肿瘤发病占前几位的主要是肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、肝癌、食管癌、胰腺癌、脑瘤、淋巴瘤、女性乳腺癌和宫颈癌等,占全部恶性肿瘤发病的75%左右。恶性肿瘤死亡前几位的主要是肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、食管癌、结直肠癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、脑瘤、白血病和淋巴瘤,约占全部恶性肿瘤死亡的80%左右。农村地区发病、死亡是以食管癌、胃癌为主的消化系统恶性肿瘤较高,其次为肺癌、肝癌、结直肠癌,而城市地区发病、死亡以肺癌位居第一位,女性以乳腺癌位居女性发病第一位,其次是肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌较高。[结论]肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、肝癌、食管癌、女性乳腺癌为威胁我国居民健康的主要恶性肿瘤,为我国今后恶性肿瘤的防控重点,同时,肿瘤的防控工作还应考虑癌谱在地区和性别上的差异。     

Cancer incidence and cancer control in Mongolia: Results from the National Cancer Registry 2008–12

Mongolia has a high burden from noncommunicable diseases, with cancer now the second leading cause of mortality. Given the paucity of situation analyses from the country, this study reports cancer data based on new cases 2008–12 from the National Cancer Registry of Mongolia covering the entire population (2.87 million). New cancer cases of 21,564 were diagnosed over the 5‐year period, with a slight predominance of cases (52%) in men. Liver cancer was the leading cancer site in both sexes (ASRs of 114.7 and 74.6 per 100,000 males and females), and responsible for almost two‐fifths of all cancer diagnoses, followed by cancers of stomach, lung and oesophagus in men and cervix, stomach and oesophagus in women. The cumulative risk of incidence for all cancers (27.7% and 20.8% in men and women, respectively) positions Mongolia above China (20.2% and 13.3%), below the United States (34.1% and 28.5%) and similar to Russia (26.1% and 19.1%). These figures shed light on the considerable magnitude of cancer in the country and the large fraction of cancers that can be prevented by lifestyle modifications and vaccine implementation. An expansion of activities of the cancer registry and the continued development of research are necessary steps in support of national cancer control planning in Mongolia.     

Cancer incidence in a rural population of South Africa, 1998–2002

Cancer incidence rates and patterns are reported for a rural population, living in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa for the period 1998–2002. The population‐based cancer registry has operated for 20 years, using both active and passive methods for case finding, through collaborations with 19 health facilities: 11 district hospitals, 7 referral hospitals and 1 regional laboratory. The age standardized incidence rates for all cancers were 73.1 per 100,000 in males and 64.1 per 100,000 in females. The leading top 5 cancers for males were oesophagus (32.7 per 100,000), lung (5.8 per 100,000), prostate (4.4 per 100,000), liver (4.4 per 100,000) and larynx (2.5 per 100,000) whereas for females they were cervix (21.7 per 100,000), oesophagus (20.2 per 100,000), breast (7.5 per 100,000), ovary (0.9 per 100,000) and liver (0.9 per 100,000). The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma was low, and higher for males (1.6 per 100,000) than females (0.3 per 100,000). Lung cancer in both males and females was relatively low compared to the high incidence of oesophagus cancer.     

Effects of population aging on the mortality burden of related cancers in urban and rural areas of China, 2004–2017: a population-based study

Objective: China is a developing country with urban–rural disparities and accelerating population aging. Therefore, quantifying the effects of population aging on the cancer mortality burden is urgently needed.Methods: Using data from China’s death surveillance datasets(2004–2017), we decomposed and quantified the effects of population aging and factor variations on cancer mortality rates in urban and rural China during 2004–2017 through a decomposition method. R ratios were used to assess the e...     

Cancer incidence in Conakry,Guinea: first results from the cancer registry 1992–1995

We have registered 2,064 cases of cancer among the inhabitants of Conakry, Guinea, during 1992–1994, corresponding to age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of 83.3 per 100,000 in men and 110.5 per 100,000 in women. As elsewhere in West Africa, the principal cancer of men was liver cancer (ASR 32.6), with modest rates of stomach (ASR 6.2) and prostate (ASR 8.1) cancers. In women, cervix cancer was the dominant malignancy (ASR 46.0), followed by liver cancer (ASR 12.5) and breast cancer (ASR 10.9). In contrast to contemporary East and Central Africa, Kaposi's sarcoma remained rare (only 4 cases). In the childhood age group, relatively high incidence rates were found for Hodgkin's disease, Burkitt's lymphoma and, especially, retinoblastoma. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality patterns in China, 2011

Objective

The National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) collected population-based cancer registration data in 2011 from all cancer registries in China. The incidence and mortality rates for pancreatic cancer were compiled and pancreatic cancer incident new cases and deaths were estimated.

Methods

A total of 234 cancer registries submitted cancer data to NCCR. Data from 177 cancer registries were qualified and compiled for cancer statistics in 2011. Pancreatic cancer cases were extracted and analyzed from the national database. The pooled data were stratified by area (urban/rural), gender and age group (0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14…85+). Pancreatic cancer incident cases and deaths were estimated using age-specific rates and national population in 2010. The national census in 2000 and Segi’s population were used for age-standardized rates.

Results

All 177 cancer registries (77 in urban and 100 in rural areas) covered 175,310,169 populations (98,341,507 in urban and 76,968,662 in rural areas). The morphology verified pancreatic cancer cases (MV%) accounting for 40.52% and 4.33% of pancreatic cancer incident cases were identified through death certifications only (DCO%) with mortality to incidence ratio (M/I) of 0.91. The estimated number of newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer cases and deaths were 80,344 and 72,723 in 2011, respectively. The crude incidence rate was 5.96/100,000 (males 6.57/100,000, females 5.32/100,000). The age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 4.27/100,000 and 4.23/100,000 respectively, ranking 10^th among all cancers. Pancreatic cancer incidence rate and ASIRC were 7.03/100,000 and 4.94/100,000 in urban areas whereas they were 4.84/100,000 and 3.56/100,000 in rural areas. The incidence rate of pancreatic cancer of 33 cancer registries increased from 3.24/100,000 in 2003 to 3.59/100,000 in 2011 with an annual percentage change (APC) of 1.44. The pancreatic cancer mortality rate was 5.40/100,000 (males 5.88/100,000, females 4.89/100,000), ranking 6^th among all cancers. The age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 3.81/100 000 and 3.79/100 000. The pancreatic cancer mortality and ASMRC were 6.47/100,000 and 4.48/100,000 in urban areas, and 4.27/100,000 and 3.08/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. The mortality rates of pancreatic cancer showed an approximately 1.14-fold increase, from 2.85/100,000 in 2003 to 3.26/100,000 in 2011, with an APC of 1.68.

Conclusions

The burden of pancreatic cancer is increasing in China. Identification of high-risk population and adequate treatment and prevention are important.     

石家庄市区户籍人口2012年恶性肿瘤发病分析

目的:研究石家庄市区户籍人口2012年恶性肿瘤发病情况。方法:2012年石家庄市区237 万户籍人口医疗保险覆盖率达99% 以上。将2012年1 月1 日至12月31日于石家庄市医保中心首次报销的住院恶性肿瘤个案经与医院数据核对后作为分子,市公安局2012年中户籍人口数作为分母,计算发病率,分析性别、年龄别和部位别肿瘤的发病特点。结果:2012年石家庄市区户籍人口恶性肿瘤粗发病率为237.53/10万,中国人口年龄调整发病率（中调率）为129.86/10万,世界人口年龄调整发病率（世调率）为167.71/10万。发病率随年龄增加而增加,男女均于75~79岁组达到高峰,分别为1 729.42/10万和867.35/10万。男性前10位的恶性肿瘤依次为肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、肝癌、食管癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、白血病、膀胱癌、淋巴瘤;女性分别为乳腺癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、胃癌、宫颈癌、子宫体癌、卵巢癌、淋巴瘤、食管癌及肝癌。石家庄市区户籍人口男性恶性肿瘤的粗发病率、世调率分别为269.05/10万、187.52/10万,女性分别为207.57/10万、150.44/10万。与全国31个城市2009年的世调率相比,男性肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌与全国水平相近,女性乳腺癌高于全国水平;与北京市相比,石家庄市区男性胃癌、食管癌世调率分别约为北京市男性的2倍,但北京市男性胰腺癌、前列腺癌,女性甲状腺癌的世调率分别是石家庄市区的2 倍。结论:石家庄市区户籍人口2012年主要恶性肿瘤如肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌的世调率与全国31个城市2009年的水平相当;与北京市相比,食管癌、胃癌高发,但甲状腺癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌低发。      

Cancer occurrence in the south of Iran based upon pathology reports (2001–2009)

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate of different type of cancers in the Fars province, located in the south of the Iran.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, all pathology-based cancers diagnosed between March 2001 and March 2009 (N = 28,654) were investigated based on census method. The results are presented as incidence rates of cases by age-standardized rates per 100,000 (ASRs), using the direct method of standardization to the world population.

Results

The most frequent incidence rates in this study for both genders were for breast cancer (64 in 100,000) and stomach cancer (62.5 in 100,000). The most frequent incidence rates among males were for stomach (74.9 in 100,000), skin (74.6 in 100,000), prostate (70.7 in 100,000), and bladder (70.3 in 100,000) cancers; and the most frequent incidence rates among females were for breast cancer (112.9 in 100,000), stomach cancer (49.8 in 100,000), bladder cancer (44.2 in 100,000), and myeloid and leukemia (41.8 in 100,000). There was a significant association between all cancers with age and place (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Increasing rate of cancers in Iran may be due to rapidly changing lifestyles and diets. However, the trend of various cancers should be considered in all population periodically.     

Annual report on status of cancer in China, 2011

Objective: The National Central Cancer Registry(NCCR) collected population-based cancer registration data in 2011 from all cancer registries. National cancer incidence and mortality were compiled and cancer incident new cases and cancer deaths were estimated.Methods: In 2014, there were 234 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2011. All datasets were checked and evaluated based on the criteria of data quality from NCCR. Total 177 registries’ data were qualified and compiled for cancer statistics in 2011. The pooled data were stratified by area(urban/rural), gender, age group(0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14…85+) and cancer type. Cancer incident cases and deaths were estimated using age-specific rates and national population in 2011. All incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 Chinese standard population and Segi’s population expressed per 100,000 persons.Results: All 177 cancer registries(77 in urban and 100 in rural areas) covered 175,310,169 populations(98,341,507 in urban and 76,968,662 in rural areas). The morphology verified cases(MV%) accounting for 70.14% and 2.44% of incident cases were identified through death certifications only(DCO%) with mortality to incidence ratio of 0.63. The estimates of new cancer incident cases and cancer deaths were 3,372,175 and 2,113,048 in 2011, respectively. The incidence rate was 250.28/100,000(males 277.77/100,000, females 221.37/100,000), and the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population(ASIRC) and by world standard population(ASIRW) were 186.34/100,000 and 182.76/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate(0-74 years old) of 21.20%. The cancer incidence and ASIRC in urban areas were 261.38/100,000 and 189.89/100,000 compared to 238.60/100,000 and 182.10/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. The cancer mortality was 156.83/100,000(194.88/100,000 in males and 116.81/100,000 in females), the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population(ASMRC) and by world standard population(ASMRW) were 112.88/100,000 and 111.82/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate(0-74 years old) was 12.69%. The cancer mortality and ASMRC were 154.37/100,000 and 108.20/100,000 in urban areas, and 159.42/100,000 and 117.97/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. Cancers of lung, female breast, stomach, liver, colon and rectum, esophageal, cervix, uterus, prostate and ovary were the most common cancers, accounting for about 75% of all cancer new cases. Lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, female breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain tumor, cervical cancer and leukemia were the leading causes of cancer death, accounting for about 80% of all cancer deaths. The cancer incidence, mortality and spectrum showed difference between urban and rural areas, males and females.Conclusions: The coverage of cancer registration population had a greater increase than that in the last year. The data quality and representativeness are gradually improved. As the basic work of cancer prevention and control, cancer registry is playing an irreplaceable role. The disease burden of cancer is increasing, and the health department has to take effective measures to contain the increased cancer burden in China.     

National cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2012

Background

Population-based cancer registration data in 2012 from all available cancer registries were collected by the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR). NCCR estimated the numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths in China with compiled cancer incidence and mortality rates.

Methods

In 2015, there were 261 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2012. All the data were checked and evaluated based on the NCCR criteria of data quality. Qualified data from 193 registries were used for cancer statistics analysis as national estimation. The pooled data were stratified by area (urban/rural), gender, age group [0, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, …, 85+] and cancer type. New cancer cases and deaths were estimated using age-specific rates and corresponding national population in 2012. The Chinese census data in 2000 and Segi’s population were applied for age-standardized rates. All the rates were expressed per 100,000 person-year.

Results

Qualified 193 cancer registries (74 urban and 119 rural registries) covered 198,060,406 populations (100,450,109 in urban and 97,610,297 in rural areas). The percentage of cases morphologically verified (MV%) and death certificate-only cases (DCO%) were 69.13% and 2.38%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence rate ratio (M/I) was 0.62. A total of 3,586,200 new cancer cases and 2,186,600 cancer deaths were estimated in China in 2012. The incidence rate was 264.85/100,000 (289.30/100,000 in males, 239.15/100,000 in females), the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 191.89/100,000 and 187.83/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate (0–74 age years old) of 21.82%. The cancer incidence, ASIRC and ASIRW in urban areas were 277.17/100,000, 195.56/100,000 and 190.88/100,000 compared to 251.20/100,000, 187.10/100,000 and 183.91/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. The cancer mortality was 161.49/100,000 (198.99/100,000 in males, 122.06/100,000 in females), the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 112.34/100,000 and 111.25/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate (0–74 years old) was 12.61%. The cancer mortality, ASMRC and ASMRW were 159.00/100,000, 107.231/100,000 and 106.13/100,000 in urban areas, 164.24/100,000, 118.22/100,000 and 117.06/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. Cancers of lung, stomach, liver, colorectum, esophagus, female breast, thyroid cervix, brain tumor and pancreas were the most common cancers, accounting for about 77.4% of all cancer new cases. Lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, female breast cancer, brain tumor, leukemia and lymphoma were the leading causes of cancer death, accounting for about 84.5% of all cancer deaths. The cancer spectrum showed difference between urban and rural, males and females both in incidence and mortality rates.

Conclusions

Cancer surveillance information in China is making great progress with the increasing number of cancer registries, population coverage and the improving data quality. Cancer registration plays a fundamental role in cancer control by providing basic information on population-based cancer incidence, mortality, survival and time trend. The disease burden of cancer is serious in China, so that, cancer prevention and control, including health education, health promotion, cancer screening and cancer care services in China, should be enhanced.     

Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in China, 2010

Background: The National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCR) affiliated to the Bureau of DiseaseControl, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China is responsible for cancer surveillancein the entire country. Cancer registration data from each local registry located in each province are collectedby NCCR annually to be analyzed and published to provide useful information for policy makers and cancerresearchers. Materials and Methods: Until 1st June, 2013, 219 population-based cancer registries submitteddata of 2010 to the National Central Cancer Registry of China covering about 207,229,403 population, and 145cancer registries were selected after quality evaluation for this study. Colorectal cancer cases were selected fromthe database according to ICD-10 coded as “C18-C20”. We calculated the crude incidence and mortality ratesby sex, age groups and location (urban/rural). The China population in 2000 and Segi’s population were usedas standardized populations for the calculation of age-standardized rates. The 6th National Population Censusdata of China was used to combined with the cancer registries’ data to estimate the colorectal cancer burden inChina in 2010. Results: Colorectal cancer was the sixth most common cancer in China. It was estimated that therewere 274,841 new cases diagnosed in 2010 (157,355 in males and 117,486 in females), with the crude incidencerate of 20.1/100,000, highest in males in urban areas. Age-standardized rates by China standard population of2000 (ASRcn) and World standard population (Segi’s population, ASRwld) for incidence were 16.1/100,000 and15.9/100,000 respectively. There were 132,110 cases estimated to have died from colorectal cancer in China in2010 (76,646 men and 55,464 women) with the crude mortality rate of 10.1/100,000. The ASRcn and ASRwldfor mortality were 7.55/100,000 and 7.44/100,000 respectively, higher in males and urban areas than in femalesand rural areas. The incidence and mortality rates increased with age, reaching peaksin the 80-84 year old, andoldest age groups, respectively. Conclusions: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common incident cancers andcause of cancer death in China. Primary and secondary prevention, with attention to a health lifestyle, physicalactivity and screening should be enhanced in the general population.