注意缺陷多动障碍的家系研究

目的 探讨遗传因素在注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)发生中的地位和作用。方法 采用家系调查简表(儿童用和成人用)，分析54个ADHD患者家系各级亲属ADHD检出率及相关精神障碍的患病情况。结果 ADHD患者一级亲属的ADHD检出率(29．63％)明显高于二级(3．25％)、三级(4．42％)亲属检出率；男性亲属患病数明显多于女性亲属(x^2=9．709，P=0．002)；父亲患病数明显多于母亲(x^2=8．704，P=0．003)。各级亲属ADHD的检出率随着与先证者的亲属关系级数递增而剧减。结论 ADHD具有家族聚集性，一级亲属患病风险明显增高，并存在性别差异。遗传因素在决定疾病易患性变异上可能有重要作用。     

家庭护理干预对注意缺陷多动障碍患儿家人的影响

目的探讨家庭护理干预方法对注意缺陷多动障碍患儿家人心理调节和生活质量的影响。方法将77例注意缺陷多动障碍患儿家人按随机数字表法随机分为观察组38例和对照组39例,对照组只是按时接送患儿,常规交代患儿注意事项,不接受特别的辅导和干预;观察组采用集体干预和个别干预相结合的方法进行家庭护理干预。干预前后运用症状自评量表、疲劳评估表和生活质量综合评定问卷对两组进行测评。结果护理干预后观察组家人心理健康状况改善,症状自评量表评分（141．27±30．28）与对照组（164．13±29．81）比较差异有统计学意义（t=2．35,P〈0．01）;观察组家人疲劳程度减轻,疲劳评估表中躯体疲劳、脑力疲劳、总分（3．66±1．64、4．14±1．79、4．97±1．96）与对照组（6．69±2．06、4．19±1．28、10．88±2．32）比较差异均有统计学意义（t=2．01,P〈0．05;t=2．00,P〈0．05;t=3．82,P〈0．01）;总体生活质量评分明显提高,生活质量综合评定问卷评分观察组躯体功能维度、心理功能维度、社会功能维度、物质生活维度（67．52±10．34、75．36±12．84、62．53±11．01、43．22±8．94）与对照组（57．11±9．97、52．23±11．59、51．63±10．75、40．21±9．08）比较除物质生活维度无差异外（t=0．98,P〉0．05）,其他均较对照组改善更明显,差异有统计学意义（t分别为2．94,5．57,2．91;P均〈0．01）。结论家庭护理干预有助于注意缺陷多动障碍患儿家人的心理调适,减轻疲劳,提高生活质量。     

学龄期注意缺陷-多动障碍儿童家庭暴力情况调查

目的探讨学龄期注意缺陷-多动障碍儿童家庭暴力表现形式及引发暴力的因素。方法用自行设计的问卷对62个学龄期注意缺陷-多动障碍儿童家庭进行调查,并对结果进行分析。结果62个家庭中,60个家庭发生过家庭暴力;以言语羞辱（60个家庭）形式最为多见;能正确认识家庭暴力危害而从未实施过家庭暴力的家庭2个因学业问题引发家庭暴力47个。结论学龄期注意缺陷-多动障碍儿童家长对家庭暴力的危害缺乏正确认识,对学习成绩不佳的儿童教育方式不恰当。     

学龄期注意缺陷-多动障碍儿童家庭暴力情况调查

目的 探讨学龄期注意缺陷-多动障碍儿童家庭暴力表现形式及引发暴力的因素.方法 用自行设计的问卷对62个学龄期注意缺陷-多动障碍儿童家庭进行调查,并对结果进行分析.结果 62个家庭中,60个家庭发生过家庭暴力;以言语羞辱(60个家庭)形式最为多见;能正确认识家庭暴力危害而从未实施过家庭暴力的家庭2个;因学业问题引发家庭暴力47个.结论 学龄期注意缺陷-多动障碍儿童家长对家庭暴力的危害缺乏正确认识,对学习成绩不佳的儿童教育方式不恰当.     

高铅血症与儿童注意缺陷多动障碍发病率的研究

目的探讨高铅血症儿童中注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的发病率。方法收集1047例高铅血症（血铅≥100μg/L）儿童,按性别及年龄分别分组。血铅使用原子吸收光谱仪测定。结果1047例高铅血症儿童中共确诊ADHD179例,总发病率为17．09％。男童中ADHD的发病率为18．90％,高于女童ADHD的发病率10．36％,（P〈0．005）。226例〈6岁儿童ADHD发病率为3．98％,821例6～15岁儿童ADHD发病率为20．71％,2组发病率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．005）。6～15岁儿童组中确诊ADHD170例,按性别分组后661例男童中ADHD的发病率为22．39％,高于160例女童中ADHD的发病率13．75％,（P〈0．025）。结论高铅血症中〈6岁儿童ADHD发病率显著低于6～15岁儿童。6～15岁男童的ADHD发病率显著高于女童。     

Serum ferritin levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder

BACKGROUNDIron plays an important role in neurodevelopmental functions in the brain. Serum ferritin levels are different in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder than in healthy children.AIMTo explore the current status of iron deficiency in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and its sex and age effects.METHODSA total of 1565 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 1694 children with tic disorder (TD), 93 children with ASD and 1997 healthy control children were included between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021 at Beijing Children''s Hospital. We describe the differences in age levels and ferritin levels between different disease groups and their sex differences. The differences between the sexes in each disease were analyzed using the t test. The incidence rate of low serum ferritin was used to describe the differences between different diseases and different age groups. A chi-square test was used to analyze the difference in the incidence of low serum ferritin between the disease group and the control group. Analysis of variance was used for comparisons between subgroups, and regression analysis was used for confounding factor control.RESULTSA total of 1565 ADHD patients aged 5-12 years were included in this study, and the average serum ferritin levels of male and female children were 36.82 ± 20.64 μg/L and 35.64 ± 18.56 μg/L, respectively. A total of 1694 TD patients aged 5-12 years were included in this study, and the average serum ferritin levels of male and female children were 35.72 ± 20.15 μg/L and 34.54 ± 22.12 μg/L, respectively. As age increased, the incidence of low serum ferritin in ADHD and TD first decreased and then increased, and 10 years old was the turning point of rising levels. The incidence of ADHD with low serum ferritin was 8.37%, the incidence of TD with low serum ferritin was 11.04%, and the incidence of the healthy control group with low serum ferritin was 8.61%, among which male children with TD accounted for 9.25% and female children with TD accounted for 11.62%. There was a significant difference among the three groups (P < 0.05). In addition, there were 93 children with ASD with an average serum ferritin level of 30.99 ± 18.11 μg/L and a serum ferritin incidence of 15.05%.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, low serum ferritin is not a risk factor for ADHD or TD. The incidence of low serum ferritin levels in children with ADHD and TD between 5 and 12 years old decreases first and then increases with age.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童听觉P300认知电位研究

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍儿童听觉P300的特征.方法以听觉靶和非靶刺激为诱发事件,对18例注意缺陷多动障碍儿童和13例正常儿童前额区、中央区、顶区、左中央区、右中央区、左前额、右前额7个点的听觉P300潜伏期、波幅、脑地形图进行检测比较.结果（1）注意缺陷多动障碍儿童组听觉P300潜伏期比正常儿童组延长,但两组差异无显著性（P＞0.05）;（2）注意缺陷多动障碍儿童组顶区波幅较正常儿童组低,差异有极显著性（P＜0.01）;（3）两组P300脑电地形图叠加后,正常儿童组P300呈同心圆状扩散,左右对称,而注意缺陷多动障碍儿童组电位偏移.结论注意缺陷多动障碍儿童存在大脑认知功能损害.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童行为特征评估

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的行为特征。方法采用中国修订韦氏儿童智力量表、Achenbach儿童行为量表、Conners父母症状问卷对78例注意缺陷多动障碍儿童及其父母进行测试和问卷调查,并与正常对照组进行对比分析。结果注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的社交和活动能力保持较好,男患儿Achenbach儿童行为量表总分及学习能力、焦虑、抑郁、交往不良、强迫、体诉、社交退缩、多动、攻击、违纪因子分均高于对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）,女患儿总分、抑郁、社交退缩、多动、性问题、攻击等因子分均高于对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）。男患儿的智商总分、言语智商、操作智商分以及知识、分类、词汇、数字广度、木块图案等因子分均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）,而女患儿智商评分与女对照组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论注意缺陷多动障碍儿童有较多的行为和智商问题,家长应该根据他们的行为特征,有针对性的进行辅导,帮助患儿改善不良行为和社交技能。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童服用盐酸托莫西汀治疗的有效性和安全性研究

目的 注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童服用盐酸托莫西汀治疗12周,评价其疗效和安全性.方法 共110例ADHD儿童,口服盐酸托莫西汀治疗12周,在第0、4、8、12周,采用Swanson儿童行为量表第4版（SNAP-Ⅳ）评分量表和第0和12周Conners父母问卷评估疗效,副反应量表评估用药安全性.结果 SNAP-Ⅳ量表显示评分在第4周、第8周、第12周与基线相比明显降低,且与基线相比有统计学差异（P＜0.01）;在第12周时,Conners父母问卷评分与基线相比,6个观察因子（品行问题、学习问题、心身障碍、冲动-多动、焦虑、多动指数）评分均降低,且有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.最多见的副反应是消化系统症状,发生率约为30％,主要表现为食欲减退或厌食;其次是神经系统症状,发生率为4.55％,但所有的副反应均为轻度或可疑.结论 ADHD儿童服用盐酸托莫西汀有效,起效较慢,无严重不良反应,使用安全,但要及时处理出现的药物不良反应,提高用药依从性.     

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in early childhood. It is a clinically heterogenous condition with comorbidity posing a distinct challenge to diagnosing and managing these children and adolescents. This review aims to provide an overview of comorbidity with ADHD including other neurodevelopmental disorders, learning disorders, externalising and internalising disorders. Challenges in screening for, diagnosing and managing comorbidity with ADHD are summarised. Also, methodological challenges and future directions in research in this interesting field are highlighted.     

整合视听持续性操作测试对注意缺陷多动障碍的诊断价值

目的:探讨整合视听持续性操作测试(integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test,IVA-CPT)在诊断注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)中的应用价值。方法:把在深圳市学龄儿童健康调查中家长有注意缺陷或多动之主诉及在深圳市人民医院小儿神经专科门诊中以注意缺陷或多动之主诉就诊的220例儿童按是否符合《美国精神疾病诊断手册》第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)ADHD诊断标准及Conners多动(症)指数评分标准分为DSM-Ⅳ+Conners组、DSM-Ⅳ组、Conners组及非ADHD组,均进行IVA-CPT,分析其在ADHD诊断中的应用价值。结果:DSM-Ⅳ+Conners组130例,IVA-CPT异常118例(90.77%);DSM-IV组36例,IVA-CPT异常29例(80.56%);Conners组31例,IVA-CPT异常26例(83.87%),3组间差异无显著性(P<0.05)。非ADHD组23例,IVA-CPT异常4例(17.39%),与DSM-Ⅳ+Conners组、DSM-Ⅳ组及Conners组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:IVA-CPT作为一种客观检查方法,有助于ADHD的正确诊断。     

感觉统合训练治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍

目的探讨感觉统合训练治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的临床疗效。方法将30名注意缺陷障碍儿童进行感觉统合训练40次;治疗前后分别采用CONNRS量表、注意力(划消测验、数字记忆能力)感觉统合评定量表评定疗效,并进行对比分析。结果治疗后学习问题、冲动多动有显著改善;注意错误率明显低于治疗前;治疗后大肌肉与平衡不良及本体感觉不佳因子分显著高于治疗前,差异有极显著性(P<0.01);触觉防御不当及学习能力发展不足因子分高于治疗前,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论感觉统合训练治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍有一定疗效。     

注意缺陷型和混合型注意缺陷多动障碍儿童在Go/Nogo任务中的脑fMRI

目的 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)注意缺陷型(ADHD-I)、混合型(ADHD-C)以及健康儿童在经典Go/Nogo抑制控制任务中脑功能激活的异同。方法 对19例ADHD-I(ADHD-I组)、21例ADHD-C(ADHD-C组)和25名健康儿童(HC组)进行Go/Nogo任务fMRI,采用SPM8软件处理功能数据,比较3组反应抑制和错误加工激活脑区的差异。结果 3组反应抑制差异的脑区主要位于左侧额下回和右侧额中回,ADHD-C在左侧额下回的脑激活水平高于ADHD-I(P<0.001);3组错误加工差异脑区主要位于右侧额上回,而ADHD-C组与ADHD-I组激活脑区差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。结论 ADHD儿童在Go/Nogo任务中表现出的抑制控制脑功能受损,且ADHD-I和ADHD-C的反应抑制受损程度不同。     

Convergence mechanism of mindfulness intervention in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Clues from current evidence

This paper reviews the underlying evidence for various aspects of the convergence mechanism of mindfulness intervention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There may be compatibility among various ADHD remission models and the therapeutic mechanism of mindfulness intervention in ADHD may be mainly via the convergence mechanism. However, neuroimaging-based analysis of the mechanisms of mindfulness intervention in treating ADHD is lacking. Differences in the efficacy of various subtypes of mindfulness intervention, and corresponding specific imaging changes need further investigation. Future research may focus on the neuroimaging features of specific mindfulness intervention subtypes.     

我国多动症护理干预的现状及对策

多动症又称注意缺陷多动障碍（attention deficit hyper-activity disorder,ADHD）,是儿童和青少年时期最常见的心理问题之一,主要表现为活动过度、注意缺陷,可伴有学习成绩低下和冲动行为[1]。自1854年德国医生霍夫曼首先将儿童＂多动＂症状视为病态予以描述至今.     

Mothers' experiences of parenting a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Title. Mothers’ experiences of parenting a child with attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder. Aim. This paper is a report of a study to explore the perceptions and experiences of mothers parenting a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Background. Previous quantitative studies have focussed on parenting styles and treatments, and highlight that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has a negative impact on family functioning. However, fewer researchers have explored maternal experiences of parenting a child with this disorder. A narrative‐based feminist approach can provide greater insights into complex issues related to mothering a child with this disorder. Method. Data were collected in 2007 with a volunteer sample of 11 mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder via in‐depth interviews. Analysis was completed by listening for self‐evaluative statements, paying attention to meta‐statements and by identifying both consistencies and incongruities within participant’s narratives. Findings. Dominant issues identified were: It’s been 10 years of being on edge: The caring responsibility as overwhelming; If I had my time over again, I wouldn’t tell the truth: Stigmatized, scrutinized and criticized; What have I done? What did I do? How come I’ve got this child: Guilt and self‐blame and He doesn’t stand a chance: Mother as advocate. Conclusion. Mothering a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is stressful and demanding, and mothers felt marginalized. Media portrayal of this disorder contributes to confusion related to causes, diagnosis and treatment choices. More education for healthcare professionals is needed to enable them to give appropriate guidance and support to enhance outcomes for children and their parents.     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍脑功能及功能连接研究

目的使用静息态功能磁共振成像技术研究注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童的大脑局域自发功能活动及功能连接。材料与方法对10例ADHD患儿及10例正常对照组儿童进行全脑扫描,获取静息态功能图像。计算得到每个被试的低频振幅(amplitude of low-frequence fluctuation,ALFF)参数图,进行基于体素的组间比较。选取ALFF与对照组有显著差异的脑区做种子点,得到该区域与其他脑区之间的功能连接强度参数图,采用相同的方法比较两组被试之间的差别。结果与正常对照组相比,ADHD患儿在前扣带回、前额叶、尾状核等脑区存在显著的ALFF升高,提示自发功能活动更加活跃。与对照组相比,以前扣带为种子点,ADHD儿童在双侧丘脑、岛叶及后扣带区域功能连接显著升高;以右侧前额叶的脑区为种子点,ADHD的右侧中央前回和颞上回的功能连接下降;以尾状核为种子点,ADHD在双侧的额中回功能连接下降。结论 ADHD儿童局域脑区自发功能活动及其功能连接异常,揭示ADHD症状与认知注意网络的发育延迟或缺损有关。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的事件相关电位 N270改变

目的：探讨注意缺陷多动障碍（ attention deficit hyperactivity disorders ,ADHD）患儿与正常儿童相比,事件相关电位（Event-related potential,ERP）N270的改变。方法21例确诊为ADHD的患儿（ADHD组）及19名年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者（对照组）进行ERP测试。以颜色不同而大小相同的圆形图片为刺激材料,两张图片颜色相同为匹配状态,不同为冲突状态。两种状态出现的机率相同。按照国际10/20系统粘贴头皮电极,在刺激序列呈现过程中按要求按键并同步记录脑电。结果 ADHD患儿的N270潜伏期延长,治疗后缩短。结论 ADHD患儿ERP相对健康儿童发生改变,其中N270更敏感。     

注意缺陷障碍患儿注视作业时的功能性磁共振成像分析

目的应用功能性磁共振成像研究正常儿童及注意缺陷障碍（ADHD）患儿在进行注视作业测验时其额、颞叶等皮质区激活状况的差异。方法使用美国GE 1．5T Sigma Horizon LX超导型磁共振仪对19名正常儿童及17例ADHD患儿于注视作业测试时进行fMRI检查。结果（1）正常儿童和ADHD患儿激活脑区范围均较广泛，两组激活脑区在额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶及扣带回部位的分布情况大体相同（P〉0．05）。（2）正常儿童与ADHD患儿激活脑区计数如下，左额上回分别为15个和6个，右额上回分别为16个和5个，右额中回分别为16个和8个，左额下回分别为15个和5个，2组对象上述部位脑区激活计数结果差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。（3）fMRI结果显示，ADHD患儿双侧前额叶、右额中回以及左额下回部位功能低下。结论ADHD患儿在选择性注意及执行功能方面存在缺陷，fMRI对检测正常儿童及ADHD患儿大脑皮质激活情况均具有重要意义。