Palliative Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Pankreaskarzinoms

In spite of advances in the management of other malignancies, the prognosis of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer remains poor. Palliative therapy is an essential element of the treatment strategy. In this review we discuss important areas of the palliative therapy of advanced pancreatic cancer. We focus on complications of pancreatic cancer, such as stenosis of the common bile duct, duodenal obstruction and thrombosis as well as on supportive therapy. The endoscopic implantation of self-expanding metal stents is a safe procedure with a high success rate to obtain adequate biliary drainage. In cases of malignant duodenal obstruction palliation is also mainly achieved by endoscopic stenting. A main area of supportive care is an appropriate pain treatment, following the WHO scheme for pain therapy. Weight loss in patients with pancreatic cancer is often due to pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, which is treated by supplementation of pancreatic enzymes.     

胰腺癌:姑息性支架术治疗

Pancreatic cancer remains a common and very lethal malignancy with a median survival of approximately 6 months. Surgical resection offers the only potentially curative approach but many patients （80% or more） are ineligible for this kind of therapy, because of age, comorbidities, or locally advanced or metastatic disease that does not benefit from resection. Thus, for many patients with pancreatic cancer treatment remains palliative and endoscopic therapy to relieve bile duct or gastric outlet obstruction becomes of special importance. Although both surgical and non surgical palliative procedures can relieve biliary and duodenal obstruction particularly endoscopic treatment with plastic prostheses or self expanding metal stents was shown to be not only highly effective but also to be burdened with only few complications. The present article summarizes the palliative endoscopic treatment in patients with non resectable pancreatic cancer.     

经动脉灌注健择化疗联合三维适形放射治疗局部晚期胰腺癌的临床疗效分析

目的评价经动脉灌注健择化疗结合三维适形放射治疗局部晚期胰腺癌的疗效。方法51例局部晚期胰腺癌患者，其中24例采用经动脉灌注健择化疗结合三维适形放射治疗（综合治疗组），27例单纯应用经动脉灌注健择化疗（对照组）。结果综合治疗组和对照组临床获益反应有效率分别为91．7％和74．1％，两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；综合治疗组总有效率（CR＋PR）为70．8％，对照组总有效率（CR＋PR）为33．3％，两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；综合治疗组和对照组的6、12和24个月生存率分别为83．3％、62．5％、37．5％和55．6％、33．3％、11．1％，两组差异均有统计学意义（P（0．05）。结论经动脉灌注健择联合三维适形放射治疗局部晚期胰腺癌，在提高生存率、延长生存期方面优于单纯经动脉灌注健择化疗。     

18例老年胰腺癌姑息性治疗效果

目的　探讨区域性动脉化疗联合减黄在老年胰腺癌病人治疗中的价值。方法　回顾性分析18例老年胰腺癌病人的临床资料。其中 3例采用手术中经胃网膜右动脉插管化疗 ,余 15例由Seldinger’s术插管化疗。化疗药物有米托蒽醌、顺铂、丝裂霉素、5 -氟尿嘧啶和地塞米松等。 结果　完全缓解 10例 ,部分缓解 7例。平均生存期 11± 5月。结论　区域性动脉化疗联合减黄可有效提高病人生存质量 ,延长生存期 ;介入和埋泵化疗有其各自不同的优点和缺点。     

晚期胰腺癌的持续腹腔动脉插管化疗

为了观察和评价晚期胰腺癌持续腹腔动脉插管化疗效果,对７例晚期胰腺癌患者行腹腔动脉插管并留置,６例采用ＴＨＰＡＤＭ＋ＨＣＰＴ＋ＣＦ／５Ｆｕ方案,另１例采用Ｇｅｍｃｉｔａｂｉｎｅ＋ＣＦ／５Ｆｕ方案,持续滴注４ｄ。结果完全缓解１例,部分缓解３例,无变化２例,进展１例,有效率为５７．１％（４／７）,临床受益疗效７１．４％（５／７）。２例已死亡,５例生存,中位生存期５个月。结果表明持续腹腔动脉插管化疗对晚期胰腺癌有较好疗效,值得临床进一步观察研究。     

单药口服替吉奥与单药吉西他滨对中晚期胰腺癌的综合疗效比较

目的 探究单药口服替吉奥与单药吉西他滨对中晚期胰腺癌的综合疗效.方法 选取中晚期胰腺癌患者92例为研究对象,针对患者的临床资料进行了回顾性的比较研究.结果 (1)替吉奥组46例患者中,完全缓解4例,部分缓解10例,稳定16例,进展16例,有效率为30.4%;吉西他滨组46例患者中,完全缓解4例,部分缓解9例,稳定15例,进展18例,有效率为28.3%.2组临床治疗有效率组间比较,差异均无统计学意义;(2)替吉奥组46例患者6个月生存患者22例,1年的生存患者16例,2年生存患者4例;吉西他滨组46例患者6个月生存患者23例,1年的生存患者15例,2年生存患者3例.2组不同时点的生存率水平相当,组间差异无统计学意义;(3)2组患者化疗前后CEA和CA-199水平差异不大,且组间差异无统计学意义;(4)2组不良反应发生率无显著差异.结论 单药口服替吉奥与单药吉西他滨对中晚期胰腺癌的综合疗效相当,近远期综合治疗效果差异不明显.     

A Case of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia That Was Difficult to Diagnose Preoperatively

A 63-year-old female patient presented to a local physician with pain in her back and epigastric region. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a pancreatic tumor, and the patient was referred to our hospital. Multiple imaging studies that included ultrasonography (US), CT, MRI, and endoscopic US revealed a cystic lesion 3–4 cm in size with node-like projections in the body of the pancreas. The distal main pancreatic duct was also found to be dilated. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography revealed an irregular stenosis of the main pancreatic duct proximal to the cystic lesion, and malignancy was suspected. The patient was preoperatively diagnosed with pancreatic ductal carcinoma concomitant with intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma, and a distal pancreatectomy was performed. Rapid pathological diagnosis during surgery revealed positive surgical margins for pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Further resection was performed twice, her surgical margin was positive and total pancreatectomy was ultimately conducted. Histopathological findings revealed diffuse microinvasive cancerous lesions corresponding to PanIN-2 (moderate dysplasia) to PanIN-3 (carcinoma in situ) throughout the pancreas. PanIN involves microlesions of the ductal epithelium that may precede pancreatic cancer. Ascertaining changes in PanIN using images provided by diagnostic modalities such as CT and US is challenging. Ductal stenosis and distal cystic lesions resulting from atrophy and fibrosis of pancreatic tissue were noted around PanIN. Considering the possibility of PanIN, a precancerous lesion during differential diagnosis will help to improve early detection and prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer.Key Words: Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, Pancreas cancer, Pancreatic duct stenosis, Pancreatic cyst, Diagnosis     

吉西他滨联合替吉奥序贯替吉奥同步放化疗与联合化疗治疗局部晚期胰腺癌比较观察

目的探讨吉西他滨联合替吉奥序贯替吉奥同步放化疗与联合化疗在局部晚期胰腺癌治疗中的临床疗效和安全性。方法 39例诊断明确且无法手术的局部晚期胰腺癌患者在2种综合治疗方式后的生存状况,分为A、B组,其中A组20例,B组19例,A组采用吉西他滨联合替吉奥诱导化疗后序贯同步放化疗,以替吉奥为同步化疗药物;B组采用吉西他滨与替吉奥联合化疗。采用有效率、疾病控制率、临床受益反应来评价近期疗效;远期随访以无进展生存期和总生存期为观察终点,并对药物的安全性进行评估。结果 A组可评估患者16例,B组15例。在完成周期治疗的患者中,A组有效率、疾病控制率均优于B组(分别为31.2%vs 26.7%,81.3%vs 73.3%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.015、0.047)。A组患者总的临床受益反应率高于B组(80.6%vs 72.4%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.035);A组的疼痛评分降低及疼痛改善持续时间明显优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组体质量增加及KPS评分升高差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组的中位无进展生存期和中位总生存期均略高于B组(5.8个月vs 4.9个月,16.1个月vs 15.3个月),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.423、0.348)。A组的1 a生存率(70.2%)略高于B组(67.9%),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.315)。在血液学毒性反应方面,A组发生率低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在胃肠道反应及肝、肾功能不全方面,A组与B组差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论吉西他滨联合替吉奥序贯替吉奥同步放化疗较联合化疗在肿瘤局部控制及疼痛控制方面上更优,但2种综合治疗在提高患者的生存方面效果相近;2种综合治疗的毒副反应均可耐受,其中吉西他滨联合替吉奥序贯替吉奥同步放化疗较联合化疗的血液学毒性稍低。     

三维适形放疗联合GP方案化疗治疗局部晚期胰腺癌的临床观察

目的 分析三维适形放疗(3-DCRT)联合GP方案化疗治疗局部晚期胰腺癌的临床疗效.方法 40例局部晚期胰腺癌随机分为2组,治疗组22例给予3-DCRT联合GP方案化疗,对照组18例仅给予3-DCRT,治疗结束后评价临床疗效和毒副反应.结果 治疗组和对照组中位生存期分别为15个月和7个月,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组6个月和12个月生存率分别为86.4％、68.2％,高于对照组的50.0％、33.3％,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).主要毒副反应为胃肠道反应和骨髓抑制,但均较轻.结论 3-DCRT联合GP方案化疗治疗局部晚期胰腺癌安全有效.     

常规分割立体定向适形放射治疗晚期胰腺癌28例临床观察

目的:探讨常规分割立体定向适形放射治疗晚期胰腺癌的临床效果.方法:对28例晚期胰腺癌患者进行了6MV-X线的常规分割立体定向适形放射治疗.利用体部立体定向框架及真空垫固定体位,CT扫描后输入到治疗计划系统中,根据肿瘤靶区、敏感器官和移动误差勾画GTV、CTV、和PTV,结合剂量-体积直方图选择最佳治疗方案,应用5～7个非共面野照射,80%～90%等剂量线包绕PTV,并以此为处方线,常规分割,每周5次,每次2Gy,总DT:60Gy～70Gy/42天～49天.结果:治疗后1～3个月,85.7%患者食欲改善,6例黄疸患者全部退黄,腹痛缓解者占60.7%,腹痛消失者占28.6%,肿瘤全消者占35.7%,肿瘤部分消失者占64.3%.1年生存率为76.5%(13/17),4例死于恶病质.结论:常规分割立体定向适形放射治疗能使晚期胰腺癌患者症状减轻,提高生活质量和延长生存期,尤其对年老体弱患者更宜选择该法治疗.     

125Ⅰ种子植入内照射联合化疗治疗胰腺癌临床疗效的初步评价

目的　初步评价12 5Ⅰ种子植入内照射联合化疗治疗进展期胰腺癌的临床疗效。方法36例局部进展期胰腺癌患者随机分为两组 :放化疗组 18例 ,给予12 5Ⅰ种子植入内照射联合吉西他滨和 5 Fu化疗 ;对照组 18例 ,给予瘤体无水酒精注射。结果　放化疗组有效率达 38.9% ,疼痛缓解达77.8% ;对照组分别为 0和 2 2 .2 % ,两组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。放化疗组虽有一定毒副反应 ,但患者耐受较好。放化疗组术后 6个月、12个月生存率分别为 71.4 %和 2 1.4 % ,中位生存时间为10 .6个月 ;对照组 6个月、12个月生存率分别为 38.5 %和 7.7% ,中位生存时间为 5 .2个月 ,两组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　12 5Ⅰ种子植入内照射联合吉西他滨和 5 Fu化疗治疗局部进展期胰腺癌 ,能控制肿瘤生长 ,缓解疼痛 ,改善患者的生活质量 ,是一种安全有效的肿瘤综合治疗手段。     

CT引导下植入125I 放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌的疗效观察*

目的:探讨CT引导下125I 放射性粒子植入治疗胰腺癌的临床疗效。方法:2004年12月至2007年10月对21例手术不能切除的晚期胰腺癌作了CT引导下植入125I 放射性粒子治疗。采用TPS（TreatmentPlanningSystem ）重建胰腺肿瘤的三维立体图像,计算出125I 粒子植入的数量和剂量分布率,在CT引导下将125I 粒子植入胰腺肿瘤内,采用125I 粒子活度为0.5-0.8mCi/ 颗,相隔1.0～1.5cm植入,避开血管和胰管等周围重要脏器。结果:2004年12月至2007年10月全组21例中,男13例,女8 例,年龄40～89岁,中位年龄67岁。肿瘤平均直径为5.9cm。治疗后随访2～25个月,平均术后2～5d 疼痛开始缓解。术后2 个月CT随访,肿瘤完全缓解（CR）2 例,部分缓解（PR）12例,无变化（NC）5 例,进展（PD）2 例。总有效率（CR+PR）为61.9％。全组中位生存期为8.7 个月,3 个月、6 个月、12个月累计生存率分别为100% 、71.4% 、28.6% ;其中Ⅱ+ Ⅲ期粒子植入术后中位生存期为11个月,6 个月、12个月累计生存率分别为91% 、55% ;Ⅳ期粒子植入术后中位生存期为6 个月,6、12个月生存率分别为50% 、0。12例患者CA19-9 升高,术后1～3 个月复查CA19-9 降低8 例,其中6 例CA19-9 水平下降超过50% 。1 例患者术后随访发现2 颗粒子迁移到肝脏内。在随访过程中未见上消化道出血,胰腺炎,胰瘘及放射性肠炎等严重并发症。结论:CT引导下植入125I 放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌,近期疗效确切,具有很好的姑息止痛疗效,能改善患者的生活质量,是一种安全、有效、并发症少的微创治疗方法。      

吉西他滨联合适形放疗与吉西他滨联合顺铂对局部晚期胰腺癌的疗效比较

目的：比较吉西他滨联合适形放疗与吉西他滨联合顺铂对局部晚期胰腺癌的疗效。方法：前瞻性分析了2002年3月-2005年8月收治的56例局部晚期胰腺癌患者的疗效，其中26例采用吉西他滨联合适形放疗（放化组），30例采用吉西他滨联合顺铂（化疗组）。结果：可评估病例54例，放化组有效率（CR＋PR）为68．O％，化疗组有效率（CR＋PR）为37．9％，两组差异有统计学意义（P=0．0275）。放化组和化疗组的6月生存率分别为84．O％和62．1％（P=0．0728）；12月生存率分别为64．O％和37．9％（P=0．0561）。两组差异无统计学意义。放化组和化疗组的临床获益率（CBR）分别为84．0％和69．0％，两者差异无统计学意义（P=0．1976）。放化组和化疗组的严重不良事件总发生率分别为36．0％和44．8％，无统计学差异（P=0．5103）。结论：在近期疗效方面，吉西他滨联合适形放疗的近期疗效优于吉西他滨联合顺铂；而远期生存率，吉西他滨联合适形放疗虽然显示出一定的优势，但无统计学意义，二者在CBR和严重不良事件发生率无明显差异。     

胰腺转移肿瘤25例诊治分析

目的:探讨胰腺转移肿瘤的诊断及治疗方法。方法:对1998年10月～2009年8 月空军总医院收治的25例胰腺转移肿瘤进行回顾性分析。结果:原发肿瘤为肺癌8 例、结肠癌5 例、胃癌4 例、胆囊癌3 例、食管癌2 例、肝癌1 例、胃恶性间质瘤1 例、恶性纤维细胞瘤1 例。胰腺转移肿瘤距原发肿瘤时间间隔平均24个月（0～192 个月）。 14例行B 超引导下细针穿刺活检组织病理学诊断;4 例术中冰冻切片诊断、7 例为临床诊断。行胰十二指肠切除+ 横结肠次全切除2 例,胰腺体尾+ 脾脏切除2 例,胆道内金属支架引流术1 例;放疗+ 化疗10例,局部放疗4 例,全身化疗2 例;4 例未治疗。24例随访,手术组中位生存27个月（10～76个月）,非手术治疗组中位生存11个月（2～20个月）,未治疗组中位生存1.5 个月（0.5～6 个月）。 结论:胰腺转移性肿瘤无特异的临床表现,手术切除可延长患者的生存时间。      

经导管~(192)Ir近距离放射治疗局部晚期肝门部胆管癌

目的：观察局部晚期肝门部胆管癌姑息性引流术后１９２Ｉｒ腔内放疗的疗效。方法：先行手术探查尽可能刮除肿瘤并放置Ｕ型管引流，术后再经导管腔内放疗。参考点距离放射源中心轴１０ｍｍ，总量２４～３０Ｇｙ／３次。３例配合肝动脉区域性灌注化疗，１例配合外照射ＤＴ４５Ｇｙ／４．５周。结果：生存期６～２６个月，中位生存期１１．５月。１５例死亡，１例目前存活８个月。全组１年生存率３７．５％，２年生存率６．０％，结论：局部晚期肝门部胆管癌姑息性引流术后腔内放疗可提高生存期及生活质量     

复方苦参注射液辅助治疗对晚期肿瘤患者骨转移疼痛及免疫功能的影响

目的:观察复方苦参注射液辅助治疗对晚期肿瘤患者癌痛及免疫功能的影响。方法:80例癌症患者随机分成治疗组和对照组各40例,治疗组给予复方苦参注射液联合常规盐酸羟考酮缓释片;对照组单用盐酸羟考酮缓释片。结果:治疗组缓解率为38例(95.0%)高于对照组31例(77.5%)(P<0.05),两组治疗前的体液免疫、细胞免疫,焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分均无显著差异(P>0.05),治疗后,与对照组比,观察组的体液免疫和细胞免疫明显增高(P<0.05),SAS和SDS明显降低(P<0.05)。两组均无失访案例,随访时间2~40个月,对照组存活20例,中位生存时间为19个月,观察组存活30例,中位生存时间为20个月,与对照组比,观察组的生存时间明显延长（P=0.033)。结论:复方苦参注射液治疗癌痛的疗效肯定,并可缓解患者的焦虑抑郁,改善免疫情况。     

非手术治疗晚期胰腺癌206例临床分析

探讨晚期胰腺癌各种非手术治疗模式的疗效。方法:对2004年4月至2010年10月收治的206例晚期胰腺癌患者进行回顾性研究。结果:立体定向放射、高强度聚焦超声、化学治疗、立体定向放射+化学治疗、高强度聚焦超声+化学治疗的近期有效率分别为37.18%（29/78）、28.57%（12/42）、26.67%（8/30）、79.31%（23/29）、77.78%（21/27）,联合治疗的效果明显优于单纯治疗（P<0.05）。各组临床获益反应率分别为48.71%（38/78）、88.09%（37/42）、30.00%（9/30）、82.76%（24/29）、85.19%（23/27）,高强度聚焦超声治疗优于立体定向放射治疗（P<0.01）,而联合治疗的临床获益亦明显优于单纯立体定向放射治疗或化疗（P<0.01）。高强度聚焦超声治疗不良反应最轻（P<0.01）、立体定向放射治疗+化学治疗最重（P<0.01）,其余各组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。各组中位生存期分别为10.6、7.6、6.9、15.3、13.6个月,接受联合治疗患者的生存期明显优于仅接受单纯治疗的患者（P<0.05）,联合治疗中接受立体定向放射治疗+化学治疗的患者可获得更长的生存（P<0.05）。结论:立体定向放射治疗、高强度聚焦超声、化学治疗均为晚期胰腺癌患者可选择的有效手段,联合治疗效果较单纯治疗佳。其中单纯高强度聚焦超声治疗不良反应较轻,对于一般情况较差患者是一种较好的姑息治疗手段,而对于一般情况较好的患者,接受立体定向放射治疗+化学治疗是最佳治疗选择。      

Pancreatic cancer–Palliative therapy: stenting

Pancreatic cancer remains a common and very lethal malignancy with a median survival of approximately 6 months. Surgical resection offers the only potentially curative approach but many patients (80% or more) are ineligible for this kind of therapy, because of age, comorbidities, or locally advanced or metastatic disease that does not benefit from resection. Thus, for many patients with pancreatic cancer treatment remains palliative and endoscopic therapy to relieve bile duct or gastric outlet obstruction becomes of special importance. Although both surgical and non surgical palliative procedures can relieve biliary and duodenal obstruction particularly endoscopic treatment with plastic prostheses or self expanding metal stents was shown to be not only highly effective but also to be burdened with only few complications. The present article summarizes the palliative endoscopic treatment in patients with non resectable pancreatic cancer.     

Radiotherapy with multiple fractions per day in pancreatic and bile duct cancer

Twenty patients with pancreatic and bile duct cancer have been treated with external radiotherapy with multiple fractions per day (MFD). All patients had localized disease only. Sixteen patients have been treated with a split-course technique, to a dose of 60 to 70 Gy in 7-8 weeks, four patients had a continuous series of 44 Gy in 19 days. The mean survival was 7.9 months for patients with a pancreatic cancer. Four out of nine patients with pancreatic cancer in whom the tumour was evaluable showed a tumour regression, one out of nine reached a partial remission. The mean survival in the responders was 9.5 months. All patients with pancreatic cancer died of their tumour. Four out of eight patients with bile duct cancer died of their tumour, the mean survival was 10 months. Four patients with bile duct cancer are still alive (10+, 10+, 10+, 11+ months). No serious acute toxicity was seen. Six patients showed gastrointestinal toxicity at 1.5 to 9 months after the end of treatment. All of them could be treated in a conservative way. From the results obtained in this feasibility study, radiotherapy with MFD in pancreatic and bile duct cancer appears to achieve similar tumour response as conventionally fractionated radiotherapy and the observed toxicity of MFD can be considered as acceptable. MFD might be a more appropriate treatment scheme for combination with chemotherapy and radiosensitizers.