Prevertebral muscle involvement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic significance of prevertebral muscle involvement in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between July 1990 and December 2001, 521 newly diagnosed patients with NPC treated at Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center (KF-SYSCC) were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evidence of prevertebral muscle involvement before treatment. Patients were staged according to the 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging classification of NPC based on the physical exams and MRI findings. All patients received radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. The association between clinical prevertebral muscle involvement and posttreatment outcomes (overall survival, locoregional recurrence, and distant metastasis) were evaluated using Cox regression model to adjust for other prognostic factors. RESULTS: Of 521 patients treated at KF-SYSCC, 181 (35%) patients were found to have prevertebral muscle involvement, one-third in those with Stage II/III tumors and two-thirds in those with Stage IV tumor. In multivariate analysis accounting for all previously known prognostic factors, prevertebral muscle invasion was associated with an increased risk for any recurrence (adjusted relative risk, 2.01; p<0.001), locoregional recurrence (adjusted relative risk, 2.69; p<0.001), and distant metastasis (adjusted relative risk, 2.25; p<0.001), and with a borderline significant increased risk for overall survival (adjusted relative risk, 1.44; p=0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Prevertebral muscle involvement is an independent prognostic factor for NPC recurrence.     

非高发地区初诊远处转移鼻咽癌患者生存及预后的单中心分析

  目的  分析非高发地区初治远处转移鼻咽癌患者的生存情况及预后因素。  方法  回顾性分析2008年6月至2015年12月四川省肿瘤医院收治的91例初诊远处转移鼻咽癌患者,所有患者均接受原发灶的根治性放疗,放疗剂量为66.0~76.6 Gy（中位剂量71.0 Gy）。87例患者采用以铂类为基础的化疗方案（1~7个周期）,未行化疗4例,放疗期间同步靶向治疗17例（尼妥珠单抗或西妥昔单抗）。初治时完成转移灶的局部治疗49例（放疗48例,孤立肺转移手术1例）。患者治疗结束后每3个月随访1次。采用KaplanMeier法计算生存率,采用Cox回归模型进行多因素分析。  结果  中位随访时间41个月。患者1、2、3年生存率分别为83.4%、58.6%、43.3%,中位生存期为32（6~87）个月。转移灶数目>3个（P=0.020）及转移灶无局部治疗（P=0.034）是患者总生存预后不良的独立影响因素。  结论  对于初诊远处转移鼻咽癌,予原发灶根治性放疗（≥66.0 Gy）剂量联合转移灶局部治疗可以改善患者生存率。      

196例鼻咽癌患者疗效分析

目的:回顾性分析鼻咽癌治疗疗效,并分析影响预后的因素。方法:对在我科接受根治性放射治疗的196例鼻咽癌患者进行随访,所有患者均接受6MV-X线照射,剂量范围64～80Gy。其中37例患者配合化疗,化疗方案均采用5-FU DDP,化疗周期2～4周期。结果:全组患者5年和10年的总生存率分别为53.10%和39.90%。单因素分析发现,性别、临床分期、T分期、N分期、原发灶剂量和下颈淋巴引流区剂量是影响预后的因素。多因素分析仅提示临床分期明显影响预后。结论:鼻咽癌放射治疗的疗效确切,临床分期、T分期、N分期是影响预后最主要的因素,提高早期患者的检出率是提高治疗鼻咽癌疗效的关键。     

Predictive factors for distant metastasis from oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

The presence of distant metastasis after the initial treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is not considered a common event and is associated with a poor outcome. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with the diagnosis of distant metastasis in oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma patients. The medical charts of 2327 patients treated from 1954 to 1997 were reviewed. They were 1703 patients (73.2%) with oral cavity and 624 (26.8%), oropharyngeal tumours. Regarding the primary treatment: 637 patients (27.4%) underwent surgery alone; 1147 (49.3%), radiotherapy alone and 543 (23.3%), combined treatment (surgery and radiotherapy). During the follow-up period after the initial treatment, 89 patients (3.8%) were diagnosed with distant metastasis. The variables associated with the distant metastasis-free survival were: tumour site (p=0.008); T stage (p<0.001); N stage (p<0.001); treatment performed (p<0.001) and decade of admission at the institution (p<0.001). The multivariate analysis (Cox regression) showed that the clinical stage (p=0.007); treatment performed (p=0.012) and decade of admission at the institution (p=0.004) were independent predictive factors for distant metastasis. Distant metastasis has been diagnosed more frequently in the latter decade and the significant predictors associated with its presence were the advanced clinical stage and patients who had undergone combined treatment.     

中国西北非高发区鼻咽癌IMRT远期疗效和不良反应分析

目的 回顾性分析中国西北非高发地区鼻咽癌特点及IMRT的远期疗效、不良反应,并对既往开展IMRT技术以来10年治疗非高发区鼻咽癌经验进行总结。方法 回顾性分析2006-2016年空军军医大学第一附属医院放疗科连续收治的初诊的排除远处转移的鼻咽癌患者658例。放疗技术均为IMRT。Kaplan-Meier法生存分析,Cox模型预后多因素分析。结果 西北非高发区鼻咽癌以初诊局部晚期比例高,分化亚型病理类型比例高为临床特点。全组患者5年总生存(OS)、无瘤生存(DFS)、局部无复发生存(LRFS)、区域无复发生存(RRFS)、无远转生存(DMFS)率分别为75.7%、70.1%、91.2%、97.0%、81.0%。多因素预后分析显示年龄、病理类型、鼻咽部肿瘤体积≥23cm³和颈部淋巴结转移伴坏死者为DFS预后不良因素(P<0.05);年龄、病理类型、颈部淋巴结转移伴坏死为OS预后不良因素(P<0.05);N分期、颈部淋巴结转移伴坏死为DMFS预后不良因素(P<0.05)。结论 经IMRT个体化治疗经验积累,取得与高发区类似的疗效。诱导化疗联合放化同期治疗或为非高发区局部进展期鼻咽癌获益的方案。     

中国西北非高发区鼻咽癌IMRT远期疗效和不良反应分析

目的 回顾性分析中国西北非高发地区鼻咽癌特点及IMRT的远期疗效、不良反应,并对既往开展IMRT技术以来10年治疗非高发区鼻咽癌经验进行总结。方法 回顾性分析2006-2016年空军军医大学第一附属医院放疗科连续收治的初诊的排除远处转移的鼻咽癌患者658例。放疗技术均为IMRT。Kaplan-Meier法生存分析,Cox模型预后多因素分析。结果 西北非高发区鼻咽癌以初诊局部晚期比例高,分化亚型病理类型比例高为临床特点。全组患者5年总生存(OS)、无瘤生存(DFS)、局部无复发生存(LRFS)、区域无复发生存(RRFS)、无远转生存(DMFS)率分别为75.7%、70.1%、91.2%、97.0%、81.0%。多因素预后分析显示年龄、病理类型、鼻咽部肿瘤体积≥23cm³和颈部淋巴结转移伴坏死者为DFS预后不良因素(P<0.05);年龄、病理类型、颈部淋巴结转移伴坏死为OS预后不良因素(P<0.05);N分期、颈部淋巴结转移伴坏死为DMFS预后不良因素(P<0.05)。结论 经IMRT个体化治疗经验积累,取得与高发区类似的疗效。诱导化疗联合放化同期治疗或为非高发区局部进展期鼻咽癌获益的方案。     

Prognostic markers in resected stage I and II non small-cell lung cancer: an analysis of 260 patients with 5 year follow-up

We performed a retrospective analysis of potential prognostic markers in 260 patients with surgically resected stage I and II non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a minimum 5-year follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models and Wilcoxon tests were employed to analyze the effect of patient characteristics on survival and disease-free survival (DFS). In the univariate analysis, the following were significant predictors of shorter overall survival: N-stage (N1 vs N0) (p<0.001); T-stage (T2 vs T1) (p<0.001); antigen A (loss vs presence) (p<0.01); cough (present vs absent) (p=0.01); bcl-2 expression (positive vs negative) (p=0.03); age (>63.5 vs <63.5) (p=0.03); mucin (positive vs negative) (p<0.03). The following were significant predictors of shorter DFS: N-stage (p<0.001); T-stage (p=0.001); loss of antigen A (p=0.01); mucin expression (p<0.01); cough (p=0.02); Ki-67 expression (p=0.02) and negative bcl-2 expression (p=0.03). Analysis of survival difference for histologic subtype, degree of differentiation, aneuploidy, %S-phase, codon 12 K-ras mutation, and immunohistochemistry staining for Lewisy, p53, Rb, microvessel count, HER2, E-cadherin and neuroendocrine markers did not reach statistical significance. In multivariate analysis, the following predicted for shorter overall survival: N-stage (p<0.01), antigen A (p=0.01), age (p<0.01), and bcl-2 (p=0.05); and for DFS, N-stage (p<0.01), antigen A (p<0.01), Ki-67 (p=0.03), mucin (p=0.04) and T-stage (p=0.05). Of all the clinical-pathological, proliferative, and biological markers studied, only a few carried independent prognostic significance.     

Prognostic Factors for Lymph Node Negative Stage I and IIA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Multicenter Experiences

Background: Surgery is the only curative treatment for operable non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) and theimportance of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage IB patients is unclear. Herein, we evaluated prognostic factorsfor survival and factors related with adjuvant treatment decisions for stage I and IIA NSCLC patients withoutlymph node metastasis. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 302 patients who had undergonecurative surgery for prognostic factors regarding survival and clinicopathological factors related to adjuvantchemotherapy. Results: Nearly 90% of the patients underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy with mediastinallymph node resection. For the others, wedge resection were performed. The patients were diagnosed as stageIA in 35%, IB in 49% and IIA in 17%. Histopathological type (p=0.02), tumor diameter (p=0.01) and stage(p<0.001) were found to be related to adjuvant chemotherapy decisions, while operation type, lypmhovascularinvasion (LVI), grade and the presence of recurrence were important factors in predicting overall survival (OS),and operation type, tumor size greater than 4 cm, T stage, LVI, and visceral pleural invasion were related withdisease free survival (DFS). Multivariate analysis showed operation type (p<0.001, hazard ratio (HR):1.91) andthe presence of recurrence (p<0.001, HR:0.007) were independent prognostic factors for OS, as well visceralpleural invasion (p=0.01, HR:0.57) and LVI (p=0.004, HR:0.57) for DFS. Conclusions: Although adjuvantchemotherapy is standard for early stage lymph node positive NSCLC, it has less clear importance in stage Iand IIA patients without lymph node metastasis.     

Efficacy of First-line Chemotherapy Affects the Second-Line Setting Response in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background: Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for the majority of patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without driver mutations and many receive therapies beyond first-line. Secondline chemotherapy has been disappointing both in terms of response rate and survival and we know relatively little about the prognostic factors. Materials and Methods: One thousand and eight patients with advanced NSCLC who received second-line chemotherapy after progression were reviewed in Shanghai PulmonaryHospital, China, from September 2005 to July 2010. We analyzed the effects of potential prognostic factors on the outcomes of second-line chemotherapy (overall response rate, ORR; progression free survival, PFS; overall survival, OS). Results: The response and progression free survival of first-line chemotherapy affects the ORR, PFS and OS of second-line chemotherapy (ORR: CR/PR 15.4%, SD 10.1%, PD2.3%, p<0.001; PFS: CR/PR 3.80 months, SD 2.77 months, PD 2.03 months, p<0.001; OS: CR/PR 11.60 months, SD 10.33 months, PD 6.57 months, p=0.578, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). On multivariate analysis, better response to first-line therapy (CR/PR: HR=0.751, p=0.002; SD: HR=0.781, p=0.021) and progression within 3-6 months (HR=0.626, p<0.001), together with adenocarcinoma (HR=0.815, p=0.017), without liver metastasis (HR=0.541, p=0.001), never-smoker(HR=0.772, p=0.001), and ECOG PS 0-1 (HR=0.745, p=0.021) were predictors for good OS following secondline chemotherapy. Conclusions: Patients who responded to first-line chemotherapy had a better outcome after second-line therapy for advanced NSCLC, and the efficacy of first-line chemotherapy, period of progression, histology, liver metastasis, smoking status and ECOG PS were independent prognostic factors for OS.     

Five-Year Survival and Median Survival Time of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the fourth most common cancer in Malaysia. The objective of this study was to determine the five-year survival rate and median survival time of NPC patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Methods: One hundred and thirty four NPC cases confirmed by histopathology in Hospital USM between 1st January 1998 and 31st December 2007 that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were retrospectively reviewed. Survival time of NPC patients were estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Log-rank tests were performed to compare survival of cases among presenting symptoms, WHO type, TNM classification and treatment modalities. Results: The overall five-year survival rate of NPC patients was 38.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 29.1, 46.9). The overall median survival time of NPC patients was 31.30months (95%CI: 23.76, 38.84). The significant factors that altered the survival rate and time were age (p=0.041), cranial nerve involvement (p=0.012), stage (p=0.002), metastases (p=0.008) and treatment (p<0.001). Conclusion: The median survival of NPC patients is significantly longer for age ≤50 years, no cranial nerve involvement, and early stage and is dependent on treatment modalities.     

鼻咽癌远处转移的预后因素分析

背景与目的:鼻咽癌远处转移的发生率较高,已成为鼻咽癌治疗失败的主要原因之一.本研究探讨转移性鼻咽癌预后的影响因素,为临床选择治疗方案提供依据.方法:从1997年1月至2003年6月,共有128例在确诊时或在治疗期间发生远处转移的鼻咽癌患者在我院住院治疗,其中男性112例,女性16例,中位年龄48岁(15～70岁).放疗加化疗54例,单独化疗48例,单纯放射治疗14例,未治疗12例.用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,用log-rank检验各组生存率.采用Cox逐步回归模型进行多因素分析.结果:全组患者1、2、3年生存率分别为60.9%、34.4%、14.1%,中位生存时间为15.6(0.85～96.63)个月.单因素分析显示,年龄(P=0.038)、治疗方式(P=0.041)、化疗程数(P=0.034)和近期疗效(P=0.007)是转移性鼻咽癌预后的影响因素.多因素分析显示,性别(P=0.013)、N分期(P=0.011)、化疗程数(P=0.032)和近期疗效(P=0.000)是影响转移性鼻咽癌预后的独立因素.结论:性别、化疗程数和近期疗效是影响转移性鼻咽癌预后的独立因素.     

Radical radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in elderly patients: the importance of co-morbidity assessment

Elderly patients represent a unique challenge for radical treatment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) because of age and co-morbid conditions. We sought to evaluate the outcome of this particular group of patients and to identify key factors affecting treatment outcome. From 1998 to 2008, 990 consecutive NPC patients without distant metastasis were treated with radical radiotherapy with planned total dose >66 Gy. Among them, 103 (10.4%) patients were elderly aged >70 (group A). Their clinical characteristics and outcome were compared with those aged <70 (group B). Mortality at 90 days was used as a proxy of early deaths related to treatment. Co-morbidities were measured by the Adult Co-morbidity Evaluation 27 (ACE-27). Group A presented more commonly with poorer performance status. They showed higher rates of acute reaction, radiotherapy incompletion and mortality at 90 days (7.8% vs. 1.2%, p<0.001). The 5-year overall survival rates were 43.9% and 78.1% for groups A and B, respectively (p<0.001). No difference in failure free survival rates was noted. For group A, ACE-27 was the only predicting factor for mortality at 90 days [ACE-27 2-3 vs. 0-1: HR 15.86 (2.68-93.95), p=0.002], and the most important prognostic factors for overall survival included age, presenting stage and ACE-27 (p<0.05). Elderly NPC patients had poorer tolerance to radiotherapy. Early deaths related to treatment were not uncommon. A reasonable disease control can still be attained after radical radiotherapy for those who were able to survive through the peri-radiotherapy period. Patient selection and treatment approach with reference to ACE-27 should be considered.     

Prognostic factors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated in Hospital Kuala Lumpur

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the third most common cancer among men in Peninsular Malaysia.However, no information is available about the prognostic factors. The objective of this study was to identifyfactors with an influence on outcome in patients treated in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Methods: A total of 159patients with non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 2002-2003 in Hospital Kuala Lumpurwere included in this study. All received radiotherapy. Fifty three patients were treated with radiotherapy alone,while 106 patients received combination chemotherapy. Overall survival and local recurrence-free survival wereanalyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and univariate analysis was performed using the log-rank test. Results:This study found out that 5-year overall survival and 5-year local recurrence-free survival rates were 58.6% and54.2% respectively. The stage specific 5-year overall survival rates were: Stage I, 100%; Stage II; 93.3%, StageIII, 62.7%; Stage IVA, 42.2%; and Stage IVB, 40.6%. On univariate analysis, gender (p<0.05), T-classification(p< 0.001), N-classification (p<0.05), stage (p<0.05) and cranial nerve involvement (p< 0.001) were found to besignificant prognostic factors for 5-year overall survival, while gender (p<0.05) and N-classification (p<0.05)were significant prognostic factors for 5-year local recurrence-free survival. Conclusion: The overall survivalrate of patients for this study was low. The patient factor that significantly affected 5-year overall survival wasgender, while disease factors were stage, T-classification, N-classification and cranial nerve involvement.     

148例儿童及青少年鼻咽癌疗效及预后因素分析

目的 分析儿童及青少年鼻咽癌的临床特征,治疗疗效及预后因素.方法 1990-2009年收治的20岁以下鼻咽癌患者148例,1992年福州分期Ⅱ期11例,Ⅲ期48例,Ⅳ期88例,1例分期不明;国际抗癌联盟2002年分期Ⅱ期8例,Ⅲ期58例,Ⅳ期81例,1例分期不明.单纯放疗94例,放疗和化疗综合治疗54例.结果 中位随诊时间为44.5个月.全组5年总生存率、局部控制率和无远处转移生存率分别为82.9%、85.1%、78.6%.42例治疗后失败,16例局部区域复发,29例远处转移,其中3例同时出现局部区域复发和远处转移,骨转移为最常见的部位.单因素分析显示T4期、鼻咽剂量<70 Gy是总生存率的不良预后因素(X2=4.08、5.61、5.30,P:0.043、0.018、0.021),鼻咽剂量<70 Gy是局部控制率的不良预后因素(X2=7.32,P=0.007),病史≥6个月是无远转生存率的不良预后因素(X2=4.24,P=0.039).多因素分析显示国际抗癌联盟2002年分期T4期、鼻咽剂量<70 Gy是5年总生存率的独立预后因素(X2=5.73、5.56,P=0.017、0.018),鼻咽剂量<70 Gy是局部控制率的独立预后因素(X2=5.81,P=0.016).结论 儿童及青少年鼻咽癌治疗疗效好,放疗剂量可与成年人相同,减少远处转移和减少严重晚期不良反应将是以后努力的目标.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics,outcome and prognostic factom of adolescent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods Between Jan 1990 and Dec 2009,totally 148 pathological confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)patients with age≤20 years were treated in our hospital,including stage Ⅱ 8,stage Ⅲ 58,stage Ⅳ 81,and unknown 1 when restaged by TNM system(UICC 2002),ninty-four(63.5%)patients were treated with radiotherapy alone,54(36.5%)patients were treated with radiotherapy combined with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.Results The median follow-up time for all patients was 44.5 months.The 5-year overall survival(OS),local-regional control(LRC)and distant metastasis-free survival(DMFS)rateswere 82.9%,85.1%and 78.6%.There were 42 patients(28.4%)failed with 16 regional recurrence and 29 distant metastasis,and 3 with both;bone metastasis was the most common site of distant metastasis(22/29).In univariate analysis,the adverse prognostic factors for OS were stage T4(X2=5.61,P=0.018),radiation dose<70 Gy(X2=5.30,P=0.021),for LRC was radiation dose<70 Gy and for distant metastasis-free survival was the disease history≥6month(X2=4.24,P=0.039).In multivariate analysis,radiation dose<70 Gy and stage T4 were the independent prognostic factors for OS(X2=5.73、5.56,P=0.017、0.018),for LRC was radiation dose<70 Gy(X2=5.81,P=0.016).Conclusions The outcome of the present series was excellent,total nagopharyngeal radiation dose less than 70 Gy is inappropriate.Reduce the distant metastasis and late toxicities were the future direction for the treatment of adolescent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.     

Prognostic Value of c-Myc Immunohistochemical Expression in Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: A Retrospective Study

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of c-Myc in muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) of the urinary bladder and to evaluate the correlation of c-Myc expression with different clinicopathological parameters and outcome, including a relatively new histopathological tumor characteristic that is the growth pattern of tumor invasion. Methods: A total of 66 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of MIUC obtained from radical cystectomy specimens were enrolled. The sections were stained with c-Myc antibody using immunohistochemistry technique. Results: Tumor cells showed variability in nuclear c-Myc expression according to the growth pattern of invasion. The median H-score of nuclear expression of infiltrative pattern was significantly higher than that of non-infiltrative pattern (p<0.001). Nuclear expression of c-Myc in tumor tissue had a significant association with poor prognostic factors (sarcomatoid variant (p<0.001), perineural invasion (p=0.037), lymphovascular invasion (p<0.001), lymph node metastasis (p<0.001), distant metastasis (p=0.042) and advanced stage grouping (p=0.001). Kaplan Meier survival analysis demonstrated that c-Myc expression could not be significantly correlated with overall survival or disease free survival rates. Conclusion: Nuclear c-Myc seems to have a prominent role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition with consequential in tumor progression and metastasis, while it is not as much useful to predict the clinical behavior of patients with MIUC.     

Glycididazole Sodium Combined with Radiochemotherapy for Locally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Background: To evaluate efficacy and side effects of glycididazole sodium (CMNa) combined withchemotherapy (cisplatin plus 5-FU/folic acid, PLF) and radiotherapy in treating patients with locally advancednasopharyngeal carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Patients with Ⅲ~Ⅳ stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC),were randomly divided into treatment group (46 patients) and control group (45 patients). Both groupsreceived radiotherapy concomitant with PLF chemotherapy. The treatment group at the same time cwas givenCMNa (800 mg/m2 before radiotherapy), by l h intravenous drip, three times a week. Results: When the doseof radiation was over 60 Gy, complete response rates of nasopharyngeal tumor and lymph node metastases intreatment group were significantly higher than in the control group (93.5% vs 77.8%; 89.1% vs 93.5%, p<0.05).Three months after radiotherapy, complete response rate of nasopharynx cancer and lymph node metastasesin treatment group was both 97.8%, again higher than in the control group (84.4% and 82.2%) (p<0.05). In thetreatment group, 1, 3, 5 year disease-free survival rates were 95.7%, 86.7% and 54.5%; and in control group,the corresponding disease-free survival rates were 93.3%, 66.2% and 38.6%, respectively, the difference beingstatistically significant (log-rank =5.887, p=0.015). One, 3, 5 year overall survival rates in two groups of patientswere 97.8%, 93.5%, 70.4% and 95.5%, 88.07%, 48.4%, respectively, again with a statistically significant difference(log-rank=6.470, p=0.011). Acute toxicity and long-term radiotherapy related toxicity in the two groups did notdiffer (p>0.05). Conclusions: Glycididazole sodium could improve curative effects without increasing adversereactions when treating paitents with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.     

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children: ten years' experience at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai

PURPOSE: To evaluate the disease characteristics and outcome of children with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1990 and 2000, 81 pediatric patients with a diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated at the Tata Memorial Hospital. The median age was 14 years. The male/female ratio was 2.8:1. Of the 81 patients, 32 (39%), 21 (26%), and 28 (35%) had T1-T2, T3, and T4 (TNM International Union Against Cancer staging system, 1997), respectively. Ninety-one percent presented with nodal metastasis. Thirty patients (37%) had lymph nodes >6 cm, and 45 (56%) had bilateral nodes at presentation. Histologically, 77 patients (95%) had undifferentiated carcinoma. Eighty-five percent received neoadjuvant multiagent chemotherapy containing bleomycin, methotrexate, and cisplatin, followed by radiotherapy (RT). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 50 months, the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rate for the entire group was 45% and 54%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves were used for evaluation of prognostic factors and were compared using the log-rank test. Nodal status had a significant impact on DFS (p = 0.021) and OS (p = 0.006). Complete responders to chemotherapy had superior DFS (p = 0.000) and OS (p = 0.000). RT doses >60 Gy resulted in better DFS (p = 0.020) and OS (p = 0.012). Combined chemotherapy plus RT resulted in improved DFS (p = 0.457) and OS (p = 0.296), although the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Combined modality management using chemotherapy and RT resulted in satisfactory locoregional control and OS in pediatric patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nodal involvement, response to chemotherapy, and RT dose were important prognostic factors.     

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with radiation therapy alone in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma

PURPOSE: To analyze the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma and to assess the outcomes of patients receiving such treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We analyzed 137 previously untreated and histologically confirmed advanced stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with either radiation therapy only or combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy at the Seoul National University Hospital between 1984 and 1996. The stage distribution was as follows: AJCC Stage III-21, Stage IV-61 in the radiation therapy group (RT group); AJCC Stage III-1, Stage IV-54 in neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy group (CT/RT group). The median follow-up for surviving patients was 48 months. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 71% for the CT/RT group and 59% for the RT group (p = 0.04). The 5-year actuarial disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 63% for the CT/RT group and 52% for the RT group (p = 0.04). Distant metastasis (DM) incidence was significantly lower in the CT/RT group. The 5-year freedom from distant metastasis rates were 84% for the CT/RT group and 66% for the RT group (p = 0.01). The incidence of locoregional failures was also lower in the CT/RT group, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (69% vs. 56%, p = 0.09) CONCLUSION: While not providing conclusive evidence, historical evidence from this institution suggests that neoadjuvant chemotherapy significantly improves both overall and the disease-free survival of patients with advanced stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma.     

初治转移鼻咽癌疗后预后评分模型建立及分层治疗研究

目的 建立初治转移鼻咽癌疗后预后评分模型,探讨其分层治疗的可行性。 方法 2002—2010年共263例符合入组条件的初治鼻咽癌转移患者纳入研究。原发灶主要包括常规放疗、3DCRT、IMRT等,照射范围包括鼻咽病灶+颈部淋巴引流区。骨转移病灶的处理主要是常规外放疗,肝、肺等主要选择手术切除、放疗及射频消融处理等。大部分患者一线治疗均采用以顺铂为基础的联合化疗方案。将患者一般特点、肿瘤状态以及治疗相关因素等纳入多因素分析,根据预后因素n值(其中HR=eⁿ)建立预后模型。 结果 影响患者OS因素包括KPS≤70(P=0.00)、联合器官转移(P=0.00)、合并肝转移(P=0.00)、转移数目≥2个(P=0.00)、LDH>245 IU/I (P=0.00)、化疗周期数1~3个(P=0.00)、转移灶疗效为SD或PD (P=0.00)、原发灶未接受放疗(P=0.01)。根据患者预后评分分为低危组(0~1.5分)、中危组(2.0~6.5分)、高危组(≥7.0分),5年OS率分别为59.0%、25.1%、0(P=0.00)。 结论 基于患者KPS、血清LDH水平及联合脏器转移、合并肝转移、转移数目建立的预后评分模型能有效预测患者生存,积极的治疗方式包括≥4个周期化疗和原发灶放疗等能提高低、中危组患者生存时间;而对高危组患者原发灶放疗不能带来生存获益,以姑息性化疗为主。     

血浆EB病毒DNA浓度预测鼻咽癌远处转移的研究

背景与目的：鼻咽癌治疗失败的主要原因之一是远处转移,近年多项放化疗综合治疗的临床研究未显示出明显的远处转移率的降低和远期生存的获益,综合治疗适宜个体及最佳模式尚未确立。血浆EB病毒DNA（EBV DNA）浓度是一项能反映鼻咽癌分期、治疗反应、预后的灵敏、特异的分子生物学指标。我们设计此前瞻性研究。探讨通过鼻咽癌患者血浆EBV DNA浓度预测远处转移的发生．为个体化的综合治疗模式的选择提供分子学指标。方法：69例初治鼻咽癌患者分别在治疗前和治疗结束时采用荧光定量PCR方法检测血浆EBV DNA浓度。所有患者按计划随访。进行远期疗效及生存的评价。Kaplan-Meier法计算无转移生存率及总生存率,多因素分析用Cox回归模型。结果：远处转移患者治疗前血浆EBV DNA中位浓度（27 000copies／m1）及治疗后EBVDNA检出率（55．56％）均高于持续缓解者（4 000 copies／ml,5．56％）及局部复发者（3 850 copies／ml,0％）（P值分别为0．039,0．001）。以治疗前20 000 copies／ml、治疗后0 copies／ml为界值点．EBV DNA低浓度患者的无复发生存率、无转移生存率及总生存率均高于高浓度患者,差异有显著性。Cox回归分析显示治疗前EBV DNA浓度（P=0．050,RR=3．95）、治疗后EBVDNA浓度（P=0．001,RR=11．74）均是影响无转移生存的危险因素。进一步将患者治疗前后EBVDNA浓度变化综合进行生存分析,结果表明治疗后EBV DNA浓度能否降到0是影响无转移生存最重要的预后因素（P=0．000）。结论：鼻咽癌患者治疗前、后血浆EBV DNA浓度,尤其是治疗后能否降到0．能预测远处转移的发生,有望为放化综合治疗筛选高危患者,指导放化结合模式的选择。