基于有限元模型的单侧唇裂鼻畸形的生物力学分析

目的运用有限元分析的方法,对单侧唇裂鼻畸形患者鼻部进行全面的生物力学分析和研究,从生物力学角度阐述唇裂鼻畸形形成的原因,揭示单侧唇裂鼻畸形形成的力学规律,为单侧唇裂鼻畸形患者的整形外科治疗奠定生物力学理论基础。方法自2007年至2009年,共采集单侧唇裂鼻畸形患者10例,均在术前行CT和MRI扫描,MIMICS软件进行计算机三维重建,建立畸形鼻部三维有限元分析模型,确定有限元分析的边界条件,进行单侧唇裂鼻畸形的鼻部生物力学的测量和分析。结果成功获得单侧唇裂鼻畸形患者的鼻部三维重建模型。分析表明,静态下,畸形鼻部的应力分布值很小,关键应力点的应力分别为鼻中隔部0.009 35±0.002 MPa,鼻小柱底部0.005 9±0.002 1 MPa,鼻翼外侧脚0.006 81±0.001 3 MPa;位移载荷状态下,形变后的畸形鼻部拥有较大的应力分布值,关键应力点的应力分别为鼻小柱患侧25.51±3.98 MPa,鼻中隔部7.882±1.35 MPa,患侧鼻翼8.184±1.58 MPa。结论鼻小柱患侧是畸形整复的力学关键部位,其次是患侧塌陷鼻翼;鼻中隔应力的集中,提示了鼻中隔部位整复的重要性,其整复和固定可能是单侧唇裂鼻畸形整复的重要内容。     

中国人鼻软骨的解剖和CT三维图像测量

目的测量中国人鼻软骨（鼻翼软骨、鼻中隔软骨和侧鼻软骨）的解剖学数据，并与其他人种相比较。方法20具（40侧）成人尸体标本，取下鼻翼软骨40枚，鼻中隔软骨20枚，侧鼻软骨40枚。参考Zelnik和Ofodile的测量参数，利用CT三维图像测量相关解剖数据，SPSS11．5软件进行统计学处理。结果中国人鼻翼边缘到鼻翼软骨的距离从内到外分别是（4．54±0．59）、（5．54±0．69）、（10．45±1．15）mm；鼻翼软骨外侧脚的长、宽、厚分别为（18．51±1.63）、（7．99±1．66）、（0．49±1．28）mm。结论白种人的鼻软骨最大，其他人种在伯仲之间。     

鼻部其他缺陷同时矫治的硅胶假体隆鼻术

鼻部其他缺陷同时矫治的硅胶假体隆鼻术梁骞刘丹妞外鼻形状取决于鼻骨、侧鼻软骨、大翼软骨和中隔软骨等支架结构，皮肤软组织对鼻外形亦有一定影响。单纯的隆鼻术固然可以改善低鼻的外形，但若对鼻部存在的其它缺陷同时进行处理，则效果更好。作者数年来行隆鼻术时，发现...     

自体软骨与膨体聚四氟乙烯在鼻整形手术中的应用

目的：通过应用自体鼻中隔软骨和耳软骨及膨体聚四氟乙烯解决鼻部美容整形的问题,以形成较理想的鼻形。方法：以鼻小柱飞鸟形切口加鼻翼软骨缘切口,切开分离鼻背皮肤,显露两侧鼻翼软骨及侧鼻软骨,中线分离弓形取出深部鼻中隔软骨,鼻中隔软骨雕刻塑形后插入两鼻翼软骨之间,并贯穿缝合形成中隔软骨＋鼻翼软骨为新的鼻小柱。将取下的耳软骨雕刻成杏仁状固定缝合于鼻小柱前端,雕刻好的膨体聚四氟乙烯插入鼻背固定,缝合切口。结果：20例美容就医者鼻部整形术后效果良好,自然美观,手感良好,无不良并发症发生,术后恢复时间略长。结论：应用自体鼻中隔软骨和耳软骨及膨体聚四氟乙烯行鼻部美容整形,能从根本上改变外鼻形态,是较理想的手术方法。     

聚氨酯弹性体和Medpor作为人工耳支架材料的力学研究

目的对人耳廓软骨与聚氨酯弹性体材料、高密度聚乙烯材料(Medpor)进行力学性能比较,为选择合适的人工耳支架材料提供理论依据。方法将实验材料分为3组,分别是人耳廓软骨组(A组)、聚氨酯弹性体组(B组)和Medpor组(C组),每组6个样本。利用Instron5967力学试验机进行压缩、拉伸试验,分别测量压缩参数值(包括屈服应力、屈服载荷、弹性模量、屈服压缩率、2 MPa压缩率和10%应变压缩应力),拉伸参数值(包括屈服应力、屈服载荷、弹性模量、屈服伸长率、2 MPa伸长率和1%应变拉伸应力),并进行比较。结果压缩试验:B组样本全程未见明显屈服点,A、C组样本可见明显屈服点。A、C组屈服应力、屈服载荷差异无统计学意义(P0.05);但C组屈服压缩率显著低于A组(P0.05),弹性模量显著高于A组(P0.05)。3组材料2 MPa压缩率组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),从大到小依次为B、A、C组;C组10%应变压缩应力显著高于A、B组(P0.05),A、B组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。拉伸试验:B组材料具有极强的伸长性能。A、B组屈服应力显著高于C组,弹性模量和1%应变拉伸应力显著低于C组(P0.05);A、B组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。3组间屈服载荷比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);屈服伸长率3组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),从大到小依次为B、A、C组。2 MPa伸长率B组显著高于A、C组(P0.05),A、C组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与Medpor材料相比,聚氨酯弹性体是更理想的人工耳支架材料。     

鼻中隔偏曲畸形矫正同期鼻整形术

目的:探讨鼻中隔偏曲畸形矫正同期鼻畸形娇正的手术方法和效果.方法:采用鼻侧软骨和大翼软骨间切口,显露畸形的中隔软骨及鼻骨结构,松解牵拉力量,矫正鼻中隔畸形,截骨及复位鼻骨,使其解剖复位,重塑鼻支架.结果:本组39例,均获满意效果,无复发和并发症.结论:本手术方法矫正偏曲畸形的鼻中隔的同时,矫正外鼻的畸形,消除了引起畸形的原因,重塑外鼻支架,收到了恢复鼻腔通气功能与外鼻美容的双重效果.     

国人鼻中隔软骨的解剖学研究

目的 研究国人鼻中隔软骨的形态结构及解剖学参数,为临床进行鼻中隔整形或鼻中隔软骨移植提供实验依据及理论指导.方法 在10具国人尸体标本上对鼻中隔软骨进行解剖学观察,并获取鼻中隔软骨,测量其面积、长度、高度和厚度.结果 鼻中隔软骨的面积为(4.94±1.26)cm2,95%置信区间为4.04～5.85 cm2;长度为(2.83±0.47)cm,95%置信区间为2.49～3.17 cm;高度为(2.42±0.39)cm,95%置信区间为2.13～2.69 cm.平均厚度为(0.97±0.15)mm,其中b区最厚为(1.14±0.26)mm,c区(1.09±0.37)am和d区(1.00±0.24)mm次之,e区(0.83±0.22)mm和a区(0.81±0.27)mm最薄.结论 国人鼻中隔软骨的平均面积为4.94 cm2,平均长度和高度为2.83、2.42 cm,3个参数均有较大的个体差异.平均厚度为0.97 mm,其中前中隔角和中心区域较薄,与鼻骨、上颌骨鼻嵴、筛骨垂直板和犁骨交界的区域均有增厚.在保留1.0 cm宽的"L"形支架的情况下,临床可切取的鼻中隔软骨面积约3.0 cm2.     

单侧唇裂降鼻中隔肌的解剖学研究及意义

目的研究单侧完全性唇裂鼻部肌肉缺损与鼻端中线结构移位与畸形的关系。方法将33例正常成人尸体鼻标本与30例单侧完全性唇裂鼻畸形Ⅱ期修复患者的降鼻中隔肌行解剖组织学对比观察。结果证实单侧完全性唇裂患侧降鼻中隔肌缺损。结论因患侧降鼻中隔肌缺损使鼻中线两侧肌力平衡破坏,肌力平衡失调导致唇裂鼻鼻端中线结构的移位和畸形可能是单侧唇裂鼻畸形形成的重要原因之一。     

单侧唇裂降鼻中隔肌的解剖学研究及意义

目的研究单侧完全性唇裂鼻部肌肉缺损与鼻端中线结构移位与畸形的关系。方法将３３例正常成人尸体鼻标本与３０例单侧完全性唇裂鼻畸形Ⅱ期修复患者的降鼻中隔肌行解剖组织学对比观察。结果证实单侧完全性唇裂患侧降鼻中隔肌缺损。结论因患侧降鼻中隔肌缺损使鼻中线两侧肌力平衡破坏，肌力平衡失调导致唇裂鼻鼻端中线结构的移位和畸形可能是单侧唇裂鼻畸形形成的重要原因之一。     

自体鼻中隔软骨与筛骨垂直板复合体在短鼻畸形鼻整形术中的应用研究

目的:评价自体鼻中隔软骨与筛骨垂直板复合体在短鼻畸形鼻整形术中的应用效果。方法:选择2015年1月-2017年5月笔者医院拟行鼻综合整形术的50例短鼻畸形患者为研究对象,分离出自体鼻中隔软骨后进行测量,若鼻中隔软骨较小者,采用鼻中隔软骨与筛骨垂直板复合体行鼻中隔延伸移植鼻综合整形术,术后随访1年。观察术后并发症及患者满意度,在术前及术后6个月测量患者的外鼻参数[鼻长(T-N)、理想鼻长(T-In)、鼻尖突出度(Tp)、额鼻角(Fna)、鼻唇角(Na)]。结果:所有患者的手术切口均为甲级愈合,无术后并发症,患者满意度为96.00%;术后6个月,患者的T-N、T-In、Tp、Fna及Na变化值分别为(4.72±2.03)mm、(2.90±1.75)mm、(2.60±1.16)mm、(7.81±5.66)°、(6.41±5.80)°,T-N、T-In、Tp及Fna均明显增大,Na明显减小,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:自体鼻中隔软骨与筛骨垂直板复合体应用于短鼻畸形鼻整形术的效果显著,安全性高。     

Defining nasal cartilage elasticity: biomechanical testing of the tripod theory based on a cantilevered model

OBJECTIVE: To define the modulus of elasticity for nasal septum, auricular, upper lateral, and lower lateral cartilages. METHODS: Prospective enrollment of sequential patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. Test samples were obtained through routine surgical interventions using atraumatic harvesting techniques. The modulus of elasticity was determined using a customized biomechanical testing device. A clinical analysis of nasal tip strength and "ethnic" nasal categorization was performed. RESULTS: Five sequential patients were enrolled; 4 underwent biomechanical testing of harvested cartilage. All 4 patients were classified as having a leptor-rhine nasal architecture. The modulus of elasticity for the lower lateral cartilages was 1.82 to 15.28 MPa. Values for auricular, nasal septum, and upper lateral cartilages (medial and caudal) were also determined. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first biomechanical study performed on human auricular, lower lateral, and upper lateral cartilages. The elastic modulus can be determined from samples obtained during routine septorhinoplasty. The modulus of elasticity for all areas was significantly higher than values previously demonstrated for bioengineered elastic cartilage and carved human nasal septal specimens. Shaving the lateral portions of the nasal septum may significantly reduce tensile strength, which may affect graft performance in vivo. Further refinement of testing methods and an increase in the number of analyzed samples are required for formal statistical analysis and further determination of clinical relevance in different nasal subtypes.     

Rhinolift operation in the treatment of the aging nose

Disturbance of the normal relationship between the caudal border of the upper lateral cartilage and the cephalic margin of the lobular cartilage--the so-called "cul-de-sac" area--can result in alar collapse and nasal airway obstruction. This may be caused by either the aging process or trauma, both surgical and nonsurgical. Rhinolift is a surgical procedure that was developed for the treatment of the aging ptotic nasal tip. We have applied this technique to patients with nasal airway obstruction resulting from alar collapse. Elevation of the cephalic margin of the lobular cartilage to a position superficial to the upper lateral cartilage restores the normal relationship between these two structures. The upper lateral cartilage then assists in stenting the vestibule open, and thereby improves nasal breathing. Over the past 10 years, 20 patients have had rhinolifts at our institution for the relief of nasal airway obstruction. Concomitant surgery included nasal septal reconstruction in 12 patients, polypectomy in one patient, and placement of a silicone rubber septal prosthesis for closure of a large septal perforation in three patients. Rhinolift was the sole procedure used for the correction of valvular pathology in 10 patients. The other 10 patients had modifications made in their upper lateral cartilage along with the rhinolift. Five patients described restoration of normal nasal breathing, while 14 patients showed partial symptomatic improvement. One patient reported no improvement in nasal breathing. Rhinolift is a safe effective surgical technique for functional improvement of nasal breathing in patients with alar collapse resulting from inadequate cartilaginous support.     

Temperature dependent change in equilibrium elastic modulus after thermally induced stress relaxation in porcine septal cartilage

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) is a promising method for the in situ treatment of structural deformities in the nasal septum, external ear and trachea. Laser heating leads to changes in cartilage mechanical properties and produces relaxation of internal stress allowing formation of a new stable shape. While some animal and preliminary human studies have demonstrated clinical feasibility of LCR, application of the method outside specialized centers requires a better understanding of the evolution of cartilage mechanical properties with temperature. The purpose of this study was to (1) develop a method for reliable evaluation of mechanical changes in the porcine septal cartilage undergoing stress relaxation during laser heating and (2) model the mechanical changes in cartilage at steady state following laser heating. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectangular cartilage specimens harvested from porcine septum were heated uniformly by a radio-frequency (RF) electric field (500 kHz) for 8 and 12 seconds to maximum temperatures from 50 to 90 degrees C. Cylindrical samples were fashioned from the heated specimens and their equilibrium elastic modulus was measured in a step unconfined compression experiment. Functional dependencies of the elastic modulus and maximum temperature were interpolated from the measurements. Profiles of the elastic modulus produced after 8 and 12 seconds of laser irradiation (Nd:YAG, lambda = 1.34 microm, spot diameter 4.8 mm, laser power 8 W) were calculated from interpolation functions and surface temperature histories measured with a thermal camera. The calculated elastic modulus profiles were incorporated into a numerical model of uniaxial unconfined compression of laser irradiated cylindrical samples. The reaction force to a 0.1 compressive strain was calculated and compared with the reaction force obtained in analogous mechanical measurements experiment. RESULTS: RF heating of rectangular cartilage sample produces a spatially uniform temperature field (temperature variations < or = 4 degrees C) in a central region of the sample which is also large enough for reliable mechanical testing. Output power adjustment of the RF generator allows production of temperature histories that are very similar to those produced by laser heating at temperatures above 60 degrees C. This allows creation of RF cartilage samples with mechanical properties similar to laser irradiated cartilage, however with a spatially uniform temperature field. Cartilage equilibrium elastic modulus as a function of peak temperature were obtained from the mechanical testing of RF heated samples. In the temperature interval from 60 to 80 degrees C, the equilibrium modulus decreased from 0.08+/- 0.01 MPa to 0.016+/-0.007 MPa, respectively. The results of the numerical simulation of uniaxial compression of laser heated samples demonstrate good correlation with experimentally obtained reaction force. CONCLUSIONS: The thermal history and corresponding thermally induced modification of mechanical properties of laser irradiated septal cartilage can be mimicked by heating tissue samples with RF electric current with the added advantage of a uniform temperature profile. The spatial distribution of the mechanical properties obtained in septal cartilage after laser irradiation could be computed from mechanical testing of RF heated samples and used for numerical simulation of LCR procedure. Generalization of this methodology to incorporate orthogonal mechanical properties may aid in optimizing clinical laser cartilage reshaping procedures.     

自体鼻中隔软骨移植在鼻尖成形术中的应用

目的探讨自体鼻中隔软骨移植在鼻尖成形术中的应用。方法在双侧眶下神经阻滞麻醉下,采用“飞鸟形”切口显露鼻尖部。充分游离鼻翼软骨,切取2cm×1cm的鼻中隔软骨备用。将鼻中隔软骨切取1条移植于鼻翼软骨内侧脚之间,相互缝合后延长鼻小柱并抬高鼻尖。将剩余的鼻中隔软骨修剪塑形后,移植于鼻尖和鼻翼软骨表面。结果15例患者中,13例经3个月至1年半的初步随访,鼻尖形态均有不同程度的改善,效果满意。结论自体鼻中隔软骨是鼻尖成形术中较好的充填材料,没有排斥反应,值得进一步推广。     

鼻翼软骨缝合与鼻中隔软骨移植并用纠正女性鼻头宽大低垂

目的：探讨鼻翼软骨缝合与自体鼻中隔软骨移植并用,纠正女性鼻头宽大低垂的整形手术方法。方法：设计鼻小柱开放式切口,自体鼻中隔软骨做鼻小柱支柱和盾形移植,同时进行鼻翼软骨内侧脚顶缝合。结果：本组就医者22例,术后随访3～24个月,全部就医者术后鼻部美学效果明显改善,形态自然。结论：自体鼻中隔软骨做鼻小柱支柱和盾形移植,同时进行鼻翼软骨内侧脚顶缝合,是纠正女性鼻头宽大低垂有效的手术方法。     

鼻中隔软骨游离移植矫正鼻尖圆钝肥大

目的 探讨以自体鼻中隔软骨移植在鼻尖圆钝螯形术中的应用.方法 取1整块自体鼻中隔软骨片,移植于鼻中隔软骨前端,作为鼻中隔延伸支架,将两侧鼻翼软骨收拢缝合固定于支架上.同时,剪除部分外侧脚近端软骨,修剪鼻尖过多的软组织,以突出鼻尖轮廓.结果 126例,术后随访1年,118例（94%）效果满意,8例因鼻尖皮肤过厚,效果未达到患者满意程度.结论 临床实践证明,所介绍的方法 是治疗鼻尖圆钝肥大的良好可行方法.     

自体肋软骨移植构建鼻尖软骨复合体在鼻整形中的临床应用

目的：通过应用自体肋软骨重塑鼻尖软骨支架结构,形成稳定的鼻尖软骨复合体,来达到完美、立体的鼻尖外形,同时应用膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架抬高鼻背,从而达到理想的鼻部整形美容效果。方法：以鼻小柱基底部＂几＂字形切口和鼻孔内鼻翼软骨外侧缘切口,彻底分离皮肤达鼻翼基底部,对鼻尖短小朝天者可松解到达梨状孔边缘,显露两侧鼻翼软骨及侧鼻软骨,同时暴露鼻中隔软骨游离端;雕刻自体肋软骨,移植、固定到鼻中隔软骨上,贯穿缝合鼻翼软骨、移植的软骨,形成鼻尖软骨支架结构,构建鼻尖软骨复合体。雕刻膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架放置到鼻背鼻骨骨膜下抬高鼻背。结果：本组96例手术者均采用自体肋软骨移植构建鼻尖软骨复合体行鼻整形,术后7天拆线,切口Ⅰ/甲愈合。随诊6～12个月,95例术后鼻尖表现点明显,鼻形立体、挺拔,自然美观,鼻尖活动度好,效果满意。1例术者感觉鼻小柱下垂,通过修复移植软骨,达到满意效果。结论：应用自体肋软骨重塑鼻尖软骨支架结构,构建鼻尖软骨复合体,同时应用膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架抬高鼻背,可以达到理想的鼻部整形美容效果。     

Measurement of the elastic modulus of rabbit nasal septal cartilage during Nd:YAG (lambda = 1.32 microm) laser irradiation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to quantitatively measure changes in the elastic moduli of rabbit nasal septal cartilage during laser heating. While the efficacy of laser cartilage reshaping has been established for use in nasal surgery, few studies have investigated the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior of cartilage. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cyclic force versus displacement curves were generated during the Nd:YAG laser (lambda = 1.32 microm, 10 second exposure time, 21.22 W/cm2) irradiation of cartilage specimens secured in cantilevered geometry. Samples were irradiated three times with 30 second cooling intervals between each laser exposure. Measurements were recorded before, during, and after laser irradiation, and then following complete rehydration in normal saline (NS) for 1 hour at 25 degrees C. Elastic modulus was calculated assuming linear viscoelastic behavior. RESULTS: The elastic modulus in native tissue decreased during and after successive laser exposures from about 6 to 3.5 MPa. After rehydration, the modulus returned to near-baseline value. Surface temperature reached a maximum of 65 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: The laser irradiation of cartilage using parameters similar to those used in reshaping does not produce significant irreversible changes in the mechanical properties of the tissue. Measurement of the elastic modulus is an effective means of characterizing alterations in cartilage mechanical behavior during and after laser heating.     

The remucosalizing alar cartilage flap: a reconstructive option for repairing nasal septal perforations

The objective of this study is to assess the results of repairing septal perforations with a vascularized pedicled alar cartilage island flap. Using the external rhinoplasty approach, a vascularized flap of alar cartilage, harvested as a cephalic trim and pedicled on the ascending columellar branches of the superior labial artery was raised. Bilateral mucoperichondrial septal flaps were elevated and the alar flap was transposed and secured within the defect and bilaterally overlaid with temporalis fascia. Silastic sheets were placed and remained in situ until the grafts were revascularized from the peripheries of the defect as well as centrally from the alar flap. The revascularized temporalis fascia acted as a scaffold for nasal remucosalization. The alar flap also increased the long-term structural robustness of the repair. Between 1999 and 2003, 14 patients with septal perforations ranging from 10 to 31 mm underwent septal reconstruction using this technique. There were nine males and five females. The flap was successfully raised in all cases and long-term closure was maintained in 12 patients (86%). The alar cartilage flap is an effective technique for repairing septal perforations in selected patients. It provides vascularized tissue which nourishes the grafts during remucosalization, and a cartilaginous framework, which affords long-term structural support to the repair. It also obviates the need to transpose nasal mucosa and create a secondary defect. The rhinoplasty approach furthermore permits additional nasal deformities to be corrected at the same time. Presented at the British Association of Plastic Surgeons Summer Scientific Meeting, Sheffield, UK (12 July 2006).