Roles of Kermanshahi Oil,Animal Fat,Dietary and Non- ietary Vitamin D and other Nutrients in Increased Risk f Premenopausal Breast Cancer: A Case Control Study in ermanshah,Iran

Background: Kermanshahi oil is one the most favorable oils in Iran especially in Kermanshah province. We imed to evaluate the role of usual intake of Kermanshahi oil and other kinds of dietary fats as well as different eats, vegetables and fruits, carbohydrates, cereals, grains, sweets, candy and lifestyle habits in risk of breast ancer. Materials and Methods: A case-control study with 47 consecutive, newly diagnosed premenopausal breastcancer atients and 105 age and socioeconomic matched healthy women was conducted from 2013-2014 in Imam eza hospital of Kermanshah using a standardized, validated questionnaire assessing various anthropometric, cio-demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics. Results: Kermanshahi oil intake was associated with a .1-fold (OR= 2.123, 95% CI 1.332- 3.38) (p= 0.002) higher likelihood of having breast cancer, while daily intake f other solid animal fats also increased the likelihood by 2.8-fold (OR = 2.754, 95% CI 1.43- 5.273) (p < 0.001), fter various adjustments made. Lack of fish oil, white meat, vegetables, soy products, nuts and dairy products especially during adolescence) in daily regimens and lack of sun exposure were significantly associated with remenopausal breast cancer risk in this region. Conclusions: This study suggested that animal fat increases he risk of premenopausal breast cancer but many other dietary and non-dietary factors including calcium and itamin D deficiency are consistently associated with increased odds of breast cancer in this region.     

Risk Factor Analysis for Breast Cancer in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women of Punjab,India

Objective: Amritsar, the second largest town of agrarian state of Punjab, India reports high number of breast cancer cases every year. The present study investigated the etiology of breast cancer using various obesity indices and other epidemiological factors among breast cancer patients residing in and around Amritsar city. Methods: In this case control study, risk factors for breast cancer were analyzed in 542 female subjects: 271 females with breast cancer patients and 271 unrelated healthy females matched for age as control females. Results: Bivariate analysis for risk factors in cases and controls showed a lower risk (OR=0.65, 95% CI 0.43-0.99, p=0.04) in obese cases with BMI≥25kg/m2 as compared to subjects with normal BMI. Risk factor analysis showed that parameter which provided risk for cancer in postmenopausal women was obesity and in premenopausal women was parity. Postmenopausal women with BMI (overweight: OR=0.39, 95% CI 0.17-0.92, p=0.03; obese: OR= 0.26, 95% CI 0.13-0.52, p=0.00), WC (OR=0.17, 95% CI 0.05-0.52, p=0.00) and WHtR (p=0.02) had highr risk. Premenopausal women with 3 or less than 3 children had a higher risk (OR=5.54, 95 % CI 2.75-11.19, p=0.00) than postmenopausal women when compared to women with more than 3 children. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that low parity (≤3) substantially increased the risk for breast cancer (OR=4.80, 95% CI 2.34-9.85, p=0.00) in premenopausal women. Conclusion: Obesity, parity associated breast cancer risk and reduced breastfeeding cumulatively predispose the premenopausal women of this region to higher risk of breast cancer.     

Association of A vitamin D receptor polymorphism with sporadic breast cancer development

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among Australian women and its incidence is annually increasing. Genetic factors are involved in the complex etiology of breast cancer. The seco-steroid hormone, 1.25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 can influence breast cancer cell growth in vitro. A number of studies have reported correlations between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and several diseases including prostate cancer and osteoporosis. In breast cancer, low vitamin D levels in serum are correlated with disease progression and bone metastases, a situation also noted in prostate cancer and suggesting the involvement of the VDR. In our study, 2 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in the 3' region (detected by Apa1 and Taq1) and an initiation codon variant in the 5' end of the VDR gene (detected by Fok1) were tested for association with breast cancer risk in 135 females with sporadic breast cancer and 110 cancer-free female controls. Allele frequencies of the 3' Apa1 polymorphism showed a significant association (p = 0.016; OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.09-2.24) while the Taq1 RFLP showed a similar trend (p = 0.053; OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.00-2.00). Allele frequencies of the Fok1 polymorphism were not significantly different (p = 0.97; OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.69-1.43) in the study population. Our results suggest that specific alleles of the VDR gene located near the 3' region may identify an increased risk for breast cancer and justify further investigation of the role of VDR in breast cancer.     

Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and premenopausal breast cancer risk in a German case-control study

Laboratory and epidemiological data have linked vitamin D to breast cancer prevention. Beside dietary intake, endogenous production of vitamin D substantially contributes to a subject's vitamin D status. Most studies, however, have assessed dietary intake only. Although differential effects of vitamin D on premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer have been discussed, this is the first study to investigate the association of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], as indicator of the overall vitamin D status, with breast cancer risk with restriction to premenopausal women only. We used data of a population-based case-control study comprising 289 cases and 595 matched controls. Information on sociodemographic and breast cancer risk factors was collected by questionnaire and plasma 25(OH)D was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. We observed a significant inverse association between breast cancer risk and plasma 25(OH)D concentrations. Compared with the lowest category (<30 nmol/L), the ORs (95% CI) for the upper categories (30-45, 45-60, >or=60 nmol/L) were 0.68 (0.43-1.07), 0.59 (0.37-0.94) and 0.45 (0.29-0.70), respectively (p(trend) = 0.0006). The association was shown to be nonlinear (p(nonlinearity) = 0.06) in fractional polynomial analysis with a stronger effect in women at low plasma 25(OH)D levels, providing some evidence of a threshold effect (at circa 50 nmol/L). The association was stronger in progesterone receptor negative tumors, with suggestive evidence of effect heterogeneity (p(heterogeneity) = 0.05, case-only model). Our findings support a protective effect of vitamin D for premenopausal breast cancer.     

Premenopausal levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor I and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer

Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) may directly stimulate breast cell proliferation and promote growth and survival of transformed cells. Higher levels of IGF-I have been associated with increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer but not postmenopausal breast cancer. We investigated whether circulating levels of IGF-I prior to menopause are associated with breast cancer diagnosed after menopause in a population-based nested case-control study. Female cohort participants were enrolled in 1974 (n = 15,192) and 1989 (n = 18,724) and blood was drawn. Cases were women diagnosed with primary breast cancer at ages > or =50, of whom 152 were premenopausal at blood draw. One control was matched to each case on cohort participation, age, ethnic group, menopausal status and date of blood draw. Levels of IGF-I and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) were measured using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays. The association between IGF-I and breast cancer was determined using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for IGFBP-3. IGF-I levels decreased with age (p = 0.0001). Prior to age-stratification, IGF-I levels neither measured before nor after menopause were associated with postmenopausal breast cancer. After age-stratification, associations were suggested in the youngest premenopausal age group (upper vs. lowest third: odds ratio (OR) = 5.31, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.85-33.13; p trend = 0.06) and oldest postmenopausal age group (upper vs. lowest third: OR = 3.41, 95% CI = 0.66-17.71; p trend = 0.13). The association between circulating levels of IGF-I and postmenopausal breast cancer risk may be modified by age. Increased levels of circulating IGF-I may be of particular interest in the younger premenopausal women and older postmenopausal women. Age-stratification should be undertaken in larger investigations of IGF-I levels as predictors of postmenopausal breast cancer.     

Dietary carotenoids and the risk of invasive breast cancer

Certain classes of vitamins and nutrients found in fruits and vegetables have been of particular interest in relation to cancer prevention, owing to their potential anticarcinogenic properties. We examined the association between certain fruits, vegetables, carotenoids, and vitamin A and breast cancer risk in a large population‐based case‐control study of women residing in the states of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Wisconsin. The study was comprised of 5,707 women with incident invasive breast cancer (2,363 premenopausal women and 3,516 postmenopausal women) and 6,389 population controls (2,594 premenopausal women and 3,516 postmenopausal women). In an interview, women were asked about their intake of carotenoid rich fruits and vegetables 5 years prior to a referent date. An inverse association observed among premenopausal women was for high levels of vitamin A (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68–0.98, p for trend = 0.01), β‐carotene (OR: 0.81, 95% CI 0.68–0.98, p for trend = 0.009), α‐carotene (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68–0.98, p for trend = 0.07) and lutein/zeaxanthin (OR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.68–0.99, p for trend = 0.02). An inverse association was not observed among postmenopausal women. Among premenopausal women who reported ever smoking, these results were stronger than among never smokers, although tests for interaction were not statistically significant. Results from this study are comparable to previous prospective studies, and suggest that a high consumption of carotenoids may reduce the risk of premenopausal but not postmenopausal breast cancer, particularly among smokers. © 2009 UICC     

Fat intake and its relationship with pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Malaysia

Background: Fat intake has been shown to play a role in the etiology of breast cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent. Objective: To assess the association of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk with fat and fat subtypes intake. Methodology: This is a population based case-control study conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from January 2006 to December 2007. Food intake pattern was collected from 382 breast cancer patients and 382 control group via an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a broad range of potential confounders was included in analysis. Results: This study showed that both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk did not increase significantly with greater intake of total fat [quartile (Q) 4 versus Q1 OR=0.76, 95% CI, 0.23-2.45 and OR=1.36, 95% CI, 0.30-3.12], saturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=1.43, 95% CI, 0.51-3.98 and ORQ4 to Q1=1.75, 95% CI, 0.62-3.40), monounsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.96, 95% CI, 0.34-1.72 and ORQ4 to Q1=1.74, 95% CI, 0.22-2.79), polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.64, 95% CI, 0.23-1.73 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.74, 95% CI, 0.39-1.81), n-3 polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=1.10, 95% CI, 0.49-2.48 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.78, 95% CI, 0.28-2.18), n-6 polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.67, 95% CI, 0.24-1.84 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.71, 95% CI, 0.29-1.04) or energy intake (ORQ4 to Q1=1.52, 95% CI, 0.68-3.38 and ORQ4 to Q1=2.21, 95% CI, 0.93-3.36). Conclusion: Total fat and fat subtypes were not associated with pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer risk after controlling for age, other breast cancer risk factors and energy intake. Despite the lack of association, the effects of total fat and fat subtypes intake during premenopausal years towards postmenopausal breast cancer risk still warrant investigation.     

A case-control study on the dietary intake of mushrooms and breast cancer risk among Korean women

To evaluate the association between dietary mushroom intake and breast cancer risk, a total of 362 women between the ages of 30 and 65 years who were histologically confirmed to have breast cancer were matched to controls by age (+/-2 years) and menopausal status. Mushroom intake was measured via a food frequency questionnaire that was administered by well-trained interviewers. The associations between the daily intake and the average consumption frequency of mushrooms with breast cancer risk were evaluated using matched data analysis. Both the daily intake (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.30-0.78, p for trend 0.030) and the average consumption frequency of mushrooms (4th vs. 1st quartile, OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.35-0.82, p for trend 0.008) were inversely associated with breast cancer risk after adjustment for education, family history of breast cancer, regular exercise [>or=22.5 MET (metabolic equivalent)-hr/week], BMI (body mass index, Kg/m(2)), number of children and whether they are currently smoking, drinking or using multivitamin supplements. Further adjustments were made for energy-adjusted carbohydrate, soy protein, folate and vitamin E levels, which tended to attenuate these results. After a stratification was performed according to menopausal status, a strong inverse association was found in postmenopausal women (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.04-0.54, p for trend = 0.0058 for daily intake; OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05-0.54, p for trend = 0.0037 for average frequency), but not in premenopausal women. In conclusion, the consumption of dietary mushrooms may decrease breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women.     

Case-control study of risk factors for breast cancer in Nigerian women

This study evaluated the potential risk factors for breast cancer in Nigerian women using a case-control design of 250 women with breast cancer and their age-matched female controls. Both cases and controls were recruited from 4 University Teaching Hospitals in Midwestern and Southeastern Nigeria. Data on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics were collected using interviewer-administered structured questionnaires. The mean age of the cases and controls were 46.1 and 47.1 years, respectively. Fifty-seven percent of the cases were premenopausal while 43% were postmenopausal. The association of risk factors with breast cancer was assessed using conditional logistic regression. Positive family history of breast cancer in first- and second-degree relatives (Odds ratio [OR] = 8.07, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.003, 64.95, p = 0.04), education of high school level and above (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.04, 1.74, p = 0.0205), age at first fullterm pregnancy (FFTP) greater than 20 years (OR = 1.32 95% CI 1.01, 1.71, p = 0.0413) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.27, 3.10, p = 0.0026) were associated with increased risk of breast cancer in the final multiple conditional logistic regression model. The findings from this study have shown that sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive variables and anthropometric measures are significant predictors of breast cancer risk in Nigerian women.     

Vitamin D and reduced risk of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D, antiproliferative and proapoptotic in breast cancer cell lines, can reduce the development of mammary tumors in carcinogen-exposed rats. Current evidence in humans is limited with some suggestion that vitamin D-related factors may reduce the risk of breast cancer. We conducted a population-based case-control study to assess the evidence for a relationship between sources of vitamin D and breast cancer risk. METHODS: Women with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer were identified from the Ontario Cancer Registry. Women without breast cancer were identified through randomly selected residential telephone numbers. Telephone interviews were completed for 972 cases and 1,135 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for vitamin D-related variables were estimated using unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: Reduced breast cancer risks were associated with increasing sun exposure from ages 10 to 19 (e.g., OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50-0.85 for the highest quartile of outdoor activities versus the lowest; P for trend = 0.0006). Reduced risk was also associated with cod liver oil use (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62-0.92) and increasing milk consumption (OR, 0.62 95% CI 0.45-0.86 for >or=10 glasses per week versus none; P for trend = 0.0004). There was weaker evidence for associations from ages 20 to 29 and no evidence for ages 45 to 54. CONCLUSION: We found strong evidence to support the hypothesis that vitamin D could help prevent breast cancer. However, our results suggest that exposure earlier in life, particularly during breast development, maybe most relevant. These results should be confirmed.     

Dietary intake of selected fatty acids,cholesterol and carotenoids and estrogen receptor status in premenopausal breast cancer patients

Although a wealth of research has focused on the influence of diet on breast cancer risk, the relationships between dietary factors and tumor characteristics of breast cancer, like estrogen receptor (ER) status, are not well characterized. In a case-case study, we evaluated self-reported dietary intake for five individual carotenoids, selected fatty acids, and cholesterol 1 year before diagnosis in 34 premenopausal breast cancer patients with ER-negative tumors and 86 premenopausal breast cancer patients with ER-positive tumors from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. In multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, and ethnicity, high intakes of linoleic acid were associated with more than a threefold greater risk of ER-negative disease than ER-positive disease (odds ratio (OR) = 3.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42–8.54), whereas high cholesterol intake was associated with lower risk of ER-negative disease (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.14–0.92). In a model evaluating carotenoids, selected fatty acids, and cholesterol together, the association with high intake of linoleic acid remained statistically significant (OR = 3.96, 95% CI = 1.53–10.25), while those for high intake of cholesterol (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.14–1.03) and low intake of cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.17–1.06) were of marginal significance. While no striking associations were observed for the intakes of total carotenoids, selected fatty acids, and cholesterol, our analysis revealed an association for the consumption of a specific fatty acid (i.e., linoleic acid), suggesting dietary influence of this factor on ER status in premenopausal breast cancer patients. However, larger studies are needed to clarify the role of micronutrients in ER status in breast cancer.     

Intake of dairy products,calcium, and vitamin d and risk of breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Laboratory data suggest that calcium and vitamin D, found at high levels in dairy products, might reduce breast carcinogenesis. However, epidemiologic studies regarding dairy products and breast cancer have yielded inconsistent results. We examined data from a large, long-term cohort study to evaluate whether high intake of dairy products, calcium, or vitamin D is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer. METHODS: We followed 88 691 women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort from the date of return of their food-frequency questionnaire in 1980 until May 31, 1996. Dietary information was collected in 1980 and updated in 1984, 1986, 1990, and 1994. We identified 3482 women (premenopausal = 827, postmenopausal = 2345, and uncertain menopausal status = 310) with incident invasive breast cancer. We used pooled logistic regression to estimate multivariable relative risks (RRs) using 2-year time increments. The RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each category of intake compared with the lowest intake group. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Intakes of dairy products, calcium, or vitamin D were not statistically significantly associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, however, consumption of dairy products, especially of low-fat dairy foods and skim/low-fat milk, was inversely associated with risk of breast cancer. The multivariable RRs comparing highest (>1 serving/day) and lowest (800 mg/day versus 500 IU/day versus 相似文献   

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism is Associated with Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis

Background: A number of case-control studies were conducted to investigate the association of angiotensinconverting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) polymorphism with breast cancer. But the results remain controversial.This meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with breast cancer.Method: A comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS and ISI Web of Knowledgedatabases for studies published up to June 01, 2018 was performed. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidenceintervals (CI) were estimated. Publication bias of literatures was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s test. Results:A total of 20 studies including 2846 breast cancer cases 9299 controls meeting the predefined criteria were involved inthe meta-analysis. Overall, the ACE I/D polymorphisms was significantly associated with breast cancer under the allelemodel (I vs. D: OR= 0.803, 95% CI 0.647-0.996, p=0.046), the homozygote model (II vs. DD: OR= 0.662, 95% CI0.462-0.947, p=0.024), the heterozygote model (ID vs. DD: OR= 0.707, 95% CI 0.528-0.946, p=0.020), the dominantmodel (II+ID vs. DD: OR= 0.691, 95% CI 0.507-0.941, p=0.019). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, a significantassociation was found among Asian and Caucasian populations, but not among mixed populations. Conclusions: Thismeta-analysis suggests that ACE I/D polymorphism may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer, especiallyamong Asian and Caucasians. However, well-designed studies with larger sample size and more ethnic groups areneeded to further validate the results.     

Reproductive Risk Factors Differ Among Breast Cancer Patients and Controls in a Public Hospital of Paraiba,Northeast Brazil

The incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer in Northeast Brazil are increasing and little is known aboutprevailing reproductive factors contributing to this increase. A case-control study was conducted in a publichospital of Campina Grande, state of Paraíba, including 81 women with diagnosed invasive breast cancer and 162age matched (±5 years) controls. Binominal logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate odds ratio (OR)and confidence intervals (CI) of risk factors. In this model, age at menarche ≤12 (OR= 2.120; CI: 1.043- 4.308;p=0.038), single parity (OR=3.748; CI: 1.459- 9.627; p=0.06) and reproductive period >10 years (OR=3.042;CI: 1.421- 6.512; p=0.04) were identified as independent variables that significantly increased breast cancerrisk of parous women. Compared to parous women who never practised breastfeeding, total breastfeeding time> 24 months decreased the risk of breast cancer (OR=0.258; CI: 0.084- 0.787; p= 0.017). The results indicatedthat modifiable reproductive factors contribute to breast cancer risk in women included in the present study.Women’s knowledge about factors such as the protective effect of breastfeeding could reduce the risk of breastcancer.     

Vitamin D Deficiency Associated with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case- Control Study

Objective: In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased throughout the world. It is unclear whether factors such as vitamin D deficiency may have been involved in this increase. The present case-control study was conducted to examine any association between Vitamin D deficiency and thyroid cancers. Methods: The study was conducted on 85 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed based on fine needle aspiration biopsy as the case group and 85 healthy controls. Serum levels of vitamin D were evaluated before thyroidectomy. For each patient in the case group, one healthy euthyroid person without any thyroid nodules from the general population matched based on season, sex, age (± 1 year) and BMI (± 1) was selected. Finally, 85 pairs were obtained considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thyroid function, thyroid antibodies and serum vitamin D were assessed and thyroid sonography was performed in all participants. Results: In the patient group, 72 (85%) were female and 13 (15%) were male. The mean (SD) serum vitamin D level was 8.00 (±3.7) in patient group, as compared to 13.4 (±7.90) in the control group, the difference being significant (OR: 6, 95 % CI: 1.02-113.3; P=0.046). Conclusion: A significant association was noted between vitamin D deficiency and differentiated thyroid cancer. Further studies with a prospective design are necessary to further define the roles of this factor.     

FGFR3基因单核苷酸多态与绝经前乳腺癌易感性的关联研究

目的 探讨FGFR3基因单核苷酸多态(SNPs)与女性绝经前乳腺癌的风险关系。方法 采用多重单碱基延伸SNP分型技术(Snapshot)检测FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848的SNP基因型在绝经前乳腺癌患者和绝经前正常女性人群中的频率,并分析不同SNP基因型与绝经前乳腺癌发病的风险关系。结果 FGFR3基因rs2234909和rs3135848的SNP基因型的频率在乳腺癌与对照组间无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,对于rs2234909位点,相比较于TT基因型,TC和TC+CC基因型和乳腺癌的发病风险无显著相关性(OR=1.035,95% CI:0.680~1.575,P=0.874;OR=0.985,95% CI:0.638~1.521,P=0.945);对于rs3135848位点,相比较于TT基因型,TC、CC和TC+CC基因型与乳腺癌的发病风险无关(OR=1.177,95% CI:0.846~1.636,P=0.333;OR=0.948,95% CI:0.287~3.137,P=0.931;OR=1.162,95% CI:0.548~1.112,P=0.360)。rs2234909位点突变的乳腺癌患者与未突变者相比,组织学分级(显性模型:P=0.032;共显性模型:P=0.024)以及Ki67指数(显性模型:P=0.056;共显性模型:P=0.044)显著增高;rs3135848位点突变及两位点均突变与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征无显著相关性(P＞0.05)。结论 FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848两位点基因多态性与乳腺癌易感性无明显相关性;而rs2234909位点突变在绝经前乳腺癌患者中与组织学分级和Ki67指数呈正相关,可能提示预后不良。     

Prognostic Significance of Serum Vitamin D Levels in Egyptian Females with Breast Cancer

Objective: To determine the frequency and prognostic significance of vitamin D deficiency in Egyptian womenwith breast cancer (BC). Methods: This prospective study included 50 women with primary invasive, non-metastaticBC. The serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D was measured by ELISA at diagnosis, before any cancertreatment. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH) Dmonths (range: 18-48). Results: The median level of 25(OH)D was 29.0 ng/mL (range: 10.0-55.0 ng/mL). Fifteenpatients (30%) had vitamin D deficiency, which was positively associated with larger tumor size (p < 0.001), highergrade (p = 0.014), advanced stage (p = 0.001), lymph node positivity (p = 0.012), and HER2/neureceptor expression(p = 0.002). It was also linked with worse overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) (p = 0.026, andp = 0.004, respectively). On multivariate analysis, DFS was independently affected by vitamin D deficiency withan HR of 2.8 (95% CI: 1.6-7.0, p = 0.022) and advanced stage, i.e. stage II had worse survival compared to stage I withan HR of 4.8 (95%CI: 1.1-21.7, p = 0.042). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency had a negative effect on overall anddisease-free survival in our breast cancer cases, being related to tumor size, stage, grade, nodal status and HER2/neureceptor expression.     

Vitamin D and calcium intakes from food or supplements and mammographic breast density.

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of factors that affect breast density, one of the strongest breast cancer risk indicators, may provide important clues about breast cancer etiology and prevention. This study evaluates the association of vitamin D and calcium, from food and/or supplements, to breast density in premenopausal and postmenopausal women separately. METHODS: A total of 777 premenopausal and 783 post-menopausal women recruited at two radiology clinics in Quebec City, Canada, in 2001 to 2002, completed a food frequency questionnaire to assess vitamin D and calcium. Breast density from screening mammograms was assessed using a computer-assisted method. Associations between vitamin D or calcium and breast density were evaluated using linear regression models. Adjusted means in breast density were assessed according to the combined daily intakes of the two nutrients using generalized linear models. RESULTS: In premenopausal women, total intakes of vitamin D and calcium were inversely related to breast density (beta = -1.4; P = 0.004 for vitamin D; beta = -0.8; P = 0.0004 for calcium). In multivariate linear regression, simultaneous increments in daily total intakes of 400 IU vitamin D and 1,000 mg calcium were associated with an 8.5% (95% confidence interval, 1.8-15.1) lower mean breast density. The negative association between dietary vitamin D intake and breast density tended to be stronger at higher levels of calcium intake and vice versa. Among postmenopausal women, intakes of vitamin D and calcium were not associated with breast density. CONCLUSION: These findings show that higher intakes of vitamin D and calcium from food and supplements are related to lower levels of breast density among premenopausal women. They suggest that increasing intakes of vitamin D and calcium may represent a safe and inexpensive strategy for breast cancer prevention.     

Clinical Risk Factor Analysis for Breast Cancer: 568,000 Subjects Undergoing Breast Cancer Screening in Beijing, 2009

Objectives: Although there are many reports about the risk of breast cancer, few have reported clinicalfactors including history of breast-related or other diseases that affect the prevalence of breast cancer. This studyexplores these risk factors for breast cancer cases reported in Beijing in 2009. Materials and Methods: Datawere derived from a Beijing breast cancer screening performed in 2009, of 568,000 women, from 16 districts ofBeijing, all aged between 40 and 60 years. In this study, multilevel statistical modeling was used to identify clinicalfactors that affect the prevalence of breast cancer and to provide more reliable evidence for clinical diagnosticsby using screening data. Results and Conclusion: Those women who had organ transplants, compared withthose with none, were associated with breast cancer with an odds ratio (OR) = 65.352 [95% confidence interval(CI): 8.488-503.165] and those with solid breast mass compared with none had OR = 1.384 (95% CI: 1.022-1.873). Malignant tendency was strongly associated with increased risk of breast cancer, OR = 207.999(95%CI: 151.950-284.721). The risk of breast cancer increased with age, OR1 = 2.759 (95% CI: 1.837-4.144, 56-60 vs.40-45), OR2 = 2.047 (95% CI: 1.394-3.077, 51-55 vs. 40-45), OR3 = 1.668 (95% CI: 1.145-2.431). Normal resultsof B ultrasonic examination show a lower risk among participants, OR= 0.136 (95% CI: 0.085-0.218). Thosewomen with ductal papilloma compared with none were associated with breast cancer, OR=6.524 (95% CI:1.871-22.746). Therefore, this study suggests that clinical doctors should pay attention to these high-risk factors.     

Variant genotypes of CDKN1A and CDKN1B are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Chinese women

p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) are cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, which can arrest cell proliferation and serve as tumor suppressors. Reduced protein expression of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) was frequently observed in a subset of cancers, including breast cancer. In this study, we hypothesized that genetic variants in CDKN1A (encode for p21(Cip1)) and CDKN1B (encode for p27(Kip1)) may modulate the risk of breast cancer. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the associations of the polymorphisms of Ser31Arg and C+20T in CDKN1A and C-79T and Gly109Val in CDKN1B, as well as their combinations, with breast cancer risk in a case-control study of 368 breast cancer cases and 467 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population. We found that a significantly increased risk of breast cancer was associated with the variant genotypes of CDKN1B C-79T [adjusted OR = 1.43 (95% CI = 1.03-1.98) for -79TC/TT], compared with the -79CC genotype, but no associations were observed for other variant genotypes. However, the combined variant genotypes of the 4 loci were associated with a significantly increased breast cancer risk (adjusted OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.11-2.01 among subjects carrying 3 or more variant alleles), especially among premenopausal women (adjusted OR= 2.30, 95% CI = 1.45-3.66). Furthermore, in premenopausal women, this significant association remained unchanged, after including other individual risk factors in the multivariate logistic regression model, suggesting an independent role of CDKN1A and CDKN1B variants in breast cancer risk. Although the exact biological mechanism remains to be explored, our findings suggest possible involvement of CDKN1A and CDKN1B variants in the etiology of breast cancer. Further large and functional studies are needed to confirm our findings.