重症肺炎患儿中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞CD11b表达的意义

目的 探讨重症肺炎患儿中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞CD11b表达的意义.方法 用流式细胞术检测36例重症肺炎患儿(重症肺炎组)血液中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞CD11b表达,并与35例普通肺炎患儿(普通肺炎组)和30例正常儿童(正常对照组)比较.结果 急性期重症肺炎组和普通肺炎组中性粒细胞CD11b[ (90.67±7.03)％,(84.03±5.08)％]表达均高于正常对照组[(69.32±5.72)％](P＜0.05),且急性期重症肺炎组中性粒细胞CD11b表达高于普通肺炎组(P＜0.05).恢复期重症肺炎组中性粒细胞CD11b[ (72.68 ±2.07)％]和普通肺炎组CD11b[ (71.45 ±3.21)％]表达均低于同组急性期CD11b的表达(P＜0.05).急性期重症肺炎组淋巴细胞CD11b表达[(13.35 ±6.52)％]低于普通肺炎组[(19.19±6.47)％](P＜0.05),与正常对照组[(12.42±6.43)％]比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);恢复期,重症肺炎组淋巴细胞CD11b表达[(13.37 ±4.88)％]与普通肺炎组[(13.78±4.53)％]比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞CD11b表达在重症肺炎的演变过程中起到一定的作用,可作为重症肺炎的判断依据,预测疾病的发展.     

小儿肺炎支原体肺炎不同病期免疫功能的动态变化

目的 探讨小儿肺炎支原体肺炎(mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)不同病期T细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白、补体的变化及其临床意义.方法 应用流式细胞术、免疫散射比浊法检测28例MPP患儿急性期及恢复期外周血T细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD8)、免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA、IgM)、补体(C3、C4)水平,并与25例健康儿童(对照组)进行比较.结果 MPP患儿急性期外周血CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8分别为(58.71±11.63)％、(32.36±8.06)％、(28.19±6.23)％、1.15±0.41,恢复期分别为(61.29±10.17)％、(34.14±7.22)％、(26.47±6.01)％、1.29±0.37.急性期与恢复期MPP患儿CD4、CD4/CD8比值均低于对照组[(39.53±6.16)％、1.83±0.49],CD8水平高于对照组(1.83±0.49),差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).急性期CD3水平与对照组[(63.03±12.32)％]比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而恢复期无明显差异(P＞0.05).MPP患儿急性期外周血免疫球蛋白与对照组比较,血清IgG[(14.50±3.86) g/L]、IgM[(1.67±0.56) g/L]与对照组[(7.92±2.62) g/L、(1.06±0.32)g/L]比较明显增高,C3[ (0.83±0.42) g/L]水平低于对照组[(1.37±0.33) g/L],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而IgA、C4水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 MPP患儿存在细胞免疫和体液免疫失调.检测T细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白、补体的变化,有利于判断临床治疗效果,为临床应用免疫调节剂提供理论依据.     

婴幼儿重症肺炎血清中基质金属蛋白酶9与基质金属蛋白酶抑制物1的表达及意义

目的 探讨婴幼儿重症肺炎急性期外周血中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)及其基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子1(TIMP-1)的表达及临床意义.方法 选取2015年10月至2016年5月于郑州大学第三附属医院儿童重症监护病房住院的婴幼儿重症肺炎20例(重症肺炎组)和同期在本院呼吸病区住院的婴幼儿轻症肺炎25例(轻症肺炎组),依据病原学分为病毒性肺炎组(24例)和非病毒性肺炎组(21例),20例同期健康体检儿童为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定外周血中MMP-9和TIMP-1水平,并行潮气肺功能检查.结果 所有肺炎患儿血清MMP-9、TIMP-1和MMP-9/TIMP-1水平均显著高于对照组,重症肺炎组高于轻症肺炎组,病毒性肺炎组高于非病毒性肺炎组(均P<0.05);重症肺炎组和轻症肺炎组患儿恢复期肺功能达峰时间比(TPTEF/TE)和达峰容积比(VPTEF/VE)均明显低于对照组,重症肺炎组明显低于轻症肺炎组,病毒性肺炎组低于非病毒性肺炎组(均P<0.05);但患儿潮气量(VT/kg)的组间比较差异无统计学意义.外周血清中MMP-9水平及MMP-9/TIMP-1比值与肺功能TPTEF/TE、VPTEF/VE均呈负相关(r1=-0.459、-0.376;r2=-0.413、-0.327;均P<0.05).结论 急性期血清中MMP-9及 MMP-9/TIMP-1与婴幼儿肺炎严重程度和恢复期肺功能损伤有关,在病毒性肺炎中表现的尤为突出,可作为判断预后的监测指标.     

白介素8白介素10及γ-干扰素在肺炎支原体肺炎中的作用

目的 探讨肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)免疫学发病机制,寻找对病情轻重有重要提示意义的免疫学指标,指导临床治疗.方法 选择北京儿童医院呼吸科病房2006年7月至2007年1月确诊的MPP患儿34例,采用双抗体夹心ELISA方法检测急性期和恢复期血清白介素8(IL-8)、IL-10及γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)质量浓度.并以同期行健康体检的儿童20名作为对照组.结果 MPP患儿血清IL-8质量浓度急性期和恢复期较对照组明显升高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),恢复期较急性期明显升高(P＜0.01);血清IFN-γ质量浓度急性期较恢复期和对照组明显升高(P＜0.01);血清IL-10质量浓度急性期较恢复期和对照组降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).急性期重症组血清IFN-7质量浓度高于轻症组(P＜0.05);而IL-10质量浓度低于轻症组(P＜0.05).结论 IL-8、IFN-γ参与了MPP的发病过程;MPP急性期存在一过性IL-10降低;急性期血清IL-10、IFN-γ浓度对病情轻重有重要提示作用.     

危重症患儿血中胃泌素、胃动素水平的变化及临床意义

目的 研究血中胃泌素(GAS)、胃动素(MTL)水平在危重症及并发胃肠功能障碍患儿中的变化及意义.方法 将75例患儿分为极危重组、危重组、非危重组,检测其急性期、恢复期及25例对照组血中GAS、MTL水平,分析GAS和MTL水平与病情危重程度、胃肠功能障碍的关系.结果 极危重组、危重组、非危重组GAS分别为(227.41±62.80)、(154.25±38.84)、(84.01±17.10)ng/L,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01);MTL分别为(413.53±59.80)、(368.36±43.64)、(279.97±33.51)ng/L,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).有胃肠功能障碍组血清GAS、血浆MTL水平明显高于无胃肠功能障碍组(P＜0.01).极危重组、危重组患儿恢复期GAS、MTL水平低于急性期,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).非危重组恢复期GAS、MTL水平与急性期比较,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 血液GAS和MTL水平可作为检测胃肠功能障碍的实验室指标.     

血清cystatin C对小儿肾功能受损诊断的评价

目的 探讨儿童肾小球肾炎患者血清cystatin C(Cys C)水平与肾功能损害程度之间关系.方法 血清Cys C采用乳微粒子增强比浊法测定,血尿素氮(BUN)采用动力学紫外法测定,血肌酐(sCr)采用酶法测定,内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)采用肌氨氧化酶PAP法计算.结果 肾小球肾炎患者肾功能正常期Cys C明显高于正常对照组(P ＜ 0.01),BUN、sCr与对照组差异无统计学意义(P均＞ 0.05);肾功能不全代偿期,Cys C、sCr与正常对照组差异有统计学意义(P均＜ 0.01),而BUN与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05);肾功能不全失代偿期及肾衰竭期,Cys C、BUN、sCr值与正常对照组差异有统计学意义(P均＜ 0.01).肾小球肾炎各期Cys C与BUN、sCr、Ccr均呈正相关(P ＜ 0.01).结论 血清Cys C可敏感地反映肾小球滤过功能受损程度,可作为早期诊断肾小球肾炎的血清学指标.     

轮状病毒肠道外感染与血清甘露聚糖结合蛋白水平的关系研究

目的 探讨轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿血清甘露聚糖结合蛋白(MBP)水平的变化及其与轮状病毒肠道外感染的关系.方法 采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定76例轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿和63例单纯轮状病毒肠炎患儿不同病程中的血清MBP水平以及50例健康对照组小儿血清MBP水平.结果 轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿急性期血清MBP为(176.35±113.12)μg/L,明显低于单纯轮状病毒肠炎急性期水平(392.27±128.96)μg/L以及健康对照组小儿MBP血清水平(676.25±248.63)μg/L,差异有显著性(P＜0.001);轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿恢复期血清MBP水平为(358.63±106.54)μg/L,低于单纯轮状病毒肠炎恢复期水平[(558.49±173.24)μg/L]以及健康对照组小儿血清MBP水平,差异有显著性(P＜0.001);轮状病毒肠道外感染导致的肺炎、肝损害、心肌损害以及中枢神经系统损害急性期患儿血清MBP水平分别为(198.24±126.47)μg/L、(169.34±124.38)μg/L、(184.62±123.64)μg/L、(180.74±126.86)μg/L,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 轮状病毒肠道外感染患儿急性期及恢复期血清MBP水平明显低于单纯轮状病毒肠炎急性期及恢复期血清MBP水平,但轮状病毒肠道外感染导致的不同肠道外脏器损害患儿急性期血清MBP水平无显著差异;轮状病毒肠道外感染的发生与血清MBP水平低下密切相关.     

CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg细胞在儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎中的作用

目的 探讨CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg细胞在儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎(severe mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,SMPP)中的作用.方法 采用流式细胞仪检测65例重症肺炎支原体肺炎患儿(SMPP组)、75例非重症肺炎支原体肺炎患儿(Non-SMPP组)及40例健康儿童(健康对照组)急性期及恢复期外周血CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg细胞占CD4+T细胞的比例并进行比较分析.结果 急性期SMPP组CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg表达低于Non-SMPP组(0.87±0.66％ vs.1.17±0.70％,P＜0.05)及对照组(0.87 +0.66％ vs.3.88±2.00％,P＜0.01).Non-SMPP组CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg表达低于对照组(1.17 +0.70％ vs.3.88±2.00％,P＜0.01).恢复期SMPP组CD4+CD25+FoxP3+淋巴细胞比例较Non-SMPP组降低(1.66±0.85％ vs.3.61±1.45％,P＜0.01).恢复期SMPP组CD4+CD25+ FoxP3+淋巴细胞比例较急性期升高(1.66±0.85％ vs.0.87±0.66％,P＜0.01),恢复期Non-SMPP组CD4+CD25+FoxP3+淋巴细胞比例较急性期亦升高(3.61±1.45％ vs.1.17±0.70％,P＜0.01).结论 CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg在SMPP的发病中起一定作用,低表达CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg的患儿可能在感染MP后患SMPP的易患性增加,同时影响SMPP患儿预后.     

重症肺炎患儿凝血指标与危重症评分的相关性分析

目的 探讨重症肺炎患儿凝血指标与危重症评分的相关性.方法 选取2010年1月至2011年7月我院儿童重症监护病房收治的152例重症肺炎患儿作为病例组,进行危重病例评分.选择同期20例健康儿童作为对照组.检测两组儿童的凝血指标,分析重症肺炎患儿凝血指标与疾病严重程度的关系,以及凝血指标在不同危重评分患儿间的差异.结果 病例组和对照组儿童的血小板计数[(185.74±116.26)×109/L vs (287.10±90.01)×109/L]、纤维蛋白原[(3.51 ±0.50) g/L vs (3.15±0.15) g/L]、D-二聚体[(1.39 ±2.18) μg/ml vs (0.36 ±0.07) μ g/ml]、可溶性P选择素[(110.07±83.47) ng/ml vs (33.74±9.47) ng/ml]差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),重症肺炎患儿可溶性P选择素和D-二聚体水平与疾病危重程度呈正相关,血小板计数与疾病危重程度呈负相关,回归方程为1.154+0.003×可溶性P选择素+0.089×D-二聚体-0.001×血小板(P＜0.05).随着病情的加重,重症肺炎患儿D-二聚体、可溶性P选择素水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).危重组和极危重组血小板计数比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而分别与非危重组比较,血小板计数明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 可溶性P选择素、D-二聚体、血小板计数和儿童重症肺炎的严重程度相关,儿童重症肺炎易伴发凝血功能障碍.     

Clara细胞分泌蛋白、白介素17在支原体肺炎患儿血清中表达及意义

目的探讨肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)患儿血清Clara细胞分泌蛋白(CCSP)和白介素17(IL-17)的水平变化和临床意义。方法选取2013年5月至11月住院治疗的MPP患儿72例,其中急性期38例(重症20例、轻症18例)、恢复期34例(重症18例、轻症16例);同时选择22例健康儿童作为对照组。采用ELISA方法检测血清CCSP和IL-17水平。结果急性期MPP患儿血清CCSP水平降低,IL-17水平升高,与恢复期患儿及健康儿童比较,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);恢复期患儿与健康儿童血清CCSP、IL-17水平的差异无统计学意义(P均0.05);急性期MPP患儿CCSP与IL-17水平呈负相关(r=–0.75,P0.05),恢复期二者间无相关性(P0.05)。急性期MPP患儿中,重症患儿血清CCSP水平低于轻症组、IL-17水平高于轻症组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);恢复期MPP患儿中,重症组与轻症组之间CCSP、IL-17水平的差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论 CCSP、IL-17参与MPP的发生、发展过程,且与病情轻重有关。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.