大鼠视网膜神经元NOS与Parvalbumin的共存研究

用ＮＡＤＰＨ脱氢酶组化及Ｐａｒｖａｌｂｕｍｉｎ免疫组化双标记技术观察了正常大鼠视网膜一氧化氮合酶与Ｐａｒｖａｌｂｕｍｉｎ（ＰＶ）的分布，结果显示ＮＯＳ阳性神经元主要位于内核层内缘带第二列，少数位于节细胞层，胞体圆形／卵圆形，直径８￣１２μｍ，细胞一侧发现突出伸向内网层１、３、５亚层，以第３亚层最为明显，ＰＶ免疫反应（ＰＶ－Ｉ）神经元位于内核层最内缘第一例，少数位于第二列、中间部及节细胞层、胞体卵圆     

兔视网膜LANT-6免疫反应节细胞的研究

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法和间接免疫荧光双标法，研究ＬＡＮＴ－６免疫反应神经元在成年兔视网膜的定位与分布。结果表明，ＬＡＮＴ－６免疫阳性细胞体仅位于节细胞层，呈圆形或椭圆形，直径约为１０～４０μｍ，胞体可发生１个或多个树突伸向内网层，在神经纤维层偶见免疫视神经纤维。ＬＡＮＴ－６免疫细胞分布于视网膜各个区，细胞密度以视纹最高，其平均密度为３７８．３±（３０）／ｍｍ２，从视纹向边缘区密度变少，中央区、外围区和边缘区的平均密度分别为２０２±（１０）／ｍｍ２、１１４．３±（１５）／ｍｍ２和２１．６±（７）／ｍｍ２。双标实验的结果表明，兔视网膜的ＬＡＮＴ－６免疫神经元是视网膜节细胞。上述结果提示ＬＡＮＴ－６可能对视网膜节细胞与视觉中枢之间的神经传递起重要作用。     

大鼠视网膜神经元NOS与Parvalbumin的共存研究

用NADPH脱氢酶组化及Parvalbumin免疫组化双标记技术观察了正常大鼠视网膜一氧化氮合酶(NOS)与Parvalbumin(PV)的分布,结果显示NOS阳性神经元主要位于内核层内缘带第二列,少数位于节细胞层,胞体圆形/卵圆形,直径8～12μm,细胞一侧发出突起伸向内网层1、3、5亚层,以第3亚层最为明显,PV免疫反应(PV—Ⅰ)神经元位于内核层最内缘第一列,少数位于第二列、中间部及节细胞层,胞体卵圆形,直径6～10μm,由胞体一端发出突起伸向内网层第1、5亚层.神经纤维层可见PV～Ⅰ纤维.内核层内缘第二列可见少数双标阳性细胞,在它们的PV免疫反应胞质内散布有NOS颗粒.实验结果表明 NOS阳性神经元与PV～Ⅰ神经元均为无长突细胞,分属不同的亚型,少效PV～Ⅰ神经元属节细胞,个别双标细胞可能为另一种亚型的无长突细胞,提示NOS与PV在视觉信息传递中可能存在某些联系.     

兔视网膜中P物质样免疫反应神经元的发育

本实验用免疫细胞化学ABC法,研究了成年、新生和生后兔视网膜中P物质(SP)样免疫反应神经元的定位和发育。结果表明,成年兔视网膜SP样免疫反应细胞胞体位于内核层和节细胞层,胞突分布在内网层的第1、3、5亚层,偶见于视神经纤维层。细胞密度以视纹最高,从视纹向背腹视网膜边缘区密度渐变小。在新生兔视网膜已有SP阳性胞体和胞突出现,胞体主要位于节细胞层,突起在内网层第5亚层,但未形成连续网层,在第1亚层很少,第3亚层未见SP阳性突起。SP阳性细胞密度从新生到生后第4天增加,生后第6天到第12天细胞密度渐下降。生后第12天SP阳性胞体主要位于内核层。生后第20天,SP阳性细胞的形态、密度与分布已接近成年水平。上述结果提示,在兔视网膜中SP样免疫反应胞体和突起在生前已出现,生后继续发育,到生后20天后其形态发育已接近成熟。     

自发性高血压大鼠视网膜内含一氧化氮合酶神经元的研究

本实验用ＮＡＤＰＨ－黄递酶组织化学染色法观察了自发性高血压大鼠和京都种大鼠（ＷＫＹ，正常对照）视网膜内一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）的变化。结果显示，ＮＯＳ阳性神经元位于内核层和视网膜节细胞层。ＳＨＲ组视网膜ＮＯＳ阳性细胞属无长突细胞和移位无长突细胞。偶见最怀的节细胞。ＮＯＳ阳性无长突细胞和节细胞胸质显强阳性反应，可较长而清晰的突起，ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的分布密度长，且在视网膜中央区（视神经盘附近）的分布密度     

狗视网膜内一氧化氮合酶的表达

目的：探索狗视网膜内ＮＯＳ阳性细胞的分布和类型。方法：应用ＮＡＤＰＨ－黄递酶组化方法。结果：视网膜内含两种ＮＯＳ阳性细胞,一种胞体较大,圆形成三角形,着色深,直径为１２～１５μｍ,大闰地节细胞层,由胞体发出２～３支突起伸向内网层,另一种胞体上,圆形成卵圆形,着色浅,直径为６～８μｍ、胞突短,伸向内网层,胞体主要位于内核层近内网层处,少数位于内核层中部。两种ＮＯＳ阳性细胞分布和反应度均不同。结论：大     

含生长抑素mRNA神经元在移植视网膜发育中的表达

将６０例鼠龄１４ｄＳＤ大鼠视网膜移植到出生后１ｄ大鼠中脑偏左侧处，同时摘除新生鼠的右眼。术后１０ｄ至２２ｄ分别取移植视网膜及其中脑，在相应的年龄取正常视网膜作对照，应用原位杂交组化技术──地高辛标记的生长抑素的ｃＲＮＡ探针检测移植和正常视网膜中含生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ神经元出现时间、发育规律及定位分布。同时用免疫组化方法显示生长抑素免疫反应神经元的形态，以作对照和补充。原位杂交组化实验结果表明：在出生当天的移植视网膜节细胞层已出现阳性表达，出生后４ｄ，外核层也出现小的含生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ神经元，此种神经元随后减少、消失；与此同时内核层及节细胞层内含生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ神经元逐渐增多，至生后１２ｄ接近成年水平。通过对非移植大鼠视网膜进行正常对照观察，移植视网膜与非移植的正常视网膜生后发育的结果相似。生长抑素免疫反应神经元与原位杂交含生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ神经元的表达部位是一致的，但生长抑素免疫反应神经元可见其突起。     

人视网膜小胶质细胞形态及分布的研究

本文用白细胞共同抗原（CD45）和巨噬细胞特异性抗原（CD68）的单克隆抗体，对24，28，30，33，36周胎龄及正常成人的视网膜进行标记。结果表明幼稚的阿米巴型，成熟的分支型和介于两者之间的中间型（依突起数可分为单极，双极，多极形的小胶质细胞）小胶质细胞均表达CD45，除分支型外，其余的小胶质细胞亦同时表达CD68，小胶质细胞分布于视网膜的内核层，内网层，节细胞层。在其分布的层内，细胞分布均匀，相邻的细胞之间无接触，节细胞层的细胞数量比内核层，内网层多，但内核层，内网层的细胞比节细胞层的细胞幼稚，形态上表现为胞体较大，细胞无分支或分支较少，无次级突起，同时发现随胎龄的增大，细胞数量增多，突起增多并变长变细，36周胎时已分化为分支型小胶质细胞，亦观察到血管周小胶质细胞和血管旁小胶质细胞，在成体视网膜小胶质细胞以分支型为主，同时也存在一系列形态较幼稚的CD68阳性细胞。     

霍乱毒素对成年金黄地鼠视网膜节细胞存活的影响

近端切断成年金黄地鼠视神经,视网膜节细胞大量死亡,两周后达９０％。本研究应用荧光逆行示踪标记技术,观察玻璃体内注射霍乱毒素对视神经切断后视网膜节细胞存活的影响。结果表明：①正常视网膜节细胞平均密度为２００７±１１５／ｍｍ２;②切断视神经５、７、１４ｄ后,视网膜节细胞平均密度分别下降至：１１４７±２０９／ｍｍ２、８７３±１２３／ｍｍ２和２０１±７３／ｍｍ２;③给予Ｎａ２ＥＤＴＡ／ＮａＣＬ的对照组在上述各时间组视网膜节细胞平均密度与单纯视神经切断组结果相似;④给予霍乱毒素的实验组在５、７、１４ｄ视网膜节细胞的平均密度分别为１４３６±１５０／ｍｍ２、１１９２±１２９／ｍｍ２和４１３±９０／ｍｍ２,与视神经切断组和Ｎａ２ＥＤＴＡ／ＮａＣＬ对照组相比在各时间组上均存在显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）,结果表明霍乱毒素有提高视神经切断后节细胞存活的作用     

大鼠,金黄地鼠和家兔视网膜内一氧化氮合酶分布的比较

用ＮＡＤＰＨ黄递酶组织化学染色法观察了正常成年大鼠、金黄地鼠和家兔视网膜内一氧化氮合酶的分布，并比较了３种不同动物的区别。结果显示，在视网膜内ＮＯＳ阳性神经元主要为分布于内核层的无长突细胞、节细胞层的移位无长突细胞和少数节细胞，不同种类动物的视网膜内，ＮＯＳ阳性细胞的配布、密度和细胞形态均有差异。大鼠视网膜内ＮＯＳ阳性细胞多尾于内核层无长突细胞和节细胞层移位无长细胞，偶见于视网膜节细胞。金黄地鼠视     

Distribution of GABA immunoreactivity in kainic acid-treated rabbit retina

Ischaemic retinal cell degeneration seems to involve both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor over stimulation. However, different retinal cell types differ largely in their susceptibility to excitatory amino acid induced neurotoxicity. We have investigated the vulnerability of GABAergic cells in the rabbit retina to the non-NMDA receptor agonist kainic acid (KA). The distribution of GABA immunoreactivity (GABA-IR) was examined in the central inferior retina at different survival times (5 h–6 days) following an intra-ocular injection of 140 nmol KA and compared to that of control and untreated retinas. In the normal retina, the majority of GABA-positive cells (79%) were located in the inner nuclear layer (INL), in one to four cell rows next to the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and in one cell row next to the outer plexiform layer (OPL). The remainder (21%) were found in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Dense immunoreactivity was seen throughout the IPL. In the OPL, stained dots and occasional immunoreactive large processes could be seen. KA-exposed retinas processed for GABA immunocytochemistry 5 and 24 h after the injection showed an 85% reduction in the number of GABA immunoreactive cells. About the same degree of depletion was seen among GABA-IR cells located at different retinal levels. However, at these survival times, immunostaining was observed in three distinct bands in the IPL, indicating that the vulnerability to KA is not uniformly distributed among all GABAergic cells. At 48 h, an additional decrease in the number of labelled cells was noted, but immunoreactive cells were still found both in the INL and GCL. Even 6 days after KA treatment, a few stained cell bodies were seen in the INL next to the IPL, as well as a few processes in the IPL. The study shows that KA receptor overstimulation induces a marked depletion of the endogenous cellular GABA pools of the central rabbit retina, most likely as a result of GABAergic cell loss. However, a small population of GABAergic cells located in the INL appears to be less vulnerable to the toxic effects of 140 nmol KA.     

The development of Kv4.2 expression in the retina

Throughout the brain, the potassium channel Kv4.2 regulates signal propagation in dendrites and action potential properties in subtypes of neurons. In adult rodents Kv4.2 is expressed predominantly in two bands in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somas (Klumpp et al. [15]; Pinto and Klumpp [20]), suggesting a role regulating the activity of specific subtypes of RGCs. To understand the role of Kv4.2 in the regulation of the activity of RGCs during development we determined the developmental expression pattern of Kv4.2 immunoreactivity (Kv4.2-IR). At P4-6 Kv4.2-IR appeared diffusely throughout the IPL in cross-sectioned retinas. From postantal day 10 (P10) through adult there was an additional pair of brighter Kv4.2-IR bands between the ChAT bands that had a reticular pattern in flat-mounted retinas. Kv4.2-IR was not present in somas at P4–6, but appeared in ganglion cell layer (GCL) somas beginning at P10. The fraction of somas expressing Kv4.2 in the GCL was about 8% at P10–11, decreased to 5% at P20–21, then increased to 9% in adult retinas. The restriction of Kv4.2 expression to less than 10% of the GCL somas and the specificity of expression in the IPL suggest that Kv4.2 regulates activity in one or a few functional subtypes of RGCs. The pattern of Kv4.2-IR through postnatal development indicates that Kv4.2-mediated currents are important for development in a subset of RGCs, especially around P10 as the bipolar cells mature.     

大鼠视网膜缺血后Parvalbumin免疫反应神经元的变化

本文观察了大鼠视网膜缺血后Parvalbumin（PV）免疫反应神经元的变化。动物分为缺血10min组、15min组、30min组及60min组等4组．动物右眼为缺血眼，左眼做自身对照眼．结果表明PV免疫反应神经元主要位于内核层及节细胞层，其突起伸向内网层第1、5亚层，神经纤维层也可见PV免疫反应纤维。缺血10min后PV免疫反应神经元未出现变化，缺血15min后数量开始减少，内网层第5亚层PV免疫反应纤维消失、缺血30min、60min后PV免疫反应神经元比缺血15min后减少明显．表明缺血15min后即出现PV免疫反应神经元的变化，但各缺血时间点上其减少率低于其它类型的神经元，提示它对缺血有一定的耐受性。     

人视网膜星形胶质细胞发育及与血管前体细胞的关系

目的：研究人视网星菜胶质细胞的发育及与血管前体细胞的关系。材料和方法：收集１３４例发育各期胎儿视网膜和４例成人视网膜、石蜡包埋切片整装铺片，四种抗体免疫组分染色，光镜观察，结果：星形胶质细胞分为三种：（１）Ｓ－１００（＋）／胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）（＋）的双极形星形胶质细胞，视盘进入视网膜，与跟随其后的纤连蛋白（Ｆｎ）（＋）的血管前体细胞接触并相伴向锯齿缘迁移，足月后和成人此类星形胶质细胞主要     

Synapsin I expression in the rat retina during postnatal development

Summary The expression of the synapsin I gene was studied during postnatal development of the rat retina at the mRNA and protein levels. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed that synapsin I mRNA was expressed already in nerve cells in the ganglion cell layer of the neonatal retina, while it appeared in neurons of the inner nuclear layer from postnatal day 4 onward. Maximal expression of synapsin I mRNA was observed at P12 in ganglion cells and in neurons of the inner nuclear layer followed by moderate expression in the adult. At the protein level a shift of synapsin I appearance was observed from cytoplasmic to terminal localization during retinal development by immunohistochemistry. In early stages (P4 and P8), synapsin I was seen in neurons of the ganglion cell layer and in neurons of the developing inner nuclear layer as well as in the developing inner plexiform layer. In the developing outer plexiform layer synapsin I was localized only in horizontal cells and in their processes. Its early appearance at P4 indicated the early maturation of this cell type. A shift and strong increase of labelling to the plexiform layers at P12 indicated the localization of synapsin I in synaptic terminals. The inner plexiform layer exhibited a characteristic stratified pattern. Photoreceptor cells never exhibited synapsin I mRNA or synapsin I protein throughout development.Abbreviations GCL ganglion cell layer - INB inner neuroblast layer - INL inner nuclear layer - IPL inner plexiform layer - ONB outer neuroblast layer - ONL outer nuclear layer - OPL outer plexiform layer     

人胎视网膜细胞凋亡与小白蛋白免疫阳性神经元的发育

目的：观察人胎视网膜细胞凋亡与小白蛋白Parvalbumin,PV)免疫阳性神经元的分布与发育。方法：不同孕龄的人胎16例,TUNEL法标记凋亡细胞,ABC免疫细胞化学方法观察PV免疫阳性神经元的发育。结果：（1）细胞凋亡观察：12周人胎视网膜未见凋亡细胞;15周、17周凋亡细胞较多,大小不一,分布于视网膜的全局;20周凋亡细胞主要集中在内核层,数量减少;28周凋亡细胞仅见于内核层,呈指环样外观,着色较深,数量较20周减少明显。（2）PV免疫阳性神经元发育：12周人胎视网膜未见PV免疫阳性神经元;15周、17周视网膜节细胞层和内核层有弱阳性的PV免疫阳性神经元的分布与20周相似,但内核层的数量减少,呈整齐的带状排列,着色增强。结论：在胚胎28周视网膜神经元之间的突触联系已基本建立,而PV免疫阳性神经元发育和细胞凋亡在时间和数量变化上的一致性提示Ca^2 在视网膜的发育中起重要作用。