Craniofacial development in children with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to four different regimes. I. Maxillary development.

Lateral skull radiographs of 85 patients with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to four different regimes were compared at three different ages regarding maxillary development. Regimes that included primary bone grafting to the alveolus at six months of age resulted in inhibited anterior maxillary growth and reduced maxillary inclination. Regimes that included secondary bone grafting after eruption of the incisors but before the eruption of the canines, resulted in better maxillary development, but were not as good as regimes that omitted bone grafting altogether.     

Craniofacial development in children with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to four different regimes. III. The soft tissue profile at 16-18 years of age.

The soft tissue profiles of 85 16-18 year old children with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to four different regimes were studied using lateral skull radiographs. Regimes that included secondary bone grafting to the alveolus in the mixed dentition gave better convexity of the soft tissue profile (excluding the nose) and better soft tissue sagittal jaw relationships compared with treatment regimens that included primary bone grafting. The soft tissue profile in regimes that excluded bone grafting was almost as favourable as those in regimes in which bone grafting was done during the mixed dentition.     

Craniofacial development in children with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to three different regimes. Assessment of nasolabial appearance.

From extraoral photographs taken from the front and in profile of 61 16-year old children with unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate (UCLAP) who had been treated by three different treatment regimes, the nasolabial appearances were assessed by a panel. The photographs were masked, leaving only the mid face including the nose and lips. The following features were assessed using a five point scale: nasal form, symmetry of the nose, vermilion of the upper lip, shape of the vermilion border, total symmetry of upper lip, and nasal profile including the upper lip. The number and type of secondary operations required were recorded. Intraobserver reliability was good but interobserver agreement was poor, some observers systematically scoring more severely than others. A panel of six was therefore set up to establish an acceptable mean assessment. The treatment regime that included secondary bone grafting, and the one that included primary bone grafting and presurgical orthopaedic-T-traction, scored better on all features assessed compared with the group that underwent primary bone grafting but no T-traction. The latter group required fewer secondary revisionary procedures, however, which could explain these results.     

鼻中隔前端、中隔前颌韧带和鼻前棘复合体切除对兔面中部生长发育的影响

为探讨手术切除兔鼻中隔软骨前端、中隔前颌韧带和鼻前棘复合体后对面中部生长发育的影响，用２０只２周龄日本大耳白兔，分为实验组，手术切除上述复合体；对照组，只切开不切除。术后２，８，１４，２０，２８周时摄头颅侧位片，分别测量上颌骨长度和高度，鼻骨长度和面角变化情况。结果经统计学处理差异均无显著意义。提示胚胎期鼻中隔软骨通过中隔前颌韧带的传导作用，对面中部生长发育起重要作用，但出生后，这种作用即不明显，仅起机械性支持作用。因此早期矫正唇裂鼻畸形不致影响面中部正常发育。     

von Langenbeck procedures at 8 months or Wardill at 18 months for primary repair of cleft palate in adult Swedish patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate: a study of facial growth.

The purpose of this study was to compare facial growth in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in whom the palate was repaired with the von Langenbeck procedure at 8 months (L-8), or the Wardill procedure at 18 months (W-18). A total of 151 unaffected subjects were used as a reference series. Sixty-one adult patients, 34 in the L-8 group and 27 in the W-18 group, were investigated clinically and with lateral skull radiography and also filled out a questionnaire about their dental condition. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the effects of the surgical strategy, sex, and the presence of a velopharyngeal flap on several dependent variables indicating sagittal jaw relations, vertical jaw relations, and inclination of incisors. The UCLP group was characterised by a short (n-sp) and retrusive maxilla (s-n-ss) and a retrusive mandible for women (s-n-sm), larger maxillary inclination (NSL/NL), more retroclined lower incisors (IL(I)/ML), shorter upper facial heights (n-sp) and normal total face height (n-gn) than the reference group. In the UCLP group there were significant differences between men and women in mandibular prognathism (s-n-sm), maxillary/mandibular relations (ss-n-sm), maxillary inclination (NSL/NL), total anterior facial height (n-gn), and upper anterior facial height (n-sp). Lateral crossbite was found in 20% of the UCLP group. The prevalence was similar in the L-8 and W-18 groups. Almost 80% of the patients in the UCLP group considered that their dental condition was good. The choice of surgical strategy had no significant influence on the variables measured on facial morphology.     

Primary,Early Bone Grafting in Complete Clefts of the Lip and Palate: A Follow-up Study of 53 Cases

Fifty-three patients with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate between the ages of 5 1/2 and 13 1/2 years have been followed up. Following preoperative jaw orthopedic treatment, when indicated, these cases were operated with lip closure and bone grafting with four mucoperiosteal flaps as described by Nordin (1960) and Bäckdahl & Nordin (1961). In the 14 bilateral cases this operation was done in two stages, one side at a time, in this series. At the follow-up, facial appearance, hearing, speech assessment, some facial angles and incidence of crossbites were examined. In the 39 unilateral cleft cases, 80% had an acceptable appearance while 20% needed secondary surgery of the lip and nose as rated independently by four doctors. In the 14 bilateral cases 50% needed secondary operation of the lip and nose. Speech assessment in the bone-grafted group was good or superior to that in a non-bone-grafted group of patients with clefts of the primary and the secondary palate. Open nasality and consonant articulations were also taken into consideration. No permanent hearing impairment was noted in these patients although they are prone to chronic ear diseases. No serious maldevelopment of the facial skeleton was noted in our study following primary, early bone grafting. The incidence of crossbite was comparatively low. This type of treatment is continuing at our centre since the results are promising. Comparison of similar studies from other centres with long-term follow-ups are called for.     

von Langenbeck procedures at 8 months or Wardill at 18 months for primary repair of cleft palate in adult Swedish patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate: A study of facial growth

The purpose of this study was to compare facial growth in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in whom the palate was repaired with the von Langenbeck procedure at 8 months (L-8), or the Wardill procedure at 18 months (W-18). A total of 151 unaffected subjects were used as a reference series. Sixty-one adult patients, 34 in the L-8 group and 27 in the W-18 group, were investigated clinically and with lateral skull radiography and also filled out a questionnaire about their dental condition. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the effects of the surgical strategy, sex, and the presence of a velopharyngeal flap on several dependent variables indicating sagittal jaw relations, vertical jaw relations, and inclination of incisors. The UCLP group was characterised by a short (n-sp) and retrusive maxilla (s-n-ss) and a retrusive mandible for women (s-n-sm), larger maxillary inclination (NSL/NL), more retroclined lower incisors (IL_I/ML), shorter upper facial heights (n-sp) and normal total face height (n-gn) than the reference group. In the UCLP group there were significant differences between men and women in mandibular prognathism (s-n-sm), maxillary/mandibular relations (ss-n-sm), maxillary inclination (NSL/NL), total anterior facial height (n-gn), and upper anterior facial height (n-sp). Lateral crossbite was found in 20% of the UCLP group. The prevalence was similar in the L-8 and W-18 groups. Almost 80% of the patients in the UCLP group considered that their dental condition was good. The choice of surgical strategy had no significant influence on the variables measured on facial morphology.     

鼻中隔前端、中隔前颌韧带和鼻前棘复合体切除对兔面中部生长发育的影响

为探讨手术切除兔鼻中隔软骨前端、中隔前颌韧带和鼻前棘复合体后对面中部生长发育的影响,用20只2周龄日本大耳白兔,分为实验组,手术切除上述复合体;对照组,只切开不切除。术后2,8,14,20,28周时摄头颅侧位片,分别测量上颌骨长度和高度,鼻骨长度和面角变化情况。结果经统计学处理差异均无显著意义。提示胚胎期鼻中隔软骨通过中隔前颌韧带的传导作用,对面中部生长发育起重要作用,但出生后,这种作用即不明显,仅起机械性支持作用。因此早期矫正唇裂鼻畸形不致影响面中部正常发育。     

Neurovascularization of the anterior jaw bones revisited using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging.

The anterior jaw bones are often considered relatively safe surgical sites. Nonetheless, the increasing rate of surgical interventions in that area, such as oral implant placement and bone grafting, has highlighted the potential risks and has raised the reported complications. A careful documentation of all anatomic variations in anterior jaw bone neurovascularization has thus become necessary. The present report attempts to revisit jaw bone neurovascularization, addressing typical anatomic appearances and variations. We summarize the results of various microanatomical studies carried out by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) of the human anterior jaw bones. These studies reveal that edentulous and dentate anterior jaws present significant variation in the occurrence of the mandibular incisive canal and genial spinal foramina, as well as the maxillary nasopalatine canal. All of these canal structures contain a neurovascular bundle, whose diameter may be large enough to cause clinically significant trauma. A careful presurgical radiographic analysis of the anterior jaw bones is therefore advised.     

A Follow-Up Study of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Treated with Orthodontics,Secondary Bone Grafting,and Prosthetic Rehabilitation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of secondary bone grafting in cleft palate treatment. The investigation included a clinical, a biometrical, and a radiographic follow-up of the occlusion, the craniofacial morphology and the function of the masticatory system. The total material of secondary bone grafting cases during the period of 1958–68 consisted of 125 patients. For the final examination, 93 of them were present. The treatment plan was: (1) orthodontic treatment, (2) bone grafting, (3) retention treatment, (4) prosthetic reconstruction of lost teeth. 58 bridges were inserted. The mean age of the patients at the time of bone grafting was 20 years and the mean lag between the bone grafting procedure and the final check-up was 7 1/2 years. Besides bone grafting, 43 palatopharyngeal flap-operations were carried out. At the final check-up, none of the patients wear any obturator. Besides these operations 7 osteotomies of the lower jaw were carried out. The frequence of crossbites was reduced from 94 to 31%. Open bites were present in 6 cases while the remaining cases exhibited normal overjet and overbite. A slight degree of relapse after the orthodontic expansion treatment was noted; thus, in 12 cases, one or two teeth relapsed to crossbite occlusion. The jaw function was fairly normal in all cases studied. The chewing ability was reduced in 9 cases, though the average number of tooth contact-pairs increased, from 5.9 prior to orthodontic treatment to 11.4 at the final examination. The cephalometric part of the investigation indicated that the average patient had a more retrognathic type of face with steeper mandibular and nasal planes than are reported for non-clefts. The bone grafting procedure was successful in 96% of the cases, as evaluated from radiographs. The reorganisation of the average bone graft was completed within 3 to 6 months. This clinical and radiographic investigation revealed that bone grafting of the alveolar process and the palate did normalise and stabilize the maxilla in practically all instances. Thus the method used had prevented relapse after orthodontic treatment in the great majority of cases and the definitive prosthetic rehabilitation could be carried out using the same principles as in non-cleft cases.     

前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗下颈椎结核的中期随访研究

目的探讨前路一期病灶清除、植骨、内固定治疗下颈椎结核的效果。方法 2005年1月～2009年12月,行前路病灶清除、自体髂骨植骨或钛网填充异体骨植入、钛板内固定手术治疗下颈椎结核病例29例,病变节段为C3～7,其中14例患者有不全瘫症状,Frankel神经功能分级B级3例、C级3例、D级8例。术前常规行颈椎X线、MRI检查和/或CT三维重建检查,均显示为颈椎曲度变化、局部寒性脓肿或死骨形成等。结果所有病例随访1～5年,平均3.1年。手术时间为60～120 min,出血量为50～150 mL,所有患者都能耐受。无术中及术后并发症发生。末次随访时14例合并有神经系统症状患者,3例B级患者恢复到D级,1例C级患者恢复到D级,2例C级患者恢复到E级,8例D级患者恢复到E级。结核病灶无复发,术后随访未见矫正角度的明显丢失。椎间植骨均获骨性融合。结论经前方入路一期病灶清除、植骨、钛板内固定手术治疗下颈椎结核安全可靠,效果良好。     

Mandibular reconstruction using intraoral trifocal bone transport: report of a case.

On the mandibular reconstruction after tumor resection, it is easy to achieve esthetic and functional results when mandibular defect is relative small, however, it is difficult to reconstruct adequately larger defected mandible. Recently, with progress of devices, distraction osteogenesis that is the method of tissue regeneration is used as mandibular reconstruction. A 19-year-old male patient presented complaining of right lower jaw swelling. Biopsy suspected a multiple-cystic ameloblastoma in mandible. Under the general anesthesia, a mandibulectomy was performed from the right side ramus to the left side incisor. A mandibular reconstruction plate was attached to the proximal and distal bone segments. 2 types of intraoral distraction devices were placed inside the plate. These devices had 25 mm and 60 mm distraction length. After 9 days of latency, trifocal bone transport was started by 0.5 mm 2 times activation per day. After consolidation for 23 weeks, reconstruction plate and distraction devices were removed. 2.5 m x 2.0 cm iliac bone and cancellous bone were placed in the docking site with platelet rich plasma. The mandibular defect (85 mm) was reconstructed adequately using intraoral distraction osteogenesis trifocal bone transport technique. Symmetric facial balance was achieved. Now there is no recurrence and dental implants were placed on new bone.     

Long-term influence of infant periosteoplasty on facial growth and occlusion in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate

Abstract

This retrospective, long-term study evaluated the influence of two different treatment protocols, one including infant periosteoplasty, on facial growth and occlusion in patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Thirty-five patients with records of 5-, 8- and 16–19-year-olds were included. Sixteen of these received infant periosteoplasty (BCLP-pp) to the cleft alveolus in conjunction with lip repair and a one-stage closure of the palate. The remaining 19 patients with a two-stage closure of the palate did not have an infant periosteoplasty (BCLP-np). The bone formation induced by periosteoplasty in the BCLP-np group was insufficient and both groups had secondary bone grafting to the alveolar clefts before the eruption of the lateral incisor or the canine. Facial growth was evaluated with cephalometry at the recorded ages and dental arch relationships with the Huddart and Bodenham crossbite scores at the age of 16–19 years. Until 19 years a significant retrusion of the maxillary position (SNA) was observed in both groups. At 16–19 years of age there was no significant difference of maxillary protrusion (SNA), intermaxillary position (ANB), maxillary length (ss-pm) or vertical skeletal relationships (ML/NSL, Ml/NL) between the two groups. However, a significant difference of the crossbite scores was found. The BCLP-pp group did not show more facial growth problems but more malocclusion and the insufficient bone formation of the alveolar clefts after infant periosteoplasty required a secondary bone grafting.     

Mandibular reconstruction

Although there is no general agreement, we think immediate reconstruction with free bone graft from the iliac crest or rib is the method of choice for a small mandibular body or arch defect without concomitant significant loss of soft tissue. Soft tissue reconstruction with well-vascularized tissue should always be performed when extensive loss of soft tissue occurs after hemimandibulectomy to avoid tension on the stump and mandibular drift. When postoperative radiation is not anticipated, immediate bone grafting is appropriate. A free bone covered by well-vascularized tissue or a composite graft is our primary choice, but alloplastic trays with cancellous bone can also be considered. If postoperative radiation is anticipated, only soft tissue repair should be performed and osseous reconstruction should be deferred until radiotherapy is completed. Defects of the arch require special attention because of the severe deviation of the mandibular stumps. Immediate reconstruction is recommended in uncomplicated cases, but secondary bone grafting will be needed when the patient is in poor condition, or postoperative radiation places the bone graft in jeopardy. In such cases, immediate stabilization of the bone segments by internal or external fixation is absolutely necessary. Finally, secondary reconstruction should be considered only if there is no evidence of residual tumor. The defect should be recreated, scarred or irradiated tissue resected, and immediate reconstruction obtained with well-vascularized pedicled or free flaps.     

Long-term influence of infant periosteoplasty on facial growth and occlusion in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate

Abstract This retrospective, long-term study evaluated the influence of two different treatment protocols, one including infant periosteoplasty, on facial growth and occlusion in patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Thirty-five patients with records of 5-, 8- and 16-19-year-olds were included. Sixteen of these received infant periosteoplasty (BCLP-pp) to the cleft alveolus in conjunction with lip repair and a one-stage closure of the palate. The remaining 19 patients with a two-stage closure of the palate did not have an infant periosteoplasty (BCLP-np). The bone formation induced by periosteoplasty in the BCLP-np group was insufficient and both groups had secondary bone grafting to the alveolar clefts before the eruption of the lateral incisor or the canine. Facial growth was evaluated with cephalometry at the recorded ages and dental arch relationships with the Huddart and Bodenham crossbite scores at the age of 16-19 years. Until 19 years a significant retrusion of the maxillary position (SNA) was observed in both groups. At 16-19 years of age there was no significant difference of maxillary protrusion (SNA), intermaxillary position (ANB), maxillary length (ss-pm) or vertical skeletal relationships (ML/NSL, Ml/NL) between the two groups. However, a significant difference of the crossbite scores was found. The BCLP-pp group did not show more facial growth problems but more malocclusion and the insufficient bone formation of the alveolar clefts after infant periosteoplasty required a secondary bone grafting.     

经皮置钉联合微创经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效

目的:探讨经皮置钉联合微创经椎弓根植骨与非植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折患者的临床疗效。方法:自2021年1月至2022年6月,回顾性分析40例胸腰椎骨折患者,其中,试验组26例,男21例,女5例;年龄(47.3±12.3)岁;采用经皮椎弓根置钉联合微创经椎弓根自体骨植骨术。对照组14例,男7例,女7例;年龄(50.2±11.2)岁;采用经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定术。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术前、术后1周和术后3、12个月伤椎的前缘高度比、伤椎Cobb角、疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、改良MacNab评分及术后内植物松动断裂等并发症情况。结果:两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、VAS及前缘高度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与术前相比,术后1年VAS及前缘高度百分比均有显著改善(P<0.05)。术前两组伤椎Cobb角比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.766);术后1周及术后3、12个月两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与术前相比,术后12个月两组伤椎Cobb角均有显著降低(P<0.001)。根据MacNab评分,术后...     

生长发育期骨性Ⅱ^1类错[牙合]低角型患者颅面部的特征

目的通过对生长发育期骨性Ⅱ^1类错[牙合]低角型患者的32项X线头影测量值与正常[牙合]进行比较分析,旨在研究此类患者的颅面软硬组织的变化和特征。方法选择生长发育期骨性Ⅱ^1类错[牙合]低角型患者60例,治疗前摄X线头颅定位侧位片（磨牙为远中关系,角ANB〉5°,下颌平面角Go-Gn-SN〈28°）,年龄11～13岁,男、女各半。结果SNA角、ANB角、上颌切牙倾斜度（U1-NA）、下颌切牙倾斜度（L1-GoGn）、腭平面角（PP—FH）、上下齿槽座点到功能性[牙合]平面距离（Wits值）、后下面高（PLFH）、上下中切牙覆[牙合]程度（U1-L1／N-Me）、下中切牙高度（Me-L1／N—Me）均明显增加;下颌平面角（Go-Gn-SN）、[牙合]平面与下颌平面角（OP—MP）、[牙合]平面与眶耳平面角（OP-FH）、上下中切牙交角（U1-L1）、前下面高（ANS-Me）、前下面高／前全面高（ANS-Me／N-Me）、前下面高／后下面高（ALFH／PLFH）、下颌基骨长（B＇-J’）均明显减少;软组织侧貌唇部突度（NB-Pg＇-Ls）、颏唇沟深（Si-Pg＇-Ls）、下唇厚度（Li-L1）明显增加。结论骨性Ⅱ^1类错[牙合]低角型患者具有前下面高减少、后下面高增加、腭平面顺时针旋转,[牙合]平面、下颌平面逆时针旋转,深覆[牙合]加重;软组织呈现出上唇突出、下唇卷缩、颏部后缩的突面型。     

Jasper-Jumper矫治器治疗Ⅱ类骨性下颌后缩口腔功能间隙变化的研究

目的：量化评估经Jasper—Jumper矫治器治疗的骨性下颌后缩患者治疗前后口腔功能间隙变化。方法：采用国产Jasper—Jumper矫治器临床矫治30例骨性下颌后缩患者，拍摄治疗前后头颅定位侧位片和手腕片。结果：Jasper—Jumper矫治器治疗5～7个月（平均6个月）后，口腔功能间隙面积平均增加了5．67mm^2，前下面高平均增加了3．46mm，后面高平均增加了1．90mm。结论：Jasper—Jumper矫治器矫治骨性下颌后缩使口腔功能间隙有明显增大，有利于上下颌骨关系以及口[牙合]系统功能的完善。     

SanderⅡ矫治器治疗下颌后缩的临床研究

目的：利用SanderⅡ功能矫治器的腭导杆、上颌镍钛螺旋扩弓簧和下颌扩弓簧、分体式的独特设计,矫治AngleⅡ类1分类患者生长高峰前期或高峰期、替牙晚期或恒牙早期的深覆拾、深覆盖患者。方法：病例纳入标准为AngleⅡ类1分类生长高峰前期或高峰期、替牙晚期或恒牙早期的深覆枪深覆盖患者,下颌平面角为均角或底角。共有13人配戴SanderⅡ功能矫治器1年,拍治疗前后头颅定位侧位片。用西安交通大学口腔医院正畸科X线头影测量分析方法分析治疗前后X线测量数据,并用SPSSl8．0软件配对t检验进行统计学处理。结果：ANB°、ANS-Ptm、Co-Pg、U1-APg、L1-NB距、L1-NB角、L6-MP、UL-E1ine、∠N＇Sn-Pg〈0．01有非常显著统计学意义;Wits值、NA-Pg、U1-SN角、U6-PP、∠N’-Pg＇-FH,P〈0．05有显著统计学意义。结论：上下颌骨相对位置改变明显,导下颌前伸明显、上颌基骨长度有增长;下颌基骨长度增长显著;面凸角变小;上颌前牙内收明显,上下第一磨牙仲长,下面高增长,但相对全面高协调。软组织上唇突度减小、颏部前移,软组织侧貌与骨组织改建一致。     

Facial reconstruction following blast injury

The facial plastic surgeon, when treating a patient with massive loss of soft tissue and bone of the face secondary to blast injury, must carefully consider available treatment options. The choice of procedure should be dictated by the likelihood of success, donor site morbidity, and the potential for complications. Five illustrative cases of blast injury to the lower face are presented to demonstrate methods of reconstruction currently available. Local soft-tissue flaps appear to be superior to regional or distant flaps for the restoration of form and function of the lower lip. Autogenous, particulate cancellous bone is a satisfactory grafting material for the great majority of traumatic mandibular defects. Vascularized bone grafts should be considered when extensive defects of the anterior arch exist or when a sterile, supple, well-vascularized recipient bed is not available.