指固有神经背侧支的应用解剖学研究

目的 为指固有神经背侧支的临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法 观测12只新鲜成人手标本48个手指指固有神经背侧支出的出现率、直径、走向及分支。结果 示、中、环指及小指桡侧指固有神经发出的单一分支形成背侧支者占92．86％（78．84）,背侧支缺如者占7．14％（6．84侧）。各指背侧支均在近节手指近、中1／3平面发出,并从指侧面斜向指背远端走行。在近指间关节桡背（或尺背）侧向背面及中节指背发出2－5条分支。除小指外,2－4指指桡、尺侧背侧支的直径粗细均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,桡侧＞尺侧。小指飞侧无指固有神经背侧支。结论 示、中、环及小指的桡侧指固有神经背侧支走向恒定,可包含在同指逆行岛状皮瓣内,适用于修复指腹软组织缺损。     

Internal anatomy of the communicating branch between the ulnar and median nerves in the hand and its relevance to volar digital sensibility.

We studied the microanatomy of the communicating branch between the ulnar and median nerves in 26 adult cadaver hands to explain diminished sensibility in the fourth and fifth fingers we had observed in 2 patients after complete transection of the median nerve. Two new variations of the communicating branch were observed. In the first variation the communicating branch originated proximally from the third common digital nerve to distally join the ring finger ulnar digital nerve and the small finger radial digital nerve. In the second variation the ramus communicans traversed perpendicularly between the third and fourth common digital nerves with a crossover of nerve fibers.     

Anatomic study of the ramus communicans between the ulnar and median nerves

The communicating branch between the fourth and third common digital nerves in the palm of the hand was studied. The incidence and branching pattern were studied in 53 dissected cadaveric hands. The "danger zone" in which the nerve is at risk during surgery was established using morphometric data. A communicating branch was found in 50 hands. It originated proximally from the fourth common digital nerve to join the third common digital nerve distally in 44 hands and traversed perpendicularly between the third and fourth common digital nerves in 4 hands. In the 2 remaining hands the branch left the third common digital nerve proximally to join the fourth digital common nerve distally. In 90% of the hands the ramus communicans crossed over in the middle third of the palm of the hand. As a cautious measure, hand surgeons should take into account that this structure could cross over anywhere in the middle three fifths of the palm.     

指固有神经背侧支移位重建指腹感觉功能

目的 介绍示中环指指固有神经背侧支移位,修复同指对侧指固有神经或邻指指固有神经撕脱离断伤的方法.方法 2003年8月至2008年12月,对56例72指指固有神经撕脱离断伤患者,取同指对侧或邻指相邻侧指固有神经背侧支移位,与受损指固有神经远断端缝合修复.结果 术后56例均获得6个月至1.5年的随访,平均1年2个月.修复侧指腹感觉均恢复,两点分辨觉为6～9 mm(平均7.3 mm),感觉为S4.指腹饱满.结论 示中环指指固有神经背侧支移位,修复同指对侧指固有神经或邻指指固有神经撕脱离断伤的方法,能恢复指腹良好感觉,方法简单,疗效确切.

Abstract：

Objective To introduce the surgical method of transferring dorsal branch of the proper digital nerve of index, middle or ring finger to the lacerated digital nerve on the opposite side of the same finger or the neighboring finger. Methods From August 2003 to December 2008, 72 lacerated proper digital nerves in 56 cases were repaired by transferring dorsal branch of the proper digital nerve from the opposite side of the same finger or from the neighboring side of the neighboring finger. The transferred nerve was coapted to the distal end of the lacerated nerve. Results All 56 cases were followed for 6 months to 1.5 years postoperatively, with an average of 14 months. Recovery of sensation of the reinnervated finger pulps was observed in all cases. Two-point discrimination was 6 to 9 mm, average being 7.3 mm. Sensory function was rated as S4. The pulps were full in contour. Conclusion Transferring dorsal branch of the proper digital nerve of index, middle or ring finger to the lacerated digital nerve on the opposite side of the same finger or the neighboring finger was a simple and effective method to restore sensory function of the pulp.     

Digital nerve grafting using the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve

The dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve has been found to have the appropriate size and sufficient length for use as a digital nerve graft. This donor nerve was utilised fifteen times in twelve patients for the bridging of defects in thirteen digital nerves of the fingers. After an average follow-up of 23.2 months, only one patient failed to achieve any two point discrimination in the area supplied by the involved digital nerve. The other eleven patients had an average two point discrimination of 9.5 mm with a range of 5 to 18 mm. Painful neuroma formation or loss of hand function related to the use of the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve as a donor for digital nerve grafts was not encountered.     

指背岛状皮瓣一期修复手指皮肤缺损合并神经缺损

目的 报告同指指背岛状皮瓣携带指神经背侧支一期修复手指皮肤缺损合并神经缺损的临床效果.方法 对16例18指手指皮肤缺损伴一侧神经断裂缺损应用携带指神经背侧支同指指背岛状皮瓣修复,重建手指感觉.皮肤缺损面积为10mm×7mm～24mm×20mm.神经缺损长度9～22mm.结果 16例18指皮瓣全部存活,随访5～25个月,手指功能及外观恢复满意,伤侧指腹感觉恢复至S3+,两点分辨觉恢复至4～7mm.结论 同指指背岛状皮瓣携带指神经背侧支修复手指皮肤缺损合并神经缺损,能同时完成皮肤覆盖和神经缺损的修复,术后效果满意,是治疗手指皮肤合并神经缺损并重建感觉较为理想的方法.     

伤指背筋膜岛状皮瓣修复手指软组织缺损

目的 介绍以伤指指背筋膜为蒂，带指固有神经背侧支的岛状皮瓣顺行或逆行转移修复指腹或指背软组织缺损的方法。方法 在手指近、中节背侧沿指固有神经背侧支走行方向设计并切取筋膜蒂皮瓣，切取皮瓣时蒂部带一矩形皮瓣，以减轻转位后皮瓣蒂部的张力。皮瓣顺行转移不需缝合神经，逆行转移时与受区神经缝合。皮瓣切取范围不超过手指侧中线，切取面在腱周浅层，皮瓣转移轴线沿指固有神经背侧支走向。结果 本组17例22指皮瓣全部成活。结论 采用伤指指背筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣转移修复指腹或指背皮肤缺损是一种简单安全，行之有效的手术方法。     

End-to-side repair of thenar motor branch of median nerve to the ulnar nerve after excision of the median nerve neurofibroma

A 13-year-old male patient suffering for the past 5 years with a gradually swelling and occasionally painful volar side of right forearm, presented to our clinic without any trauma. An end-to-side nerve repair performed between the ulnar nerve and thenar motor branch, and second common digital nerve to the digital nerve of the first finger for mend the sensorial, digital, and motor impairments related to the median nerve associated plexiform neurofibroma that occured after the excision of the tumor.     

A variant of Kaplan's accessory branch of the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve: a case report and review of the literature

Kaplan's accessory branch is an aberrant branch of the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve that arises proximal to the styloid process of the ulna and courses ulnar to the pisiform. Variations of this anomaly have been described as having an end point of connection to the sensory branch of the ulnar nerve, to the motor branch of the ulnar nerve (rare), to the digital nerve at the level of the midhypothenar eminence, or to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the small finger or as running as an independent branch to the volar aspect of the small finger. We report a variant of Kaplan's accessory branch that coursed through the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris, a groove on the ulnar aspect of the pisiform, and connected to the ulnar nerve trunk proximal to its bifurcation into its motor and sensory branch. Based on the findings of the case presented and a review of the literature we offer a classification system for this anomaly.     

Aberrant course of a communicating branch of the ulnar nerve to the median nerve contributing to hypothenar Hammer syndrome

This presentation represents a unique anatomic predisposition to the development of hypothenar hammer syndrome (HHS). In this case, a communicating branch of the ulnar nerve to the median common digital nerve of the ring finger was identified crossing volar to the superficial palmar arch. This relationship caused thrombosis of the superficial palmar arch proximal to this crossing nerve branch. The aberrant course of this nerve created a structural anomaly contributing to HHS, which ultimately mandated surgical intervention.     

Anatomic variations in sensory innervation of the hand and digits

Anatomic dissections under microscopic magnification were performed on 30 fresh cadaveric hands to depict the course and interconnections of the sensory nerves to the digits. The dissections included the median nerve, the ulnar nerve, the superficial branch of the radial nerve, the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve, and the dorsal branch of the proper digital nerve. The communicating branches between the median and ulnar nerves in the palm were found in 20 of the 30 (67%) specimens. The dorsal branch of the proper digital nerve was found to arise at or proximal to the A1 pulley zone in 62% of the long digits, more proximally than previously reported. The dorsal sensory nerves (the terminal branch of radial or ulnar sensory nerves) extending to the nail bed area were found in 46% of the digits, thus confirming that sensory supply to the dorsum of the distal phalanx and nail bed also arises from the dorsal sensory nerves. Four types of palmar-dorsal interconnections, located in the middle of the proximal phalanx, were found in the digits but not in the thumb. The presence of these branches indicates dual innervation of the dorsal and palmar side of the distal areas of the digits. These anatomic findings may help hand surgeons interpret discrepancies in sensory loss after either dorsal or palmar injuries.     

Unusual anatomic variation of palmar sensory branches of the ulnar nerve: a case report.

Variant sensory branches of the ulnar nerve were encountered during a routine dissection of the palmar aspects of a cadaver hand. The variant branches were distributed to the ulnar half of the index, ulnar half of the middle, and radial half of the ring fingers. The communicating branch between the superficial ulnar branch and the third common digital branch of the median nerve was absent. Distribution of the median nerve sensory branches was normal. The clinical significance of this variation is discussed.     

不同术式的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损及术后感觉功能评价

我院自１９９２年到今，采用三种术式的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣：（１）吻合神经的；（２）不带神经支的；（３）带指神经血管束的；共急诊修复６８例８２指的手指末节指腹缺损。通过术后２年随访，对其感觉功能按英国医学研究会标准作了评价。通过比较认为吻合神经的指动脉蒂逆行岛状皮瓣因其解剖方便，血供可靠，术后感觉功能恢复好等优点而成为急诊修复手指末节指腹缺损的最佳术式。     

不同术式的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损及术后感觉功能评价

我院自１９９２年到今，采用三种术式的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣；（１）吻合神经的：（２）不带神经支的；（３）带指神经血管束的；共急诊修复６８例８２指的手指未节指腹缺损。通过术后２年的随访，对其感觉功能按英国医学研究会标准作了评价。通过比较认为吻合神经的指动脉蒂塑行岛状皮瓣因其解剖方便，血供可靠，术后感觉功能恢复好等优点而成为急诊修复手指未节指腹缺损的最佳术式。     

The sensory-motor bridge neurorraphy: an anatomic study of feasibility between sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve and deep branch of the radial nerve

Introduction: Restoring elbow flexion remains the first step in the management of total palsy of the brachial plexus. Non avulsed upper roots may be grafted on the musculocutaneous nerve. When this nerve is entirely grafted, some motor fibres regenerate within the sensory fibres quota. Aiming potential utilization of these lost motor fibres, we attempted suturing the sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve onto the deep branch of the radial nerve. The objective of our study was to assess the anatomic feasibility of such direct suturing of the terminal sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve onto the deep branch of the radial nerve. Methods: The study was carried out with 10 upper limbs from fresh cadavers. The sensory branch of the musculocutaneous muscle was dissected right to its division. The motor branch of the radial nerve was identified and dissected as proximally as possible into the radial nerve. Then, the distance separating the two nerves was measured so as to assess whether direct neurorraphy of the two branches was feasible. Results: The excessive distance between the two branches averaged 6 mm (1–13 mm). Thus, direct neurorraphy of the sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve and the deep branch of the radial nerve was possible. Conclusions: When the whole musculocutaneous nerve is grafted, some of its motor fibres are lost amongst the sensory fibres (cutaneous lateral antebrachial nerve). By suturing this sensory branch onto the deep branch of the radial nerve, “lost” fibres may be retrieved, resulting in restoration of digital extension. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.     

Anatomy of the thenar branch of the median nerve

The gross and interfascicular anatomy of the terminal portion of the thenar (or recurrent median) nerve was defined by a microdissection of 20 fresh-frozen cadaveric hands. The traditionally described pattern of one main thenar trunk with three terminal branches, one each to the abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and flexor pollicis brevis muscles, was observed in nine specimens (45%). One main trunk with two terminal branches (one branch to the abductor and one to the opponens, but no branch to the flexor) was seen in six specimens (30%). The remaining five specimens (25%) exhibited four other terminal patterns with either two, three, or four branches off the main trunk. In 15 specimens (75%), a previously undescribed "accessory thenar nerve" (ATN) arose from either the first common digital nerve (25%) or the radial proper digital nerve to the thumb (50%). The ATN innervated the flexor pollicis brevis.     

An aberrant branch of the radial digital nerve in the index finger: case report

This report describes an incidental finding of an aberrant branch of the radial digital nerve in the index finger of a 39-year-old woman who cut herself with a knife.     

Innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap for fingertip reconstruction

PURPOSE: Various methods of fingertip reconstruction with a sensory flap have been reported. Digital island flaps or cross-finger flaps have to be used for large defects; however, the digital artery is sacrificed when creating conventional homodigital island flaps and 2 surgeries are required for the cross-finger flap. We describe our experience with an innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap that does not require sacrifice of the digital artery. METHODS: We used innervated reverse dorsal digital flaps for fingertip reconstruction in 8 patients. The flap was supplied by the vascular network between the dorsal digital artery (the terminal branch of the dorsal metacarpal artery) and the dorsal branch of the digital artery. Venous drainage was through the cutaneous veins and the venous network associated with the dorsal arterial network. The flap was designed on either the dorsal proximal or the dorsal middle phalangeal region. The flap was harvested with the dorsal branch of the digital nerve (for the dorsal middle phalanx), the dorsal digital nerve (for the dorsal proximal phalanx), or the superficial branch of the radial nerve (for the thumb), which was anastomosed to the distal end of the digital nerve. After flap transfer the donor site was covered with a full-thickness skin graft. RESULTS: Of the 8 flaps, 6 survived completely, 1 had partial epithelial skin necrosis, and 1 showed central compression skin necrosis. Three flaps showed congestive changes from the first to the fifth day after surgery, which resolved by massage. All patients achieved satisfactory recovery of sensation; the static 2-point discrimination ranged from 3 mm to 5 mm and the Semmes-Weinstein test results ranged from 0.036 g to 0.745 g. CONCLUSIONS: The innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap provides another option for homodigital tip coverage. The advantages are that the digital artery is not sacrificed and only 1 surgery is needed. A disadvantage is the potential for venous congestion for the first 4 or 5 days after surgery.     

游离尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣修复手指创面

目的探讨尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣修复手指创面的手术方法及效果。方法对11例手指皮肤软组织缺损合并肌腱或骨外露者,采用游离尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣进行修复。其中8例面积为2．5cm×1．0cm-5．2cm×2．2cm的皮瓣．在腕上皮支下行支轴线上切取：3例面积为5．5cm×3．0cm×6．2cm×3．8cm的皮瓣,在腕上皮支下行支及上行支轴线上切取。皮瓣切取后,8例下行支皮瓣内腕上皮支主干均直接与受区指动脉吻合,3例合并有上行支的皮瓣均移植了前臂静脉与受区的指动脉吻合,皮瓣内的皮下静脉或伴行静脉分别与近端指掌侧或指背侧2-3根静脉吻合,将皮瓣内携带的1条尺神经手背支与指固有神经接合。结果术后11例皮瓣全部成活．并获得4～17个月随访。皮肤弹性、色泽、质地良好,外形满意。两点辨别觉9-12mm。结论游离尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣供区隐蔽,血管穿支位置恒定,不损伤主干血管,供区损伤小,切取简单。修复手指缺损外观满意,可携带神经恢复皮瓣感觉,是修复手指创面的一种理想选择。