沐浴露对敏感性皮肤耐受性功效评价

敏感性皮肤通常是对刺激的耐受性降低,处于一种高度敏感的皮肤状态,易受到各种物理化学因素的刺激而产生刺痛、烧灼、紧绷、瘙痒等一系列异常感觉[1].在该种状态下,皮肤的感受性、反应性较强,而抵抗力相对较弱.上海地区流行病学调查结果显示,女性自我评估为敏感性皮肤的比例高于男性,随着年龄的增大,自我评估为敏感性皮肤的比例降低.对于皮肤敏感性的评价方法中,科学合理的问卷也是评价皮肤敏感性的较好方法[2].     

乳酸刺痛反应对玫瑰痤疮患者局部皮肤敏感性的评价

敏感性皮肤被认为是一种高度敏感的皮肤状态,处于这种状态的皮肤易受到各种物理化学因素的刺激而产生刺痛、烧灼、紧绷、瘙痒等感觉。敏感性皮肤可出现在外观完全正常的皮肤,也可出现在某些疾病的临床期或亚临床期,如玫瑰痤疮。临床上将玫瑰痤疮分为4期：①阵发性红斑期：②红斑期：③丘疹脓疱期：④鼻赘期。在阵发性红斑期、红斑期和丘疹期患者常自觉皮肤敏感。敏感性皮肤的评判根据其机制可以分为主观评判、半主观评判和客观评判．其中乳酸刺痛试验是应用最广泛的一种方法。     

敏感性皮肤发病机制及其相关皮肤病的研究进展

敏感性皮肤常表现为皮肤受到轻微外界刺激后易产生不适感觉（包括潮红、瘙痒、烧灼、刺痛等）。敏感性皮肤发病机制主要涉及皮肤神经系统、皮肤屏障功能、皮肤血管系统、转录组学、反安慰剂效应等多方面。不少其他皮肤病（如特应性皮炎、玫瑰痤疮等）可伴敏感性皮肤的症状,易误诊误治。本文综述了敏感性皮肤的发病机制及相关皮肤病。     

78例面部敏感性皮肤患者的个性特征与心理状态调查分析

目的：调查面部敏感性皮肤患者的个性特征和心理状况。方法：采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)及症状自评量表(SCL-90)，对面部敏感性皮肤患者进行心理状态及个性特征的分析。结果：共收集面部敏感性皮肤患者78例，健康对照62例，面部敏感性皮肤组的精神质得分和神经质得分分别为4.77±2.01和10.78±4.65，显著高于正常对照组的3.01±1.71和7.31±3.88，差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)；面部敏感性皮肤组SCL-90量表各因子中强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执以及精神病性方面分值均显著高于全国常模(均P<0.01)。结论：面部敏感性皮肤患者存在心理问题及个性改变，在治疗面部敏感性皮肤患者时，应关注患者心理因素。     

敏感性皮肤产生原因的研究进展

敏感性皮肤是常见的皮肤异常状况，主要表现为皮肤干燥脱屑、发红，容易产生瘙痒、烧灼、刺痛、紧绷等感觉。其特征是主观症状明显，客观症状轻微，受到外界轻微刺激就会产生强烈反应^[1-4]。一般认为敏感性皮肤是内外界因素共同作用的结果，诱发因素复杂多样。     

不同原因导致敏感性皮肤的皮肤生理功能测试及临床意义

目的:探讨痤疮、激素依赖性皮炎、特应性皮炎和干燥性湿疹等不同原因导致敏感性皮肤的皮肤生理功能特点,指导敏感性皮肤的护理和治疗.方法:选取各种原因导致的敏感性皮肤受试者154名,均为女性.运用无创性皮肤生理功能测试仪测量受试者的皮肤皮脂含量、角质层含水量和经表皮水分丢失(TEWL).结果:与单纯敏感性皮肤比较,痤疮组皮脂含量较高(P＜0.05),激素依赖性皮炎组TEWL值较高(P＜0.05),特应性皮炎和干燥性湿疹组皮脂含量、角质层含水量较低,而TEWL值较高(P＜0.05),其余参数比较差异无统计学意义;与痤疮导致的敏感性皮肤比较,激素依赖性皮炎组皮脂含量较低(P＜0.05),TEWL值较高(P＜0.05),特应性皮炎和干燥性湿疹组皮脂含量、角质层含水量较低(P＜0.05),而TEWL值较高(P＜0.05),其余参数比较差异无统计学意义;与激素依赖性皮炎导致的敏感性皮肤比较.特应性皮炎和干燥性湿疹组皮脂含量较低(P＜0.05),其余参数比较差异无统计学意义.结论:不同原因导致敏感性皮肤的皮肤屏障功能状态不完全一致,应根据不同病因对敏感性皮肤进行治疗和护理.     

日光反应性皮肤分型及其影响因素分析

本文介绍了日光反应性皮肤类型的历史背景、基本概念和分型方法，对问卷式调查法的不足之处、皮肤类型与皮肤色的关系、皮肤类型与皮肤对紫线照射的敏感性以及其它影响皮肤正确分型的多种因素进行了分析探讨。笔者提出应正确理解皮肤类型的含义及相关概念，合理对待皮肤类型的分型结果。     

敏感性皮肤的认识与评判

敏感性皮肤是一种常见的皮肤异常现象，其产生的原因与皮肤屏障功能的降低、感觉神经的高输入性和皮肤免疫性增加有关，临床上可分为4种类型，表现为主观性和客观性两大类。根据其发病机制，采用问卷调查、皮肤化学探头试验、生物物理参数和皮肤试验的检测来进行评判。     

透明质酸对敏感性皮肤屏障功能修复的研究进展

敏感性皮肤是一种皮肤高度敏感的状态,在这种状态下皮肤极易受到外界刺激因素而产生不适。病因复杂,其中之一是皮肤屏障功能障碍。透明质酸是皮肤组织成分,具有保水性、润滑性、成膜性、促进上皮再生性、安全性等特性,对敏感性皮肤的皮肤屏障有一定的修复功效。本文就目前国内外关于透明质酸对敏感性皮肤屏障功能修复的研究进展做一综述。     

敏感性皮肤及其处理对策

敏感性皮肤是指皮肤对多种内外因素的耐受性降低、敏感性增强。敏感皮肤的发生与年龄、性别、身体解剖部位以及种族有关。敏感性皮肤者生活质量下降。由于其病因不明,有效控制敏感性皮肤一直是个挑战。近来研究显示,表皮通透屏障功能和瞬时感受器电位香草酸受体与敏感性皮肤的发生有关。因此,改善表皮通透屏障功能和瞬时感受器电位香草酸受体抑制剂可能有助于改善敏感性皮肤。     

Sensitive skin in Europe

Introduction  Sensitive skin appears as a very frequent condition, but there is no comparative data between countries.
Objectives  To perform an epidemiological approach to skin sensitivity in different European countries.
Methods  An opinion poll was conducted in eight European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland. This sample (4506 persons) was drawn from a representative sample of each population aged 15 years or older.
Results  Sensitive or very sensitive skin was declared by 38.4% and slightly or not sensitive skin by 61.6%. Women declared more sensitive skin than men. A dermatological disease was declared by 31.2% of people with very sensitive skin, 17.6% of those with sensitive skin, 8.7% of those with slightly sensitive skin and 3.7% of those who do not have sensitive skin. A history of childhood atopic dermatitis was more frequent in patients with sensitive or very sensitive skin. The interviewees who declared that they had dry or oily skin also reported significantly more frequently sensitive or very sensitive skin than those with normal skin. Sensitive and very sensitive skins were clearly more frequent in Italy and France.
Discussion  This study is the first study that compares skin sensitivity in European countries. Prevalence is high, but significant differences are noted between these countries. Dermatological antecedents (or treatments?) could be involved in the occurrence of skin sensitivity.

Conflicts of interest

None declared     

Neural basis of sensitive skin: an fMRI study

Background/purpose: About 50% of women declare themselves to have sensitive skin. However, sensitive skin still appears to be a questionable problem not corresponding to a specific physiological pattern. To objectivate the neural basis of sensitive skin, we measured cerebral response to cutaneous provocative tests in self‐perceived sensitive and non‐sensitive skin subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Subjects were divided into two groups according to their self‐perceived characterization by using a dedicated questionnaire about their skin reactivity. Event‐related fMRI was used to measure cerebral activation associated with skin discomfort induced by a simultaneous split‐face application of lactic acid and of its vehicle. Results and discussion: In both groups, skin discomfort due to lactic acid increased activity in the primary sensorimotor cortex contralateral to application site and in a bilateral fronto‐parietal network including parietal cortex, prefrontal areas around the superior frontal sulcus, and the supplementary motor area. However, activity was significantly larger in the sensitive skin group. Most remarkably, in the sensitive skin group only, activity spreaded into the ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortex and the bilateral peri‐insular secondary somatosensory area. Our results demonstrate that, compared with control subjects, self‐perceived sensitive skin subjects have a specific cerebral activation during skin irritative test, which allows us to hypothesize that self‐perceived sensitive skin is intrinsically linked to a specific neurophysiologic pattern for these subjects. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that fMRI is an effective objective method for measuring cerebral processes underlying skin reactivity and contributes to a better understanding of the neural basis of the sensitive skin phenomenon.     

Perceptions of sensitive skin: changes in perceived severity and associations with environmental causes

Background: The number of individuals who perceive themselves to have sensitive skin appear to be on the increase. A single definition of this condition remains elusive. Objectives: We used an epidemiological approach to evaluate the reasons why responders feel they have sensitive skin, how their skin has changed over time, and if there are sex, ethnic, and age group differences. Methods: A total of 1039 individuals filled out standard questionnaires. Respondents were not selected based on any criteria related to sensitive skin but consisted of individuals participating in other studies. Results: About 53% stated that their skin had been sensitive for more than 5 years, and 31% claimed that their skin has become more sensitive. When asked to describe why they have sensitive skin, severe weather was the reason most commonly selected. Visual (redness/swelling) and sensory (burning/stinging) reactions to products was also selected as the reason. Caucasians more often claimed that products produced visual effects, whereas African‐Americans more often claimed that products produced sensory effects. The environmental factor most strongly associated with sensitive skin was stress. Conclusions: Overall, the data support the generally accepted definition of sensitive skin as a reduced tolerance to cosmetics and toiletries; however, many individuals feel they have sensitive skin for other reasons unrelated to cosmetics and toiletries.     

Efficacy of the combined use of a facial cleanser and moisturizers for the care of mild acne patients with sensitive skin

Acne is a common skin disease that involves the seborrheic area of the face and results from the obstruction of hair follicles followed by inflammation. Careful face washing helps to improve and prevent acne; however, intensive washing has a risk of inducing skin barrier impairment and dry skin, especially in sensitive skin. We hypothesized that skin care combining mild skin cleansing and intensive moisturizing (“combination skin care”) may be effective in the care of acne in subjects with dry skin and/or sensitive skin. We developed a combination skin care with a weakly acidic foaming facial skin cleanser based on a mild detergent, an aqueous lotion with eucalyptus extract and a moisturizing gel containing pseudo‐ceramide and eucalyptus extract. To optimize an ideal facial skin care system for mild acne on sensitive skin, we performed a 4‐week clinical trial with 29 post‐adolescent Japanese women with mild acne with dry and sensitive skin. The acne significantly decreased after this trial accompanied by the improvement of dry skin, a significantly increased endogenous ceramide level in the stratum corneum and an elongated alkyl chain length of the non‐hydroxy acyl sphingosine type ceramide. No adverse events due to the test samples were observed. Based on diagnosis by a dermatologist, 97% of the subjects found the combination skin care to be “useful” or “slightly useful”. Based on these findings, the combined use of a facial skin cleanser and moisturizers is safe and effective for the care of acne in post‐adolescent Japanese women with sensitive skin.     

Sensitive skin: an epidemiological study

BACKGROUND: There is a growing awareness that some individuals exhibit heightened skin sensitivity, particularly on the face, and have a high incidence of adverse reactions to cosmetics and toiletries. OBJECTIVES: To carry out an epidemiological study to assess the prevalence of sensitive skin and cosmetic-related adverse events in a U.K. population, and to examine possible factors that may be associated with sensitive skin. METHODS: Self-assessment questionnaires were sent out to 3300 women and 500 men, randomly selected, who were over the age of 18 years and lived within a 10-mile radius of High Wycombe (Bucks.). Fifty non-responder women were also questioned by telephone to ensure that the postal responders were representative of the population as a whole. RESULTS: The response rates were 62% for women and 52% for men, with the incidence of self-reported skin sensitivity being 51.4% and 38.2%, respectively. Ten per cent of women and 5.8% of men described themselves as having very sensitive skin. Fifty-seven per cent of women and 31.4% of men had experienced an adverse reaction to a personal product at some stage in their lives, with 23% of women and 13.8% of men having had a problem in the last 12 months. Among the women, symptoms of cosmetic-induced subjective sensory skin discomfort (burning, stinging, itching etc.) occurred more commonly in the sensitive skin cohort (53%) than in those who regarded themselves as non-sensitive (17%). An atopic diathesis in women did not appear to be a predictive factor for sensitive skin, the incidence of self-perceived sensitive skin being equivalent for atopics (49%) and non-atopics (51%). Furthermore, some 34% of atopic women described themselves as being non-sensitive. Nevertheless, the incidence of atopy was higher among the women in the sensitive skin group (49%) than among those in the non-sensitive group (27%). Dry skin and a predilection for blushing/flushing were associated factors for sensitive skin. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey indicates that sensitive facial skin is a common problem for women and men in the U.K. and points to the need for the development of personal products designed for this skin phenotype.     

Cleansing, moisturizing, and sun-protection regimens for normal skin, self-perceived sensitive skin, and dermatologist-assessed sensitive skin

Acquiring or maintaining healthy skin requires a multifunctional approach: mild cleansing, moisturizing, and sun protection. The clinical benefits of a daily, healthy facial skin-care regimen comprising a mild cleanser and moisturizer were evaluated on normal skin, self-perceived sensitive skin, and dermatologist-assessed sensitive skin for a period of up to 4 weeks. Subjects with normal, healthy skin were photographed with a calibrated, high-resolution digital camera, and the average improvement in overall health was calculated using image morphing and facial averaging techniques, following a 2-week period of product application. In a second study that included subjects with self-assessed sensitive facial skin, changes in skin hydration, skin dryness, and skin sensitivity (determined by means of a lactic acid sting test and subject self-assessment) were monitored during a 3-week regimen of mild cleansing and moisturizing with products designed for sensitive skin. The third study involved dermatologist-assessed highly sensitive skin patients (mostly rosacea with an atopic background in some cases). These patients underwent a 4-week skin-care regimen involving mild cleansing and moisturizing. In all three studies, significant improvements in skin health/quality were observed by means of expert assessments, instrumental evaluations, and subjective self-assessment.     

The Impact of Chronic Skin Disease on Daily Life (ISDL): a generic and dermatology-specific health instrument

BACKGROUND: In dermatological research and clinical practice, there is a need for comprehensive self-report instruments that assess a broad spectrum of health implications of chronic skin diseases, including generic and skin-specific aspects of disease-related quality of life. The advantages of dermatology-specific, multidimensional instruments over generic instruments or single-dimensional quality-of-life measures are in the detailed and specific information they provide about health areas that are affected by the skin condition and that may change through therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVES: The development of a multidimensional health status inventory for chronic skin diseases (Impact of Chronic Skin Disease on Daily Life, ISDL) is described. The dermatology-specific part of the inventory assesses dimensions of physical functioning, more specifically skin status, physical symptoms of itch, pain and fatigue and scratching responses as well as disease-related stressors like stigmatization. The generic part gauges dimensions of psychological functioning, disease-related impact, illness cognitions and social support by means of existing scales validated for other chronic diseases. METHODS: Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were studied in various samples of patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. RESULTS: The ISDL showed high reliability and test-retest reliability in both patient groups. Convergent validity was indicated by moderate to strong correlations with other validated questionnaires. The scales proved sensitive to change both for dermatological ultraviolet B radiation therapy and cognitive behavioural treatment for itching. CONCLUSION: With its convincing results for reliability and validity the present evaluation supports the usefulness and applicability of the instrument for different chronic skin diseases.