HPLC测定维药祖卡木胶囊中大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定祖卡木胶囊中大黄素和大黄酚的含量。方法：采用Waters Symmetry C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm）色谱柱，流动相：甲醇-0．1％磷酸溶液（80：20）；检测波长：254mm；流速1．0ml·min^-1；柱温35℃。结果：大黄素在0．8—6．6μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）范围内，有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为98．8％（n=9），RSD为1．7％。大黄酚在2．0—10．2μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）范围内，有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为101．3％（n=9），RSD为1．6％。结论：方法具有操作简单、准确的优点，能有效控制祖卡木胶囊的质量。     

RP—HPLC法测定干姜中3种姜酚的含量

目的：对干姜中6-姜酚（I）、8-姜酚（Ⅱ）和10-姜酚（Ⅲ）3种姜酚进行含量测定。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法，使用AgilentHe—C8柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈-0．1％醋酸水溶液，梯度洗脱（乙腈-0．1％醋酸水溶液比例分别为：0～23min，43：57；23—50min，65：35；50～60min，80：20），流速1．0mL·min，检测波长275nm，柱温30℃。结果：化合物Ⅰ～Ⅲ进样量在0．5～20．0μg范围内与峰面积均有良好的线性关系，相关系数r均为0．9999（n=6）。化合物Ⅰ～Ⅲ的平均回收率（n=6）分别为100．6％，101．6％，99．8％；RSD分别为1．3％，1．6％，2．4％。结论：本方法能够准确测定干姜中3种姜酚的含量。     

拉萨藏族血清脂肪酸及胆固醇与血压的关系

对49—54岁年龄组的拉萨藏族98（男42、女56）例的血清TC、TP、ALB、Na、K及FA（N＝12，男14，女56）等变量作了测定，以探讨血脂质及脂肪酸与血压水平的关系。结果显示：血清亚油酸、C：20—3、ω－3族等脂肪酸含量较低、C：14－0与SBP、DBP呈显著正相关；TC、C：20－3、C：20－4及20－5与SBP或DBP呈显著负相关。C：14－0及C：16－1cis作为正性因子进入SBP及DBP多元回归方程；TC、C：24－1、C：20－2、C：20－3及20－5作为负性因子进入SBP及DBP多元回归方程。高血压组SBP变异可能41％归因于C：14－0、DBP变异可能45％归因于C：20－3。结果提示饮食中饱和脂肪酸C：14－0过多以及某些多不饱和脂肪酸如C：20－3，ω－3族不足是引起拉萨藏族人群平均血压和患病率高的因素。而摄取动物性脂肪过多、植物性食油和鱼类食物较少可能是导致上述饮食中营养成分结构失调的原因。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中苯巴比妥浓度

目的：建立测定人血浆中苯巴比妥浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法以 DiamonsilTM C18反相柱（150mm ×4．6mm，5μm）为色谱柱，流动相为50mmol? L－1醋酸铵－甲醇（15∶85 V／V）；流速：1．0mL? min －1；检测温度：30℃；检测波长：230nm。提取剂为乙酸乙酯与二氯甲烷（90∶10 V／V）。结果苯巴比妥的低、中、高（4．0，16．0，48．0μg? mL－1）3个浓度点平均相对回收率均大于95％，提取回收率大于75％；日内、日间相对标准偏差（RSD）均低于15％（n＝5）；分析方法的检测限1．0μg? mL －1；苯巴比妥在2．0～64．0μg? mL －1范围内线性关系良好，r＝0．9998（n ＝7）。线性方程：Y＝3．182X＋1．06。结论该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速，可用于苯巴比妥临床血药浓度监测和药动学研究。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定心脑贯通滴丸中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1的含量

目的：建立心脑贯通滴丸（三七、银杏叶）中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1的含量测定HPLC—ELSD方法。方法：色谱柱AgilentODS C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈-水，梯度洗脱，ELSD漂移管温度70℃；氮气流速2．0L·min-1；柱温35℃。结果：3种皂苷，线性范围分别为：三七皂苷R10．26～2．6μg（r=0．9992），人参皂苷Rg10．8～8．0μg（r=0．9998），人参皂苷Rb10．7～7．4μg（r=0．9990），平均回收率分别为100．6％，102．5％和103．3％；RSD分别为3．3％，3．8％和3．9％（n=5）。结论：结果准确，便于操作，可作为心脑贯通滴丸的质量控制方法之一。     

高效液相色谱法测定萜烯树脂中有机溶剂残留量

目的：建立苯、甲苯、苯乙烯在萜烯树脂中残留量的高效液相色谱测定法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法，色谱柱：ZORBAX SB-C18柱（5μm，4．6mm×250mm，Agilent）；流动相：甲醇-水（60：40）；流速：1mL·min^-1；检测波长：261nm；柱温：30℃；进样量：10μL；结果：在考察的浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系。苯：（10．015～50．075ng，Y=1043．3X-58．3），甲苯：（20．042～501．5ng，Y=1995．8X＋1322．3），苯乙烯：（2．0234～505．85ng，Y=42059.9X-16659．6）；回收率：苯为98．18％，RSD=1．80％，n=6；甲苯为99．12％，RSD=0．77％，n=6；苯乙烯为99．28％，RSD=0．75％，n=6；最低检测限：苯为2×10^-1ppm；甲苯为1×10^-1ppm；苯乙烯为2×10^-2ppm。结论：该法操作简便、准确、灵敏，重现性好，可用于萜烯树脂中苯、甲苯、苯乙烯的残留量检测。     

高效液相色谱-库伦阵列电化学法测定大鼠血浆中克拉霉素的浓度

目的：建立大鼠血浆中克拉霉素浓度的高效液相色谱-电化学检测（HPLC—ECD）方法。方法：采用Nova—Pak C18色谱柱（150mm×3．9mm，5μm）色谱柱；以0．085mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾-乙腈（1：1）为流动相，pH7．1；流速1mL·min^-1；柱温为30℃；库伦阵列电化学检测器的工作电位为860mV。结果：血浆中克拉霉素检测方法的线性范围为0．1～8μg·mL^-1，检出限可达50ng·mL^-1；血浆中克拉霉素的方法回收率（n=5）为90．2％-95．7％，提取回收率（n=5）为88．7％～91．5％；日内RSD≤3．3％，日间RSD≤5．2％。结论：本法灵敏、准确，可用于克拉霉素的药代动力学研究。     

HPLC法测定维尔康胶囊中维生素C和维生素B1的含量

目的：应用高效液相色谱法同时测定维尔康胶囊中维生素C和维生素B1的含量。方法：色谱条件：C18柱，0.03mol／L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液（用磷酸调节pH至3．0）-甲醇（99：1）为流动相，检测波长为246nm。结果：该方法的维生素C的回收率为99．7％（RSD=2．2％，n=9）；维生素B，的回收率为100．2％（RSD=0．5%，n=9）。结论：本法简便、灵敏、准确。     

HPLC法测定Vc银翘片中维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同法测定Vc银翘片中维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚的含量。方法：采用C18拄，以乙腈-0．05mol／LKH2PO4溶液-三乙胺-H2PO4（10：90：0．02：0．03）为流动相，检测波长249nm。结果：维生素C的浓度在10～160μg／ml范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9999，对乙酰氨基酚的浓度在20～320μg／ml范围内线性关系良好，r=0.9997。平均回收率：维生素C 98．6％，RSD=1．2％（n=5）；对乙酰氨基酚99．7％，RSD％=0．8％（n=5）。结论：本方法测定Vc银翘片中维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚的含量准确，方便快捷，且分离效果好。     

用RP—HPLC法测定人体内辛伐他汀血药浓度

目的：建立RP-HPLC法测定人血浆中辛伐他汀的含量。方法：采用Kromasil C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相为甲醇-乙腈-水（80：5：15）；流速为1．0mL／min；检测波长238nm；柱温为30℃。结果：辛伐他汀的血药浓度在2．0～150．0ng／mL范围内线性良好，定量下限为2．0ng／mL。回归方程为A=1．589×10^8c-218．0，r=0．9999（n=7），低、中、高浓度（6．5、23．0、65．0ng／mL）的相对回收率分别为（100．28±3．35）％、（97．57±3．21）％和（100．25±2．82）％，日内和日间RSD为2．40％～4．32％（n=5）。结论：本法快速、高效、灵敏，适用于辛伐他汀的血药浓度测定。     

北沙参的脂肪酸特征及产地差异性分析

目的 研究北沙参的脂肪酸特征,比较山东莱阳、河北安国、内蒙古赤峰等三个主产地的北沙参脂肪酸差异。方法 Bligh and Dyer法提取总脂;甲酯化后,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析;通过与脂肪酸标准品及NIST 11.0质谱数据库比对鉴定脂肪酸种类,采用面积归一法分别计算各成分的相对质量分数。结果 分别从山东莱阳、河北安国和内蒙古赤峰的北沙参药材中鉴定了17、17和18种脂肪酸;三个产地药材的优势脂肪酸种类一致,依次为C18:2 n-6c（亚油酸,49.22~63.96%）、C16:0（棕榈酸,17.43~25.33%）和C18:1 n-9c（油酸,13.85~19.44%）,均未检测到n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）。山东莱阳药材的多不饱和脂肪酸总量（PUFA）低于河北安国及内蒙古赤峰,但饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、 单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）三者比值最接近1:1:1。结论 不同产地北沙参的脂肪酸种类相近。亚油酸是北沙参含量优势脂肪酸,提示可以作为北沙参防治胆固醇代谢相关疾病的质量标志物候选分子。     

Fish oil fatty acids as cardiovascular drugs

Starting in the 1970s the hypothesis that the low mortality from coronary heart disease among the Greenland Eskimos was due to their high consumption of n-3 fish oil fatty acids, initiated many studies to find if the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oils (PUFAs) could prevent cardiac atherosclerosis. To date this possibility has not achieved clinical recognition. The recent literature shows an increase of intervention studies to learn if the fish oil fatty acids can reduce mortality from sudden cardiac death, and the mechanism(s) of such a protective effect. Indeed the most definite beneficial cardiac action of these n-3 PUFAs seems now to be their ability in the short term to prevent sudden cardiac death. It is apparent that over long periods of time the n-3 fish oil fatty acids also prevent atherosclerosis. Definition of the fatty acids to which I will be referring in the text: n-6 (omega-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids; linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA); arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, AA). n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids; alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, ALA); eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA); docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA). The bold, underlined abbreviation will appear in the text to identify the fatty acid being discussed.     

The potential adverse effects of acrylamide on the oxidative stress response,fatty acids profile,and histopathological aspect of the Mediterranean Holothuria forskali respiratory tree

Acrylamide (ACR), organic compound, has been widely used owing to its broad spectrum of chemical and industrial applications. This study aims at evaluating the response of the antioxidant defense system, fatty acid composition and histopathological aspect in the respiratory trees of Holothuria forskali against ACR exposure under laboratory conditions. Holothuries were exposed to 5, 10, and 20 mg L⁻¹ ACR concentrations for 5 days. A significant increase in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels especially the arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6) and its precursor linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) in ACR-treated organisms. Regarding the n-3 levels, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) levels were increased in treated groups despite an acute decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) levels was observed. Our results showed a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and metallothionein levels along with an alteration of the antioxidants status in all treated sea cucumbers. The exposure to ACR prompted the inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The histopathological aspect was marked especially with the infiltration of coelomic cells which confirms our biochemical findings. Our study provided novel insights to create a link between redox status and fatty acid composition disruptions to better understand ACR-triggered toxicity.     

添加n-3脂肪酸的全肠外营养对外科全身炎症反应综合征患者的影响

目的:探讨添加n-3脂肪酸的全肠外营养(TPN)对外科全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)患者的影响。方法:将48例诊断SIRS的外科危重症患者随机分为实验组(含n-3脂肪酸)和对照组(不含n-3脂肪酸),均给予常规外科治疗及连续TPN 5 d,分别于TPN前1天和后第5天抽取外周静脉血,测量炎症反应指标:C反应蛋白(CRP)、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、IL-8;肝脏和胰腺功能:血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(ASAT)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALAT)、胆红素(TBIL)、脂肪酶(LPS);并分别进行APACHE评分。结果:所有患者均无不良反应发生,两组CRP、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、ASAT、ALAT、TBIL、LPS、APACHE评分研究结束时均有改善(P<0.05),但实验组改善优于对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:添加n-3脂肪酸的TPN对SIRS患者在阻断过度炎症反应、保护重要器官功能方面发挥了重要的作用,有利于细胞及器官功能的恢复。     

Amino acid and fatty acid composition of an aqueous extract of Channa striatus (Haruan) that exhibits antinociceptive activity

1. The present study was performed in order to determine the amino acid and fatty acid composition of an aqueous extract of the freshwater fish Channa striatus, obtained by soaking (1:2, w/v) fresh fillets overnight in a chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) solvent, to elucidate the mechanism responsible for its antinociceptive activity and to clarify the relationship between the presence of the amino and fatty acids and the expected activity. 2. The aqueous extract was found to contain all amino acids with the major amino acids glycine, alanine, lysine, aspartic acid and proline making up 35.77 +/- 0.58, 10.19 +/- 1.27, 9.44 +/- 0.56, 8.53 +/- 1.15 and 6.86 +/- 0.78% of the total protein, respectively. 3. In addition, the aqueous extract was found to have a high palmitic acid (C16:0) content, which contributed approximately 35.93 +/- 0.63% to total fatty acids. The other major fatty acids in the aqueous extract were oleic acid (C18:1), stearic acid (C18:0), linoleic acid (C18:2) and arachidonic acid (C20:4), contributing 22.96 +/- 0.40, 15.31 +/- 0.33, 11.45 +/- 0.31 and 7.44 +/- 0.83% of total fatty acids, respectively. 4. Furthermore, the aqueous extract was demonstrated to possess concentration-dependent antinociceptive activity, as expected, when assessed using the abdominal constriction test in mice. 5. It is concluded that the aqueous extract of C. striatus contains all the important amino acids, but only some of the important fatty acids, which are suggested to play a key role in the observed antinociceptive activity of the extract, as well as in the traditionally claimed wound healing properties of the extract.     

Inhibition of prostaglandin H synthase and activation of 12-lipoxygenase by 8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid in human endothelial cells and platelets

The effects of the marine fatty acid 20:4n-3, an isomer of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), have been compared to that of 20:5n-3 on 20:4n-6 oxygenation in human platelets and endothelial cells. In platelets, 20:4n-3 added along with 20:4n-6 was as potent as 20:5n-3 in inhibiting prostaglandin H synthase (PGH synthase) activity. From 2.5- to 10 microM of 20:4n-6, the synthesis of thromboxane B2 and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid, reflecting the PGH/thromboxane synthase activity, was lowered by 5 and 10 microM of both fatty acids. In contrast, 20:4n-3, but not 20:5n-3, strongly stimulated the lipoxygenase activity at each concentration of 20:4n-6 used whatever the amount of 20:4n-3 added. The effects of both n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial cell PGH/prostacyclin synthases were compared after 2- and 24-hr incubation with the cells, leading to moderate (2 hr) and high (24 hr) concentrations of these fatty acids in membrane phospholipids. The incorporation of 20:4n-3 and 20:5n-3 occurred mostly in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and did not alter the 20:4n-6 level of phospholipid classes after 2-hr supplementation, whereas it was drastically decreased after 24 hr. The synthesis of prostacyclin obtained after cell stimulation by 0.1 U/mL thrombin was unaffected by the fatty acid modifications induced after 2-hr supplementation, whereas it was strongly depressed after 24 hr. It was concluded that 20:4n-3 is not an agonist for platelet activation, despite its close structural analogy with 20:4n-6, and is as potent as 20:5n-3 in inhibiting PGH synthase activities, showing that the double bond at C5 is not necessary for inhibition. In contrast, the oxygenation of 20:4n-6 by 12-lipoxygenase was stimulated by 20:4n-3 but not by 20:5n-3, which might be related to the efficient oxygenation of 20:4n-3 by this enzyme compared with 20:5n-3.     

Red cell membrane omega-3 fatty acids are decreased in nondepressed patients with social anxiety disorder.

The "phospholipid hypothesis" attributes a pathophysiologic role to the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of phospholipids in depression. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the hypothesis is relevant to social anxiety disorder (SAD). The study sample consisted of 27 untreated, nondepressed patients with SAD (DSM-IV) and 22 controls. Severity of SAD was assessed with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Erythrocyte PUFA concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Concentrations of most n-3 PUFAs were lower in the patients: 18:3n-3 by 32% (p < 0.002), 20:3n-3 by 34%, 20:5n-3 by 36% (all p < 0.001) and 22:6n-3 by 18% (p = 0.002). No significant differences were observed in other fatty acids. Significant inverse correlations were obtained between levels of n-3 PUFAs and LSAS scores. In conclusion, the phospholipid hypothesis may apply to SAD, thereby opening new therapeutic options. The robust relationship between low erythrocyte n-3 PUFA concentrations and SAD justifies exploration of relevant neuropathophysiological mechanisms.     

Differential modulation by simvastatin of the metabolic pathways in the n-9, n-6 and n-3 fatty acid series, in human monocytic and hepatocytic cell lines

Statins affect the production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), both in vitro and in vivo. Various studies have shown the effects of statins on the pattern of n-6 fatty acids (FA), but limited attention has been paid to the n-3 FA. We investigated, in THP-1 and in HepG2 cells, the effects of simvastatin on the conversion of the 18C FA precursors in the n-3 and n-6 series, [1-(14)C] alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LNA) and [1-(14)C] linoleic acid (LA) respectively, and on the metabolism of [1-(14)C] stearic acid (SA). THP-1 cells, as in the case of LA, actively converted alpha-LNA to its products, and after simvastatin treatment, the total conversion was significantly increased (from 57.2+/-7.2 to 74.3+/-8.5%, p<0.05). HepG2 cells also converted LA and alpha-LNA, but simvastatin increased significantly only the conversion of LA (9.5+/-1.9% versus 23.8+/-5.1%, p<0.02). SA conversion was similar in untreated cells (about 50%), while statin increased the production of oleic acid in HepG2, but in THP-1 cells there was a decrease. In conclusion, LA, alpha-LNA and SA are differentially metabolized in THP-1 and in HepG2 cells and their increased conversion by simvastatin is lower in HepG2 than in THP-1. These differences may reflect the distinct features of the two cell lines: monocytes, precursors of phagocytic cells, versus hepatocytes with mainly metabolic functions. Substantial differences concern also cellular FA pools: structural in THP-1 cells, and also depot, resulting in sequestering of the substrates, in HepG2. The greater n-3 FA metabolism in THP-1 cells may have favourable functional effects.     

实验性糖尿病大鼠肝,肾,心,脑脂肪酸代谢的动态变化

报道对链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的实验性糖尿病大鼠几种重要脏器（肝、肾、心、脑）卵磷脂、脑磷脂中脂肪酸构成的变化。不饱和脂肪酸变化的模式（C18：2n-6，C20：3n-6，C22：5n-3，C22：6n-3增加，C20：4n-6降低）基本相同，改变的先后顺序是肝→心、肾→脑。     

Metabolic characteristics of healthy adult males as affected by ingestion of a liquid nutritional formula containing fish oil, oligosaccharides, gum arabic and antioxidant vitamins

n-3 fatty acids from fish oil and short-chain fatty acids produced from fermentation of oligosaccharides may attenuate a portion of gut injury and inflammation associated with ulcerative colitis. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an enteral nutritional formula containing supplemental oligosaccharides, gum arabic and fish oil on serum metabolite profiles, haematology, plasma and red blood cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid profiles, urinary constituent, and safety in healthy human adult males. 30 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatments, a control formula (n = 10) and an ulcerative colitis nutritional formula (UCNF; n = 20). Formulas contained comparable levels of protein, fat and non-structural carbohydrates. Daily intake of the formulas provided nutrients to meet or exceed the recommended daily allowance. Intake was recorded daily while blood and urine samples were collected weekly on days 0, 7 and 14. Certain subjects consuming large quantities of the UCNF experienced some abdominal distention, gas and loose stools. Sole source intake of the UCNF was safe over 14 days as assessed by routine measurements of serum metabolite profiles, haematology and urinalysis compared with subjects fed the control formula. Substantial decreases in plasma and red blood cell phospholipid 18:2n-6 and increases in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 within 1 wk of feeding the UCNF were noted.