重组人Ⅱ型TNF-α受体-抗体融合蛋白对胶原诱导性关节炎模型大鼠关节滑膜细胞NF-κB信号表达的影响

目的:探讨重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白(rhTNFR:Fc)对胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)模型大鼠关节滑膜细胞NF-κB信号表达的影响。方法:将40只6周龄的雌性Wistar大鼠按照随机数表法随机分为空白组、模型组、醋酸泼尼松对照组和rhTNFR:Fc治疗组,每组10只。制备CIA模型,以Western blotting法检测关节滑膜细胞NF-κB/P65、p-ⅠκBα表达的情况。结果:rhTNFR:Fc治疗组和醋酸泼尼松对照组可下调CIA大鼠滑膜细胞NF-κB/P65、p-ⅠκBα的表达,与模型组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:rhTNFR:Fc可通过降低CIA大鼠关节滑膜细胞NF-κB/P65、p-ⅠκBα蛋白表达以达到缓解炎症的作用。     

甲氨蝶呤联合环磷酰胺对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的通过对类风湿关节炎(RA)动物模型胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠的实验研究,从滑膜细胞凋亡的角度,探讨甲氨蝶呤(MTX)联合环磷酰胺(CTX)的协同作用和机制。方法建立Ⅱ型胶原诱导性雌性Wistar大鼠CIA模型,将造模成功的60只大鼠随机分成4组:CIA模型对照组、小剂量MTX治疗组(MTX0.9mg/kg,每周1次)、小剂量CTX治疗组(24mg/kg,每3周1次)及小剂量MTX联合小剂量CTX治疗组(0.9mg/kg,每周1次,CTX24mg/kg,每3周1次);再选8只为正常对照组。治疗24周后全部动物处死取材,再经固定、脱钙、包埋,通过TUNEL法检测滑膜细胞凋亡。结果各治疗组滑膜细胞凋亡均较CIA模型组增加,联合治疗组凋亡程度最高,各组间平均灰度值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论提示MTX和CTX联合治疗RA为协同作用。     

蕲蛇煮散剂的最佳粉碎粒度优选及其对人类风湿性关节炎成纤维样滑膜细胞凋亡的影响

目的:优选蕲蛇煮散剂的最佳粉碎粒度,并研究其对人类风湿性关节炎成纤维样滑膜细胞凋亡的影响。方法:采用柱前衍生化反相高效液相色谱法,以煎煮1次后4种主要氨基酸(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、L-羟脯氨酸和甘氨酸)的总煎出量为指标,对蕲蛇饮片及过1~8号筛部分进行筛选,优选蕲蛇煮散剂的最佳粉碎粒度。将人类风湿性关节炎成纤维样滑膜细胞分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组(1μmol/L甲氨蝶呤)和最佳粉碎粒度蕲蛇煮散剂组(2.0 mg/mL),分别作用48 h后,采用流式细胞术测定细胞凋亡率。结果:蕲蛇煮散剂的最佳粉碎粒度为过6号筛,此时4种主要氨基酸总煎出量为(61.27±0.02)mg/g(n=3)。与阴性对照组比较,最佳粉碎粒度蕲蛇煮散剂组细胞凋亡率显著升高(P<0.05),且略高于阳性对照组。结论:蕲蛇煮散剂的最佳粉碎粒度为过6号筛;蕲蛇煮散剂具有诱导人类风湿性关节炎成纤维样滑膜细胞凋亡的作用。     

枫杨乙醇提物对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠的治疗作用及其机制研究

目的观察湖北枫杨乙醇提取物对SD大鼠CIA模型的治疗作用,并对其抗炎和促凋亡的机制进行初步探索。方法构建CIA模型后,测量其体质量、足跖肿胀率、关节炎指数;通过药物灌胃治疗后,观察各组大鼠膝关节滑膜病理形态变化,血清TNF-α、IL-1β、ALT、AST、BUN、SCr变化,膝关节滑膜内NF-κB p65磷酸化(p-p65)、cleaved caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax表达。结果不同剂量湖北枫杨乙醇提取物组及雷公藤组使大鼠体质量增加,足跖肿胀率、关节炎指数下降(P<0.05);膝关节滑膜中炎性细胞减少,凋亡滑膜细胞增多;血清TNF-α、IL-1β降低(P<0.05);滑膜内p-p65、Bcl-2表达减少,cleaved caspase-3、Bax表达增加;湖北枫杨乙醇提取物各组ALT、AST、BUN、SCr下降(P<0.05)。结论湖北枫杨乙醇提取物对SD大鼠CIA模型有很好的治疗效果,其机制可能与调控相关炎性细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β的表达及诱导滑膜细胞凋亡有关,同时该提取物可改善CIA大鼠肝、肾损伤。     

鱼腥草素钠抗类风湿关节炎滑膜增殖作用的实验研究

目的研究鱼腥草素钠(SH)抗类风湿关节炎(RA)的滑膜增殖作用。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分成5组:对照组、模型组、SH 130 mg·kg-1组、SH 260 mg·kg-1组、SH 520 mg·kg-1组。建立大鼠胶原诱导的类风湿关节炎(CIA)模型,计数方法测定大鼠关节炎指数(AI),称重法比较大鼠的体重变化,HE染色法光镜观察关节病理形态学变化,酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测血清中细胞因子白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、PKA、c AMP水平及免疫组化检测滑膜细胞凋亡情况。结果SH干预组关节炎指数较模型组低,体重降低不明显,关节破坏较模型组轻,细胞因子水平较模型组明显减低,滑膜细胞凋亡较模型组明显(P<0.01)。结论 SH可以增加RA滑膜细胞的凋亡,降低CIA大鼠的AI及炎症因子的水平。     

瑞香素对佐剂性关节炎大鼠滑膜组织的影响

目的:观察瑞香素对佐剂性关节炎(AA)大鼠膝关节滑膜组织和滑液细胞形态学的影响。方法:采用弗式完全佐剂造成大鼠AA模型,造模后d 7开始给药,连续21 d,测量大鼠足跖肿胀度;最后一次给药后大鼠脱颈椎处死,抽取关节滑液,观察滑液中细胞形态及数量的变化;并取关节滑膜组织做病理检查,观察滑膜细胞增生的情况。结果:瑞香素能显著抑制AA大鼠后足踝关节原发性和继发性肿胀;能抑制膝关节滑液细胞(主要是滑膜细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞)的过度增生,抑制滑膜组织增生和滑膜细胞下疏松结缔组织充血。结论:瑞香素对AA大鼠具有一定的治疗作用。     

芍药苷对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞Ras和Raf-1表达的影响

目的研究芍药苷(paeoniflorin,Pae)对胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis,CIA)大鼠滑膜细胞Ras和Raf-1表达的影响.方法Ⅱ型胶原诱导大鼠CIA模型,Pae(25,50,100 mg.kg-1)灌胃给药,qd,连续7 d,测量足肿胀及体重变化,进行关节炎评分.分离滑膜细胞与不同浓度Pae共培养,Western blot检测Ras和Raf-1的水平.结果CIA大鼠致敏后d 16出现足爪肿胀,d 20～d 28肿胀达峰值.关节炎指数增高,并伴有体重下降.Pae(25,50,100 mg·kg-1)可改善足爪炎症,降低关节炎指数,且Pae 50和100mg.kg-1组大鼠体重恢复正常.CIA大鼠滑膜细胞中Ras和Raf-1的表达水平高于正常大鼠,致敏后d 20～d 28表达水平最高,d 42后开始下降.整体用药Pae(50,100 mg·kg-1)可降低Ras表达;Pae(25,50,100mg.kg-1)能降低Raf-1表达水平.体外用药Pae(2.5,12.5,62.5mgg·L-1)可降低CIA大鼠滑膜细胞中Ras和Raf-1的表达水平.结论Ras和Raf-1介导的信号通路参与CIA大鼠滑膜炎症,Pae通过影响Ras和RaG1的表达而调节异常的Ras-MAPKs信号通路可能是其抑制滑膜炎症的主要机制之一.     

通痹灵、雷公藤多苷及青藤碱对CIA大鼠滑膜细胞凋亡与P53表达的比较研究

目的：研究通痹灵、雷公藤多苷及青藤碱对Ⅱ型胶原蛋白诱导性大鼠关节炎模型(CIA)滑膜组织细胞凋亡及R53蛋白表达的影响。方法：原位细胞凋亡检测试剂盒检测各组原代大鼠滑膜细胞凋亡的水平，免疫组化法检测各组原代大鼠滑膜细胞P53的表达。结果：通痹灵高低组、雷公藤高低组、青藤碱高低组、MTX高低组滑膜细胞凋亡的数量上明显高于造模组；P53蛋白的表达方面，造模组远远高于各组，与细胞凋亡的结果几乎相反。结论：通痹灵、雷公藤多苷、青藤碱和MTX对RA滑膜细胞有较强的诱导凋亡作用，但并非通过对介导滑膜细胞P53的表达来诱导滑膜组织细胞凋亡。     

黄芪杂多糖对佐剂性关节炎大鼠促炎因子分泌及关节滑膜细胞凋亡的调节作用

建立大鼠佐剂性关节炎 (AA) 模型, 研究黄芪杂多糖 (AHPS) 对佐剂性关节炎大鼠促炎因子分泌及关节滑膜细胞凋亡的调节作用。采用常规病理组织学检查大鼠膝关节滑膜, 放射免疫法测定血清中IL-1β和TNF-α的含量, Tunel检测滑膜细胞凋亡, 免疫组化检测Bcl-2、Bax表达, 并进行足爪容积测定和关节炎症评分。结果显示: AHPS和雷公藤多苷 (TWP) 均能显著改善AA大鼠原发和继发性临床症状及关节滑膜炎的炎性变化; AHPS (1 000和500 mg·kg⁻¹)及TWP (60 mg·kg ⁻¹) 可使AA大鼠的血清TNF-α、IL-1β水平显著降低 (P < 0.01或P < 0.05), 并可使AA大鼠的膝关节滑膜细胞凋亡数量显著升高 (P < 0.01或P < 0.05); AA大鼠的Bax阳性表达率有所升高 (P > 0.05), Bcl-2阳性表达率升高显著 (P < 0.01), 而AHPS (1 000和500 mg·kg⁻¹) 可显著下调AA大鼠膝关节滑膜Bcl-2的阳性表达和上调Bax的阳性表达 (P < 0.01或P < 0.05)。结果表明: AHPS诱导AA大鼠膝关节滑膜细胞凋亡的作用与下调Bcl-2和上调Bax蛋白表达有关, 抑制促炎因子分泌是其抗炎症作用的分子机制之一。     

红曲对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠的抗炎作用及机制探讨

目的:观察红曲对胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠的抗炎作用,并探讨可能的作用机制.方法:利用牛Ⅱ型胶原建立Wistar大鼠CIA模型,大鼠在首次注射Ⅱ型胶原后d 14灌胃红曲500 mg·kg-1,qd,给药至d 48处死大鼠(共给药34 d).分别测量不同时间点大鼠的后足容积,并对关节炎的肿胀程度进行评分;对大鼠的踝关节拍摄X线片,评价CIA大鼠的软骨和骨的破坏程度;同时对大鼠踝关节的滑膜进行组织病理学评分,分析单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP)-1和调节正常T细胞表达和分泌的细胞因子(RANTES)在CIA大鼠关节滑膜的表达情况,比较不同时间点各组大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的水平.结果:在首次注射Ⅱ型胶原后11-13 d,大鼠关节炎形成.红曲组大鼠的踝关节肿胀程度于首次注射Ⅱ型胶原后第4周开始下降,与CIA模型组相比有显著差异(P＜0.05),关节炎评分与CIA模型组相比显著降低(P＜0.05).在d 48,红曲组血清中炎性细胞因子TNF-α的含量、踝关节滑膜组织中MCP-1和RANTES阳性细胞均显著低于CIA模型组(P＜0.05).结论:红曲对CIA大鼠具有较强的抗炎作用,其作用机制可能与抑制踝关节滑膜组织中MCP-1和RANTES的表达有关.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Pradigastat disposition in humans: in vivo and in vitro investigations

1.?Pradigastat is a potent and specific diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) inhibitor effective in lowering postprandial triglycerides (TG) in healthy human subjects and fasting TG in familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) patients.

2.?Here we present the results of human oral absorption, metabolism and excretion (AME), intravenous pharmacokinetic (PK), and in vitro studies which together provide an overall understanding of the disposition of pradigastat in humans.

3.?In human in vitro systems, pradigastat is metabolized slowly to a stable acyl glucuronide (M18.4), catalyzed mainly by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) 1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT2B7. M18.4 was observed at very low levels in human plasma.

4.?In the human AME study, pradigastat was recovered in the feces as parent drug, confounding the assessment of pradigastat absorption and the important routes of elimination. However, considering pradigastat exposure after oral and intravenous dosing, this data suggests that pradigastat was completely bioavailable in the radiolabeled AME study and therefore completely absorbed.

5.?Pradigastat is eliminated very slowly into the feces, presumably via the bile. Renal excretion is negligible. Oxidative metabolism is minimal. The extent to which pradigastat is eliminated via metabolism to M18.4 could not be established from these studies due to the inherent instability of glucuronides in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Changes in immunoreactive somatostatin in brain following lidocaine-induced kindling in rat

The kindling phenomenon has become a useful model for studying epileptogenesis. The present authors have previously reported increased levels of immunoreactive somatostatin (IR-SRIF) in various regions of the brain of electrically-amygdaloid kindled (EAK) rats. In this study, an examination was made of immunoreactive somatostatin in pharmacologically-kindled (PK) rats. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a subthreshold dose of lidocaine (60 mg/kg), once daily. Once the kindling phenomenon was established, kindled rats (7), non-kindled rats (9) and controls (6) were sacrificed by microwave irradiation. Another group of 5 rats was injected with a single suprathreshold dose of lidocaine (110 mg/kg) and killed 10 min after the resultant seizure. Various brain areas were removed and assayed for immunoreactive somatostatin in kindled rats. Immunoreactive somatostatin was significantly greater than in controls in the amygdala (56%; P less than 0.02), entorhinal + piriform cortex (50%; P less than 0.05) and hypothalamus (29%; P less than 0.02). In non-kindled rats, immunoreactive somatostatin increased only in the amygdala (58%; P less than 0.02). No difference was found in the immunoreactive somatostatin content of rats injected with an suprathreshold dose of lidocaine compared to controls. The alteration of immunoreactive somatostatin, in both lidocaine-kindled and electrically-amygdaloid kindled rats suggests a possible role of this neuropeptide in kindling.