丙戊酸钠致高氨血症脑病性意识障碍(附5例报告)

目的 报告神经外科患者使用丙戊酸钠(sodium valproate,VPA)预防癫痫致高氨血症脑病(hyperammonemia encephalopathy,VHE)性意识障碍的临床表现、治疗.方法 回顾性分析我科丙戊酸钠致VHE出现意识障碍5例患者的临床资料,分析VHE性意识障碍患者的肝功能、血氨浓度、药物浓度、脑电图等特征性变化.结果 本组患者出现专科难以解释的急性亚急性意识障碍,血氨浓度升高,丙戊酸药物浓度及肝功能均在正常范围之内,脑电图广泛慢波增多、δ波θ波活跃、出现三相波,予以停用丙戊酸钠,同时予以精氨酸降血氨处理,血氨浓度下降,患者意识同时出现好转.结论 临床使用丙戊酸钠期间,应定期复查丙戊酸药物浓度、血氨浓度、肝功能,脑电图出现特征性变化时,要高度重视高氨血症脑病性意识障碍的存在,以免耽误病情,造成不必要的损害.     

颅脑肿瘤术后丙戊酸钠相关性高血氨脑病的护理体会

目的 总结颅脑肿瘤术后丙戊酸钠相关性高血氨脑病的护理经验。方法 回顾性分析７例颅脑肿瘤术后使用丙戊酸钠并发高血氨性脑病的临床资料。结果 7位均伴有不同程度的意识障碍,伴有血氨升高、脑电图异常,及时停药后,临床症状及脑电图逐渐恢复正常。结论 颅脑肿瘤术后使用丙戊酸钠应积极观察意识状态,当排除颅内原发病,且伴有血氨升高,应及时停药,预后良好。     

丙戊酸钠相关性高血氨脑病1例报告并文献复习

目的 报告1例罕见的丙戊酸钠相关性高血氨脑病患者,探讨颅脑术后患者血丙戊酸钠药物浓度监测的价值。方法 回顾性分析1例左侧颞叶肿瘤切除术后预防性应用丙戊酸钠致高血氨脑病患者的临床资料,包括临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查,分析意识障碍原因。结果 患者为31岁女性,体重偏轻,以发作性四肢抽搐起病,行左侧颞叶肿瘤切除术后,患者1周内逐渐出现谵妄及意识障碍,并伴肢体抽动、肢体偏瘫,加量丙戊酸钠及脱水剂甘露醇不缓解,复查头颅CT及MRI 未见明显脑干病变、大面积脑梗死、脑内弥漫性病变及再出血,检测血氨及血丙戊酸钠浓度示轻中度增高,明确病因后,停用丙戊酸钠,患者意识逐渐恢复,肢体瘫痪逐渐恢复,预后良好。结论 对应用丙戊酸钠术后预防癫痫的病人,在用药过程中注意监测血丙戊酸钠与血氨浓度,减少不良反应发生。     

神经外科围术期使用丙戊酸钠导致高氨血症的临床分析

目的 研究神经外科围术期使用丙戊酸钠注射液与高血氨症的关系。方法 回顾性分析中国人民解放军总医院神经外科2019年1月—6月在围术期使用丙戊酸钠注射液预防癫痫的46例患者的血氨水平及其他临床特征。结果 出现高氨血症的患者24例,血氨水平正常的患者22例。两组患者间用药前血ALT及DBIL水平的差异有统计学意义;其他指标的差异无统计学意义。用药后两组间指标的差异均无统计学意义;高氨血症组与正常组间的血药浓度值差异有统计学意义。高氨血症组有3例患者出现急性意识障碍。所有患者除血氨水平外,其他各项检验指标均在正常值范围。高氨血症组患者用药后血ALT与血氨水平呈中等程度正相关。结论 尽管肝功能指标和丙戊酸血药浓度与使用丙戊酸后的血氨升高有一定关系,但安全的治疗范围并不一定能规避潜在不良事件的发生,建议临床加强监测。     

非高氨血症性丙戍酸脑病一例报道并文献复习

<正>丙戊酸脑病(valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy, VHE)是指使用丙戊酸后诱导的高氨血症脑病，典型临床表现为恶心、呕吐、意识障碍和癫痫发作次数增加等^[1],大部分VHE患者合并血氨增高^[2]。现报道一例不伴血氨增高的VHE患者，并归纳总结其发病机制、临床特征和治疗，以提高临床对其认识。1 病例报告患者女，26岁。因“反复发作性四肢抽搐伴意识障碍6年，     

丙戊酸钠脑病2例

正丙戊酸钠相关性高血氨性脑病(valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy,VHE),即丙戊酸钠脑病,是丙戊酸钠的一个严重不良反应,比较少见。本文报道2例VHE,总结诊治经验。1病例资料病例1:51岁女性,因间断性头痛3个月于2018年3月入     

神经外科术后早期癫痫的治疗及病因研究

目的探讨神经外科围手术期常规应用丙戊酸钠进行预防后仍出现术后早期癫痫的治疗方法及病因。方法对幕上开颅患者在术前、术中和术后应用丙戊酸钠进行癫痫预防。对预防后出现术后早期癫痫者立刻给予丙戊酸钠(15mg/kg)静脉注射,同时增加丙戊酸钠静脉维持剂量[1.5mg/(kg·h)],观察20min,无效者再次给予丙戊酸钠(18mg/kg)静脉注射。观察其疗效及副作用,并分析术后早期癫痫与疾病、手术损伤、颅内出血及抗癫痫药物血药浓度等关系。结果全组29例病人,丙戊酸钠治疗有效23例(79%),30min内控制癫痫发作,无复发;无效用其他药物6例(21%),测得最高丙戊酸钠血药浓度为150mg/L,无明显副作用。全组病例中20名患者在癫痫发生后首次丙戊酸钠静注(15mg/kg)后10min,所测丙戊酸钠血浓度低于70mg/L,全部应用丙戊酸钠针剂控制癫痫者血药浓度大于80mg/L。同时分析此29例病人,发现术后早期癫痫65%发生在术后6h内,平均手术时间为5.2h。72%早期癫痫患者为右侧额叶病变,72.4%早期癫痫患者在术中有侧裂静脉及额叶回流至矢状窦静脉损伤,31%术后早期癫痫患者术后复查头颅CT有蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)或脑内血肿。结论丙戊酸钠在治疗术后早期癫痫中效果肯定,无明显副作用。预防后仍出现术后早期癫痫与疾病部位、术中静脉损伤、术后颅内出血、脑水肿、手术时间及丙戊酸钠血药浓度偏低有关。     

丙戊酸脑病5例分析

目的掌握丙戊酸脑病的临床表现及脑电图特点,以便早期发现与治疗。方法回顾性分析5例本院确诊的丙戊酸脑病患者的临床资料,明确临床特点及诊断要点。结果 5例患者均表现为不同程度的意识、智能障碍及肢体共济失调,脑电图表现为双侧大脑半球弥漫性慢波,血氨部分升高,及时停药后症状改善。结论早期诊断,及时停用丙戊酸钠,是治疗丙戊酸脑病的关键。     

苯妥英钠和丙戊酸钠预防术后癫痫的对照研究

目的　对比苯妥英钠和丙戊酸钠预防术后癫痫的作用、毒副反应以及和血药浓度的关系。方法　采用随机前瞻对照性研究 ,选择幕上开颅手术病人 ,苯妥英纳组 72例 ,丙戊酸钠组 80例 ,术前术后分别规则服用苯妥英钠和丙戊酸钠 ,监测抗癫痫药物的血药浓度和术后癫痫及毒副反应发生情况。结果　两组共 15例术后发生早期癫痫 ,10例 (10 /15 )达到有效血浓度 ;其中 ,苯妥英钠组 6例 (8 3 % )发生早期癫痫 ,2例达到有效血浓度 ,丙戊酸钠组 9例 (11 3 % )发生早期癫痫 ,8例达到有效血浓度 ;远期癫痫发作 7例中丙戊酸钠组 5例 ,苯妥英钠组 2例。苯妥英钠组 11例 (15 3 % )及丙戊酸钠组2例 (2 5 % )出现了毒副反应。经χ2 检验 ,两组术后癫痫发生率无显著性差异 ,术后未发癫痫组和癫痫发作组间药物血浓度无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,苯妥英钠组毒副反应发生率高于丙戊酸钠组。结论　苯妥英钠和丙戊酸钠预防控制术后癫痫无差别 ,苯妥英钠毒副反应较丙戊酸钠严重。     

丙戊酸脑病5例分析

目的掌握丙戊酸脑病的临床表现及脑电图特点,以便早期发现与治疗。方法回顾性分析5例本院确诊的丙戊酸脑病患者的临床资料,明确临床特点及诊断要点。结果 5例患者均表现为不同程度的意识、智能障碍及肢体共济失调,脑电图表现为双侧大脑半球弥漫性慢波,血氨部分升高,及时停药后症状改善。结论早期诊断,及时停用丙戊酸钠,是治疗丙戊酸脑病的关键。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.