超高场磁共振功能成像辅助切除躯体感觉区胶质瘤(附5例报告)

目的应用超高场磁共振功能成像技术进行手术前后研究脑躯体感觉功能区肿瘤与功能区的定位,辅助切除躯体感觉功能区胶质瘤。方法5例邻近或累及躯体感觉功能区的胶质瘤患者,术前行双手持物对接刺激策略,在3.0T磁共振采用血氧水平依赖(BOLD)原理进行图像采集,经工作站(Leonardo syngo 2003A,Siemens)提供的BOLD功能图像分析软件包进行分析获得脑运动功能区的激活图像,参与神经外科手术方案的制定。所有患者均在唤醒麻醉下进行显微外科手术,在术前脑功能磁共振图像指导下利用皮质直接电刺激定位感觉区与运动区。在保护脑功能区功能不受损的前提下,最大程度地切除胶质瘤。术前、术后均行KPS评分,判断患者的状态。结果(1)5例躯体感觉功能区胶质瘤,通过此项技术获得了较好的BOLD功能磁共振成像感觉功能区激活图像,定位躯体感觉功能区。(2)患者在唤醒麻醉下,在术前脑功能磁共振图像指导下利用直接皮质电刺激快捷、准确进行中央后回定位,两者具有良好的一致性。结论应用3.0T MRI可以于术前更好地利用BOLD技术显示躯体感觉功能区与脑胶质瘤的解剖关系,以指导唤醒麻醉下直接皮质电刺激定位躯体感觉功能区的手术,实现最大程度保护患者重要的功能并最大程度地切除肿瘤。     

功能区胶质瘤手术前后语言功能皮质的变化（附8例分析）

目的探讨功能区胶质瘤手术前后语言功能皮质的改变。方法对8例胶质瘤累及功能区的病人,在切除术前和术后3-6个月内进行听觉方式呈现的汉语词汇语义判断任务的血氧水平依赖功能性磁共振（BOLD～fMRI,3．0T）扫描,采用AFNI软件进行脑功能区活动图像分析,获得语言皮质的激活体素,计算出术前和术后的半球激活指数（HAI）并行统计学分析。结果术后3个月,病人左侧大脑半球瘤腔周围的激活明显增加。量化激活体素结果表明：术前HAI为0．96±0．22,术后1．10±0．21,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。结论手术部分切除或大部切除脑胶质瘤3个月后,左侧大脑半球的语言皮质激活体素较术前有不同程度升高。这说明语言功能皮质具有一定的可塑性。     

功能磁共振与皮层电刺激定位感觉运动区的比较

目的 通过功能磁共振(fMRI)与皮层电刺激做点对点的比较,以判断fMRI对感觉运动区定位的精确性,从而评价其在功能定位中的意义及其临床应用价值.方法 对14例EEG示异常放电部位位于感觉运动区的难治性癫痫患者,术前采用双手握拳-伸缩运动任务进行血氧依赖水平(BOLD)扫描,运用BOLD技术的fMRI定位皮质感觉运动区.皮层电极植入术后给予头颅连续无间断CT扫描获取电极与颅骨的对应关系,通过神经导航仪将CT、fMRI影像与导航序列MRI图像融合后,得出含有皮层激活区和电极的融合图像建立三维立体图像,与皮层电刺激.结果进行比较,以评价fMRI定位皮质感觉运动区的准确性.结果 14例fMRI可见激活部位主要分布于对侧中央区、辅助运动区和小脑.其中11例成功完成皮层电刺激,结果显示fMRI与电刺激的吻合率为91.7%.结论 BOLD技术具有较高的敏感性和精确率,对感觉运动区定位有重要的临床应用价值.     

术中唤醒麻醉技术下脑功能区肿瘤继发癫痫切除术的临床研究

目的 探讨术中唤醒麻醉技术下脑功能区肿瘤继发癫痫切除术的适应证、技术要点及疗效. 方法 选择解放军第一五三医院神经外科自2006年6月至2012年6月收治的脑功能区33例胶质瘤及16例脑膜瘤继发癫痫患者,采用MRI进行肿瘤定位,弥散张量纤维束成像(DTT)显示白质纤维束与肿瘤位置关系,功能磁共振成像(fMRI)定位运动功能区,在全麻-唤醒-再全麻技术下开颅,实时B超、皮层脑电图(ECoG)定位肿瘤及致痫区,显微手术切除肿瘤及处理致病灶.结果 有44例患者顺利经过全麻-唤醒-再全麻的过程,其中28例术中持续保留喉罩；16例语言区肿瘤唤醒后拔除喉罩,语言区定位及功能测试后再置入喉罩全麻.年龄偏大的3例胶质瘤及2例脑膜瘤患者因唤醒时躁动、憋气,脑组织膨出明显,放弃唤醒麻醉.术中神经电生理监测(IOM)定位出脑功能区36例,皮层功能定位阴性8例；ECoG监测发现瘤周皮层致病灶31例.胶质瘤全切22例,次全切8例；脑膜瘤全切13例,次全切1例,术中未出现癫痫发作现象.术后暂时性神经功能障碍加重或新发功能障碍26例,均于1月内恢复；术前原有功能障碍均好转.癫病发作完全消失31例,发作次数明显减少13例. 结论 术中全麻唤醒下手术治疗功能区肿瘤继发癫痫疗效好、风险低.术前适应证的选择、术中合适的手术体位的摆放及有效预防癫痫发作是手术成功的重要因素.     

fMRI神经导航下切除汉语感觉性语言中枢邻近区域胶质瘤

目的 评价fMRI定位感觉性语言中枢的敏感性与准确性,探讨fMRI神经导航系统在感觉性语言中枢邻近区域胶质瘤手术中的应用价值.方法 采用组块设计的语言理解任务和血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像(BOLD-fMRI)激活31例感觉性语言中枢邻近区域胶质瘤患者的感觉性语言中枢,于神经导航系统下进行结构像与功能像融合以定位感觉性语言中枢;手术中采用皮质电刺激定位感觉性语言中枢.根据fMRI与皮质电刺激吻合度进行分类,以避开感觉性语言中枢,于显微镜下切除胶质瘤.结果 31例患者中感觉性语言中枢功能像达"非常好"标准19例,图像"清楚"10例,图像"采集不成功"2例.感觉性语言中枢与皮质电刺激相关性评价显示,28例中24例为重叠关系,4例为邻近关系.肿瘤完全切除11例,次全切除10例,大部切除10例.手术后语言功能较手术前明显改善9例,无变化19例,短暂性感觉性失语3例.感觉性语言中枢与切除大脑皮质间距离>10 mm者,手术后均未出现语言功能恶化.结论 fMRI定位感觉性语言中枢具有良好的敏感性与准确性.fMRI神经导航系统下切除胶质瘤可以减少感觉性语言中枢邻近区域胶质瘤患者手术后语言理解障碍的发生,提高肿瘤完全切除率.感觉性语言中枢与切除大脑皮质之间的相对安全距离为10 mm.     

术中皮质电刺激联合皮质脑电图治疗功能区肿瘤继发性癫(癎)

目的 总结术中唤醒麻醉下,皮质电刺激(CS)联合皮质脑电图(ECoG)监测治疗功能区肿瘤继发癫(癎)的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析功能区28例胶质瘤及13例脑膜瘤继发癫(癎)病人的临床资料,采用唤醒麻醉下开颅,通过CS定位感觉、运动及语言区,ECoG定位致(癎)区,显微手术切除肿瘤及处理致(癎)灶.结果 术中CS定位功能区33例,阴性8例;ECoG发现致(癎)灶29例,无异常12例.胶质瘤全切21例,次全切7例;脑膜瘤全切12例,次全切1例.术后暂时性神经功能障碍加重或新发障碍25例,均于1个月内恢复.随访41例,时间6个月～5.5年.癫(癎)发作消失29例,明显减少12例.结论 唤醒麻醉下联合CS、ECoG治疗功能区肿瘤继发性癫(癎),能最大限度保护脑功能,安全处理致(癎)灶.     

汉-英双语言脑功能区外科手术定位的探讨

目的探讨中国人汉-英语的脑功能区定位及手术方法。方法对1例广东籍汉语普通话-英语双语言脑功能区低级别胶质瘤病人，术前通过汉、英语语义、语音和图文实验任务，经功能磁共振（fMRI）定位汉语和英语皮质区．由神经功能导航制定手术计划和定位，术中采用超声探测肿瘤，全麻唤醒下双语定位监测功能区，行显微手术切除病变。结果fMRI检出汉语激活区在肿瘤的前下外部，即额中下回后部，英语激活区则位于近肿瘤的额上中回后部。切除肿瘤过程中英语较汉语出现明显障碍征象。肿瘤获次全切除，术后出现短暂辅助运动区（SMA）综合征，英语运动性失语于术后1周内恢复；术后3个月，fMRI显示英语激活区重塑位移。术后8个月随访，病人恢复正常生活和工作，术前癫痫症状消失。结论①采用双语方式进行fMRI扫描定位、神经导航功能区定位和术中清醒状态下双语监测，使双语言脑功能区病变病人的手术治疗成为可能。②在保留母语功能的前提下，对第2语言区病变做到最大限度切除后，其语言功能仍可能得到恢复。     

脑功能区胶质瘤的现代手术策略

目的 探讨切除脑功能区胶质瘤手术新技术与方法.方法 112例胶质瘤患者在术中全麻唤醒状态下,通过术中B超或神经导航定位病灶,直接电刺激定位脑功能区结构,并在清醒状态下切除病变.术后随访时间3～84个月.结果 107例唤醒良好,术中有99例定位出运动区,61例定位出语言相关的功能区皮质,18例定位出感觉区.病变全切6...     

核磁共振脑功能成像指导切除脑功能区肿瘤(附6例报告)

目的应用核磁共振脑功能成像(fMRI)定位脑功能区,指导手术切除脑功能区肿瘤。方法对6例右额顶叶区胶质瘤病人术前行复杂手指运动fMRI,激活脑皮质功能区,明确兴奋灶与肿瘤的位置关系,进而确定手术方案。结果额叶切除1例,显微镜下全切2例,次全切2例,右顶叶前半部分切除1例;仅后者出现左侧肢体肌力减弱,且逐渐恢复。余无并发症。结论fMRI可以明确右额顶叶皮质功能区,提示功能区与胶质瘤的位置关系,指导肿瘤的切除范围和程度。     

脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的新技术

目的探讨切除脑功能区胶质瘤手术新技术与方法。方法48例脑功能区胶质瘤经术前常规MRI、弥散张力成像(DTI)和fMRI定位大脑皮层功能区及功能投射纤维束,以神经导航为前导,在术中全麻唤醒状态下,通过术中B超定位脑内病灶,皮层体感诱发电位(Co-SEP)及皮层直接电刺激术(Co-ST)脑功能区定位,并在清醒状态下切除病变。术后随访时间3-42个月。结果16例Co-SEP确定中央沟,42例Co-ST明确运动区,16例Co-ST确定语言运动区;肿瘤全切35例,次全切除9例,部分切除4例。术后1个月神经症状好转44例,术后出现暂时性局部神经症状36例;长期局部神经症状加重4例,无手术死亡。全部患者无手术痛苦回忆。结论术中全麻唤醒、皮层-皮层下电刺激术和脑超声技术是切除功能区胶质瘤必备的三项基本技术;术前fMRI与DTI为脑功能区手术提供十分重要信息,神经功能导航为术中功能区定位提供重要前导,综合使用这些现代技术能够在术中明确脑功能区与肿瘤切除范围的关系,做到最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和保护脑功能。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。