脑功能区胶质瘤的手术策略

目的探讨唤醒麻醉状态下切除脑功能区胶质瘤的手术方法及意义。方法13例脑功能区胶质瘤经神经导航病灶定位术中唤醒麻醉,皮层诱发电位及皮层电刺激定位脑功能区,在清醒状态下切除脑功能区病变。结果全部病例均在术中获得安全可靠的麻醉唤醒,清醒状态下脑功能区的定位和最大限度地肿瘤切除,其中6例获得皮层体感诱发电位检测确定中央沟;9例经皮质刺激术明确运动区;4例通过皮质刺激术基本确定语言运动中枢。肿瘤全切11例,次全切除2例。术后出现暂时性神经功能障碍或功能障碍加重有11例,神经功能完全恢复正常10例。1例术中出现癫痫发作,1例在唤醒过程中出现一过性脑肿胀;全部患者术后无痛苦回忆。结论对脑功能区胶质瘤运用唤醒麻醉,神经导航病灶定位,皮层电刺激和皮层诱发电位定位脑功能区技术能较为可靠地明确脑功能区与肿瘤切除范围的关系,在清醒状态下切除肿瘤实时监测脑功能状态,能够最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和最大程度地保护脑功能。     

皮层电极埋藏对累及运动功能区病灶切除的意义

目的 探讨手术治疗毗邻和侵犯中央区的病灶周边运动功能区的保护方法.方法 回顾分析6例病灶累及中央区的病例资料(5例为药物难治性癫痫,1例为颅内转移瘤),采用神经导航定位病灶,第一次手术埋藏皮层电极覆盖病灶,术外患者清醒状态下实施皮层电刺激定位躯体运动区,绘制病灶与功能区关系图,第二次手术依据皮层电刺激结果行病灶切除.结果 6例患者第一次术后,均成功实施皮层电刺激,准确定位病灶周边运动功能区.依据关系图第二次手术3例患者(2例药物难治性癫痫,l例颅内转移瘤)行病灶全切,3例患者(3例药物难治性癫痫)行部分病灶切除.术后无一例出现神经功能缺损.结论 神经导航定位病灶指导埋藏皮层电极,术外行皮层电刺激定位病灶周边运动功能区,绘制功能区与病灶关系图指导第二次手术切除病灶,是在保护患者运动功能前提下,最大范围切除累及中央区病灶的一种安全有效的方法.     

多模态影像联合电生理监测在脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的应用研究

目的研究多模态影像联合电生理监测技术在脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的保护脑功能的应用价值。方法回顾性分析5例语言区和55例运动区胶质瘤患者的临床资料。术前行功能磁共振定位功能区,弥散张量成像显示重要传导束,融合多模态影像构建功能神经导航,术中采用皮层体感诱发电位定位中央沟,并运用皮层-皮层下电刺激技术监测语言区、运动区和皮层下重要神经传导束,在保护功能前提下尽可能切除病灶。术后评价肿瘤切除程度和神经功能。结果 5例语言区胶质瘤和30例病变毗邻运动皮层胶质瘤患者术前功能磁共振成功定位功能区,通过弥散张量成像3例语言区胶质瘤和42例运动区胶质瘤患者分别重建出弓状束和锥体束。术中电刺激语言区和运动区检出率分比为100%和92.7%;92.7%的运动区肿瘤患者可通过皮层体感诱发电位技术定位中央沟。术中神经导航对手术具有指导作用。肿瘤影像全切率86.7%,术后功能保留率91.7%。结论运用多模态影像技术有助于术前定位脑功能区,功能神经导航有助于术前规划、术中引导病灶切除,但需注意影像漂移。术中电生理监测技术是定位和保护脑功能结构的主要手段。     

脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的新技术

目的探讨切除脑功能区胶质瘤手术新技术与方法。方法48例脑功能区胶质瘤经术前常规MRI、弥散张力成像(DTI)和fMRI定位大脑皮层功能区及功能投射纤维束,以神经导航为前导,在术中全麻唤醒状态下,通过术中B超定位脑内病灶,皮层体感诱发电位(Co-SEP)及皮层直接电刺激术(Co-ST)脑功能区定位,并在清醒状态下切除病变。术后随访时间3-42个月。结果16例Co-SEP确定中央沟,42例Co-ST明确运动区,16例Co-ST确定语言运动区;肿瘤全切35例,次全切除9例,部分切除4例。术后1个月神经症状好转44例,术后出现暂时性局部神经症状36例;长期局部神经症状加重4例,无手术死亡。全部患者无手术痛苦回忆。结论术中全麻唤醒、皮层-皮层下电刺激术和脑超声技术是切除功能区胶质瘤必备的三项基本技术;术前fMRI与DTI为脑功能区手术提供十分重要信息,神经功能导航为术中功能区定位提供重要前导,综合使用这些现代技术能够在术中明确脑功能区与肿瘤切除范围的关系,做到最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和保护脑功能。     

功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的手术治疗

目的总结我科近年来治疗功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的治疗经验,探讨功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的外科治疗原则和方法。方法对2011年5月-2013年5月在我院接受手术治疗的50例功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的患者进行回顾性分析。结果全组病例术前均行系统癫痫外科评估。其中12例行颅内电极皮层电刺激功能区定位,根据肿瘤大小和脑电图所监测到的致痫区以及皮层电刺激所确定的功能范围制定手术切除范围,术后1例出现对侧手指轻瘫,1例出现一过性对侧肢体偏瘫,1例出现一过性失语,其余术后随访无明显神经功能障碍。未行颅内埋藏电极患者38例,综合运用MRI、术中皮层脑电监测和术中B超等多种方法来确认手术切除范围,术后神经功能缺损术后加重5例,7例术后出现对侧肢体轻瘫,2例出现对侧偏麻,4例出现一过性失语。全组术后癫痫无发作达到EngelⅠ级42例（84％）。结论功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的外科治疗要兼顾肿瘤的全切、致痫灶的切除以及功能区的保护。术者的经验和熟练的显微操作是基本前提,术前综合运用多种评估方法,结合术中皮层脑电及术中B超等方法对病灶,致痫区以及功能区进行定位,对保证手术效果起重要作用。颅内埋藏电极长程脑电监测定位致痫灶,并经皮层电刺激定位功能区,可进一步明确病变与致痫灶、功能区重叠程度及毗邻关系,从而为手术切除范围的界定提供了关键信息。     

应用术中直接电刺激最大安全切除功能区胶质瘤

目的 探讨直接电刺激在功能区胶质瘤手术中应用的意义.方法 回顾性分析157例大脑功能区胶质瘤术中直接电刺激的临床资料.结果 皮质电刺激4例阴性刺激,139例刺激出运动区皮质,21例感觉区,91例出现语言相关区皮质.数数中断的阳性区主要位于左中央前回下方、左额下回盖部、左额下回三角部、左额中回后部和额上回后部.术后MRI示胶质瘤全切92例(58.6％),次全切55例,部分切除10例.术后53例出现短暂肢体运动障碍;39例出现短暂语言功能障碍,4例(2.5％)出现永久性神经功能障碍.结论 术中直接电刺激是一种可靠元创的脑功能区定位方法,在胶质瘤手术中应用此技术可达到最大安全切除肿瘤,同时为国人功能区脑皮质定位提供帮助.     

fMRI与DTI联合应用在神经导航下切除运动区附近病变

目的 探讨fMRI与DTI联合应用在大脑皮层运动区附近病变手术中的价值.方法 对18例大脑皮层运动区附近病变的患者,采用组块设计,利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像(BOLD-fMRI)获得运动区皮层激活,利用磁共振弥散张量成像技术(DTI)获得白质纤维束走行,应用神经导航系统进行影像融合后,术中定位皮层运动区与锥体束,经神经电生理检查验证后,避开功能区在显微镜下切除病变.结果 fMRI确定的功能区与术中电生理检查结果基本一致.12例病变全切,6例大部切除.术后肢体肌力好转或无变化14例,3例出现一过性加重,1例遗留永久性功能损害.结论 在神经导航辅助下fMRI与DTI联合应用可以准确定位大脑皮层运动区和锥体束,提高病变切除程度,减少术后运动功能障碍.     

脑磁图功能定位在脑功能区肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 评价脑磁图(MEG)功能定位在脑功能区肿瘤手术的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析24例肿瘤位于功能区及其附近病人的临床资料.术前行MEG功能定位,术中结合神经导航系统实时定位肿瘤及功能区,指导肿瘤切除和功能保护.结果 肿瘤位于功能区6例,与功能区部分重叠6例,功能区边缘5例,功能区外1-2cm7例.肿瘤全切除20例,次全切除4例.术后出现一过性神经功能障碍加重6例,持久性功能障碍加重4例.结论 MEG功能定位是术前无创功能定位技术,能够明确肿瘤与功能区位置关系,应用于功能区及附近肿瘤手术,可减少神经功能障碍的发生,提高病人术后生活质量.     

清醒麻醉下切除脑功能区胶质瘤

目的探讨清醒麻醉下切除脑功能区胶质瘤的手术技巧及疗效。方法回顾性分析6例脑功能区胶质瘤病人的临床资料,均在神经阻滞、清醒麻醉下手术,术中神经导航、超声及神经电生理监测定位;切除肿瘤时,维持病人出声连续计数或读图的语言功能监测,或持续按键的运动功能监测。结果术中麻醉满意,肿瘤全切除5例,次全切除1例。术后神经功能障碍均不同程度好转;癫未再发作1例,药物可控制3例。术后出现偏瘫2例,术后无疼痛回忆。结论清醒麻醉下切除脑功能区胶质瘤,结合术中定位明确肿瘤切除范围,及肿瘤与脑功能区的关系,可最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和保护脑功能。     

直接皮层电刺激在运动语言区胶质瘤手术中的应用

目的研究直接皮层电刺激在大脑功能区手术中应用的意义。方法回顾性分析了直接皮层电刺激在35例大脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的应用情况,判断功能区的位置和肿瘤的关系。结果在唤醒麻醉下,利用直接皮层电刺激可以准确定位初级运动功能区和语言功能区,术后的Kamofsky生活状态评分（KPS）结果较术前明显好转。结论在唤醒麻醉下,利用直接皮层电刺激可以检测到患者的运动和语言功能区,并可判定与肿瘤的关系。可以最大限度的切除病变,最大限度的保护脑功能区。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.