小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣解剖及临床应用研究

目的 介绍小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣的应用解剖及临床应用经验。方法 取5具新鲜尸体（10侧下肢）分别沿髂外动脉插管，加压注入红色乳胶，观测小腿后外侧不同阶段小隐静脉、腓肠外侧神经滋养血管的来源及对相应部位皮肤的血供。临床设计小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣修复小腿下段、踝部及足跟创面9例。结果 小腿后外侧上、中、下1／3段分别由腓肠浅动脉、胫后动脉肌皮穿支、腓动脉肌间隙穿支所发出的血管滋养小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经，形成了以神经、血管为中心的串状动脉网，与深筋膜层血管网及皮下血管网相互吻合。临床应用9个皮瓣（9例），完全成活，足跟及足外侧缘无感觉丧失区。结论 小隐静脉-腓肠外侧神经蒂逆行皮瓣血运丰富、成活可靠，是修复下肢皮肤、软组织缺损的有效方法。     

腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣的临床应用效果.方法 自2006年2月至2010年3月,根据缺损部位及大小设计以腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管轴的联合蒂,沿腓肠肌内侧头血管轴切取皮瓣,顺行移位修复膑前及胫骨上段皮肤及软组织缺损7例.皮瓣切取范围8.0 cm×8.0 cm～12.0 cm×10.0 cm,联合血管蒂长1.8～3.0 cm,联合血管蒂发出位于腘褶皱以远10.0 ～ 17.0 cm,距后正中线2.0～5.0 cm的范围内.结果 6例伤口一期愈合.1例发生皮瓣远端表浅干性坏死,面积约1 cm×2 cm,经换药后逐渐愈合.随访6～ 15个月,无任何并发症,肌皮瓣质地优良,外观满意.结论 腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠且不牺牲主要动脉,切取面积大,转移距离长,为临床修复髌前及胫骨上段皮肤及软组织缺损提供了一种新方法.     

腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的临床疗效。方法采用腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面18例。其中,足后跟软组织缺损伴骨感染4例,跟腱部缺损3例,内踝部缺损3例,外踝缺损伴死腔8例,皮肤缺损范围9 cm×4 cm～16 cm×9cm。皮瓣切取面积10 cm×6 cm～18 cm×10 cm,携带的深层腓肠肌肉面积4cm×3 cm～9cm ×6cm。供区直接拉拢缝合7例,游离植皮11例。 结果 术后18例肌皮瓣完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。随访5～14个月,无并发症,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,行走正常,术后皮瓣感觉恢复欠佳。 结论 腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣,血供可靠,转移方便,是修复足踝部软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨改进腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的方法及效果.方法　2003年1月至2011年1月,在腓动脉穿支与腓肠神经营养血供的解剖基础上,根据足踝部皮肤缺损大小,设计腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,逆行移位修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损13例.切取皮瓣而积9 cm×8.5 cm～ 28 cm×13 cm,穿支血管蒂长1.7～3.3 cm.结果　本组中11例皮瓣全部存活,2例皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经换药治愈.全部患者随访6～12个月,皮瓣外形及功能满意.结论　腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,切取面积大,适用于修复足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损.     

腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用改进腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法1999年1月~2004年11月,在腓动脉肌间隔支与腓肠神经血供的解剖基础上临床应用22例。其中男14例,女8例。年龄5~54岁。根据缺损部位及大小设计以腓动脉小腿下段穿支为血管蒂及转轴点,沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣,逆行移位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。应用腓动脉终末穿支蒂皮瓣13例,腓动脉第2穿支蒂皮瓣8例,第3穿支蒂皮瓣1例。切取皮瓣范围13 cm×12 cm~30 cm×20 cm,穿支血管蒂长1.7~3.0 cm,穿支血管蒂发出部位位于外踝上4.5~8.0 cm,血管外径1.0~1.2 mm。结果术后22例皮瓣全部成活,随访6~18个月,皮瓣外形及功能恢复满意。其中4例腓肠神经与受区感觉神经吻合,术后1年感觉恢复好,两点辨别觉为10~13 mm。结论腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,切取面积大,适用于修复小腿下段及足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损。     

改良腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部创面12例

目的探讨应用以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损刨面的方法及疗效。方法设计以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,180°旋转修复足踝部软组织缺损创面。供区直接缝合或游离皮片移植。结果2006年3月至2011年12月临床应用12例,皮瓣切取面积20cm×12cm～6cm×4cm,均全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。术后随访3～36个月,皮瓣质地良好,外形平整。术后6个月获得随访者皮瓣基本恢复触觉和痛觉,1例患者术后足外侧感觉减退、麻木,1年后感觉恢复正常。结论以腓动脉穿支为蒂的改良腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣同时具有穿支皮瓣和皮神经营养血管皮瓣的优点,血供丰富,蒂部不臃肿,适合于足踝部软组织缺损创面的修复。     

腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣转移修复足踝部软组织缺损的解剖学依据及其临床应用效果.方法 对30侧成人下肢灌注标本进行解剖,系统观测小腿后区浅层中血管神经的分支、分布及相互交通吻合情况.在此基础上,2004年2月以来应用逆行腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损7例.结果 以腓肠神经、小隐静脉及股后皮神经的营养血管为主的浅筋膜血管网与深部的腓肠肌内外侧头有恒定的交通吻合,吻合支均为2～3支,腓肠肌内、外侧头肌皮穿支分别位于内外侧头肌间沟两侧(1.8±0.5)cm、(3.7±0.9)cm,内侧头的肌皮穿支较外侧粗大,位置恒定,更靠近中线.7例肌皮瓣的肌肉面术中可见渗血活跃,血供良好,皮瓣均成活,所有病例均经2～6个月以上随访,骨髓炎治愈,肌皮瓣外形满意.结论 带部分腓肠肌内外侧头肌肉的逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣可以良好成活,手术操作简便,系足踝部软组织缺损可以选择的供区.     

腓动脉穿支与跟外侧动脉双叶皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨应用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管与跟外侧动脉双叶皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损的手术方法和临床疗效. 方法 对手部多区域皮肤组织缺损应用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管与跟外侧动脉双叶皮瓣移植修复5例. 结果 术后5例移植皮瓣全部顺利成活.随访6～15个月,移植皮瓣无明显臃肿,皮瓣质地、色泽良好.供区植皮均一期愈合,踝关节跖屈、背伸及行走功能正常. 结论 腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管与跟外侧动脉双叶皮瓣外形美观,血供可靠,为临床修复手部多区域皮肤缺损提供了一种良好的治疗方法.     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣临床应用

1　应用解剖腓肠内侧皮神经在窝内起自胫神经 ,主干在深筋膜深面随小隐静脉下行 ,至小腿中段以下方穿出深筋膜 ,后有发自腓肠外侧皮神经的交通支加入 ,吻合成腓肠神经 ,继续伴小隐静脉下行经外踝后方至足部 ,分布于足背外侧缘和小趾外侧的皮肤[1 ] 。胫后动脉分支腓动脉在外踝后缘近侧 0～ 5cm发出分支营养腓肠神经 ,并通过腓肠神经内供血系统与腓肠神经另一套外供血系统周围肌皮血管穿支相通[2 ] 。临床上据此设计腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣 ,从后踝外侧缘O′至胭窝中点O″连线 ,下 1 3段为腓肠神经体表投影 ,以此为皮瓣轴心 ,在O′附近 5cm…     

不同节段的穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复下肢缺损

目的：探讨不同节段的穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复下肢缺损的适应证和临床效果。方法：2004年至2012年治疗13例下肢软组织缺损患者,男8例,女5例;年龄15～76岁,平均38．6岁。采用3种不同节段的穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复,包括外踝尖后上4～7 cm处腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足、踝部缺损8例;外踝尖后上9～11 cm处腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段缺损3例;外踝尖后上1～2 cm处外踝后动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足跟缺损2例。皮瓣切取面积为4．5 cm×2．5 cm～16 cm×10 cm。供瓣区创面移植皮片修复。结果：13例皮瓣术后均未发生血管危象及切口感染,皮瓣均顺利成活,切口均Ⅰ期愈合。8例患者获得随访,时间1～12个月,平均6个月,皮瓣色泽、质地良好,厚薄适中,无烫伤及溃疡发生;供、受区外形及功能恢复较为满意。结论：灵活选用不同节段的穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复下肢缺损,可获得理想效果。     

腓肠外侧神经-小隐静脉血管蒂皮瓣的解剖学观察与临床应用

目的 通过对以腓肠外侧神经-小隐静脉血管为蒂的皮瓣的解剖学观察,探讨其临床应用效果,并对该术式进行评价.方法 10侧下肢灌注红色乳胶,20只截肢的下肢行解剖观察;临床于小腿设计以腓肠外侧神经-小隐静脉血管为蒂皮瓣修复下肢组织缺损,术中保留腓肠内侧神经,不结扎小隐静脉的远心端.结果 小腿存在以皮神经、小隐静脉为中心的血管网,与深筋膜、皮下血管网相互吻合;腓肠内、外侧神经平均距外踝上(8.5士0.8)cm;63例临床应用效果良好,足跟及足外侧感觉恢复满意.结论 保留腓肠内侧神经对保留足部感觉有积极意义,腓肠外侧神经-小隐静脉血管蒂皮瓣血运丰富、成活可靠.     

腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠外侧皮动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

采用25例突因外伤致死的健康成人新鲜下肢50侧,通过显微外科解剖、血管造影、染料试验等方法,探讨了本皮瓣的应用解剖学,其结论如下:腓肠外侧皮动脉出现率本组为100%,主要来源于腘动脉91.9%。其动脉末端在外踝上14.31±3.83cm 处与腓动脉穿支形成吻合弓,为本皮瓣的血供来源。吻合弓的出现率本组为88.64%,皮瓣最佳形成部位为小腿上段后外侧。     

腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠外侧皮动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

采用２５例突因外伤致死的健康成人新鲜下肢５０侧，通过显微外科解剖、血管造影、染料试验等方法，探讨了本皮瓣的应用解剖学，其结论如下：腓肠外侧皮动脉出现率本组为１００％，主要来源于动脉９１．９％。其动脉末端在外踝上１４．３１±３．８３ｃｍ处与腓动脉穿支形成吻合弓，为本皮瓣的血供来源。吻合弓的出现率本组为８８．６４％。皮瓣最佳形成部位为小腿上段后外侧。     

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects around the knee with the use of the lateral sural fasciocutaneous artery island flap

We present a series of six patients treated over a period of two years using the lateral sural fasciocutaneous island flap for a moderate soft tissue defect around the knee joint. All the flaps survived with early return of full knee joint function. The flap is extremely useful for such defects due to its close proximity to the area of the defect. It is a thin and reliable flap which can be raised easily. Received: 24 September 1997 / Accepted: 10 March 1998     

The distally based lateral sural neuro-lesser saphenous veno-fasciocutaneous flap: anatomical basis and clinical applications

Background

Soft tissue management around the lower third of the leg and foot presents a considerable challenge to the plastic surgeon. The aim of this research was to investigate the anatomical relationships of artery, nerve, vein and other adjacent structures in the posterolateral region of the calf, and our experience with using a distally based island flap pedicled with the lateral sural nerve and the lesser saphenous vein for soft tissue reconstruction of lower third of leg, foot, and ankle defects in 15 patients.

Materials and methods

Five fresh cadavers (ten lower limbs) were infused with colored red latex. The origin of the nutrient vessel of the lesser saphenous vein and the lateral sural nerve was identified. Based on the anatomical studies, an island flap supplied by the vascular axis of the lesser saphenous vein and the lateral sural nerve was designed for clinical reparative applications in 15 cases.

Results

The nutrient vessel of the lesser saphenous vein and the lateral sural nerve originates from the superficial sural artery, musculocutaneous perforators of the posterior tibial artery, and septocutaneous perforators of the peroneal artery in different segment of the calf. Meanwhile, these vessels have many sub-branches nourishing subcutaneous tissue and skin, form a favorable vascular chain around the nerve and the vein, and also communicate with vascular plexus of superficial and deep fascia. Among 15 flaps, 13 showed complete survival (86.66 %), while marginal flap necrosis occurred in one patient (6.67 %) and distal wound dehiscence in another (6.67 %). Their appearance and function were satisfactory, with feeling maintained in the heel and lateral side of the foot.

Conclusions

The distally based flap pedicled with the lateral sural nerve and lesser saphenous vein was a reliable source for repairing soft tissue defects in the lower leg and foot due to its advantages of infection control, high survival rate, and sufficient blood supply without the need to sacrifice a major blood vessel.     

Non-microsurgical bipedicled reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap with preservation of medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerve: Current surgical management of skin defect after traumatic Achilles tendon rupture – A case report

IntroductionThe challenging issue that still remains for reverse sural flap is the withstand of the flap against time, the width of coverage area, and the donor site morbidity such as pain after the medial or lateral sural cutaneous nerve harvested.Presentation of caseA 55 years old male was suffered from traumatic Achilles tendon rupture for 3 months and was repaired with Krakow's technique in a medical center in Pemalang, Indonesia. After the surgery, the defect was revealed as another surgery was planned to cover the skin defect. The author had chosen the bipedicled reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap in regular basis which addressed the superiority and viability of the flap, thus the donor site morbidity was also concerned as the preservation of medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerve, which leading to good quality of life as the patient still could feel and sensate his medial and lateral leg.DiscussionThe bipedicled reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap was successfully covered the skin defect on post traumatic Achilles tendon reconstruction, with retained medial sural nerve on its place, and the remaining harvested skin area was leave opened without skin graft which healed spontaneously.ConclusionBipedicled reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap with retained medial sural nerve offer a good clinical outcome either the viability of the flap and the maintained sensation along the medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerve distribution.     

Popliteal fossa reconstruction with a medial sural artery perforator free flap using the medial sural vessel as the recipient

Background: Reconstruction of the popliteal fossa using a free flap is challenging. Therefore, to facilitate easier free flap reconstruction of the popliteal fossa, we use a medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) free flap with a medial sural vessel as the recipient vessel, as it provides several advantages based on many reports.

Methods: This report describes the authors’ experience and outcomes with this technique. Between October 2010 and January 2015, 10 patients with medium-sized defects in their popliteal fossa underwent MSAP free flap reconstruction using the medial sural vessel as the recipient vessel. The flap size and thickness were evaluated, as well as the pedicle length, for each case.

Results: The skin flap sizes ranged from 60–112?cm². The average flap thickness was 6?mm (range?=?4–8?mm), and the average pedicle length was 7.5?cm (range?=?6–9?cm). Full flap survival was observed in nine cases, and flap tip necrosis was observed in one case during a mean follow-up of 15 months (range?=?3–36 months). MSAP free flap reconstruction was performed for moderate-sized defects in the popliteal fossa, using the medial sural vessel as the recipient vessel.

Conclusion: The obvious advantages of this technique included simple vascular anastomosis (minimal size discrepancy), no intraoperative position changes, and good aesthetic outcomes (replacing like with like).     

逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的:探讨逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的临床效果。方法:共13例患者,其中胫前中、下段5例,踝周、足背及足跟部8例,外伤创面及肉芽创面6例,慢性溃疡创面4例,Ⅱ型糖尿病合并足跟糖尿病性溃疡创面3例。皮瓣面积最大25cm×12cm,最小10cm×6cm。结果:13例中12例生长良好,1例皮瓣末端部分表皮坏死,经换药后愈合。随访3个月～2年,皮瓣质地良好,并有部分感觉恢复。结论:腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣是修复下肢软组织缺损的一种可供选择的理想方法。