血清NSE对晚期早产儿窒息脑损伤早期评价的意义

目的探讨新生儿窒息后血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）水平变化对判断晚期早产儿脑损伤的价值。方法选取154例晚期早产儿为研究对象,其中出生时有窒息的患儿94例为实验组,于出生后3～7 d行颅脑MRI检查,依据颅脑MRI分为无脑损伤组42例和脑损伤组52例;正常的60例为对照组,所有患儿均在其出生后24 h内检测血清NSE浓度。结果窒息脑损伤组血清NSE值较窒息无脑损伤组和对照组增高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,窒息无脑损伤组血清NSE值较对照组增高,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论外周血清NSE值可作为临床早期评价晚期早产儿窒息后脑损伤的参考指标。     

半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C在糖尿病肾病的变化

目的探讨血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（Cystatin C）在早期糖尿病肾病的诊断价值。方法测定和比较糖尿病正常白蛋白尿组、糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组与正常人血清CystatinC的浓度。结果糖尿病正常白蛋白尿组（0.76±0.38mg/l）与正常对照组（0.70±0.32mg/l）比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组（1.82±0.98mg/l）与糖尿病正常白蛋白尿组（0.76±0.38mg/l）（P〈0.001）和正常对照组（0.70±0.32mg/l）比较有显著性差异（P〈0.001）。结论血清CystatinC是糖尿病肾病早期诊断的理想指标。     

五味地龙汤对实验性哮喘豚鼠平喘机理的探讨

目的：探讨五味地龙汤的平喘作用及机制。方法：取豚鼠48只，随机分为正常对照组、哮喘模型组、地塞米松组、五味地龙汤高、中、低剂量组，每组8只。以卵白蛋白（OVA）腹腔注射致敏、气道吸入激发建立哮喘动物模型。致敏15d后，ig，连续8d。颈动脉取血离心取血清，用豚鼠二羟酸白三烯（LTB4）ELISA试剂盒测定血清LTB4水平。并分类计数肺泡灌洗液（BALF）和血中总细胞数、嗜酸性粒细胞（Eos）和淋巴细胞（Ly）数。结果：BALF和血中Eos、Ly分类计数显示：五味地龙汤大剂量组、中剂量组、小剂量组与哮喘模型组比较，均有显著的降低（P〈0．01）。血清LTB4分析显示：五味地龙汤大剂量组（11．9±1．5）ng·L^-1、中剂量组（12．1±1．4）ng·L^-1及小剂量组（12．3±0．8）ng·L^-1与哮喘模型组（17．5±1．6）ng·L^-1比较，有显著降低（P〈0．01）。五味地龙汤高剂量组降低总细胞数及Eos、Ly数的作用优于低剂量组，组间比较，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：五味地龙汤能减少Eos浸润，促进Eos凋亡，降低哮喘血清LTB4含量，从而具有抗气道炎症及气道重塑作用，与剂量呈正比例关系。     

赖诺普利片的人体药物动力学和相对生物利用度

10名男性健康受试者交叉口服市售赖诺普利的受试制剂与参比制剂,以LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中赖诺普利的浓度.口服受试和参比制剂后的cmax分别为（58.2±21.5）、（54.6±16.6）ng·ml^-1,tmax分别为（7.3±1.5）、（7.0±1.6）h,AUC0-48分别为（1025.5±501.7）、（849.0±218.9）ng·h·ml^-1.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（116.9±44.5）%.经90%置信区间和双单侧t检验,两种片剂具有生物等效性.     

神经元特异性烯醇化酶血清浓度在新生儿脑损伤早期诊断的相关性

目的：探讨神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）血清浓度与新生儿脑损伤早期诊断的相关性。方法选择本院52例新生脑损伤患儿为观察组,50例正常新生儿为对照组。应用光激化学发光免疫分析法检测对比分析两组新生儿出生12 h内、2 d后血清NSE浓度。结果新生儿脑损伤组血清NSE明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论血清NSE浓度变化对新生儿脑损伤早期评估有较高的价值,是重要的指标之一。     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶浓度动态变化的意义

目的探讨新生儿窒息后缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）患儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的动态变化及意义。方法收集2005年1月～2012年12月住院治疗的足月窒息新生儿75例（窒息组）和健康足月新生儿50例（对照组）,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测两组新生儿出生后1、3、7d时血清NSE浓度变化,并分析其变化与窒息后HIE的关系。结果出生后1、3、7d,窒息组新生儿血清NSE浓度均明显高于对照组[（44．50±12．08）μg/L vs（15．59±6．25）μg/L,（42．65±12．43）μg／L vs（15．38±5．84）μg/L,（37．90±9．50）μg／Lvs（13．92±5．37）μg／L],差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。重度窒息新生儿血清NSE浓度明显高于轻度窒息新生儿[（58．95±14．85）μg／Lvs（29．15±9．32）μg/L,（62．95±19．13）μg/Lvs（22．35±5．75）μg/L（57．35±13．75）μg／Lvs（18．45±5．25）μg／L],差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。出生后1、3、7d,HIE新生儿19例血清NSE浓度逐渐升高,而MRI正常新生儿56例血清NSE浓度逐渐下降,HIE新生儿血清NSE浓度均明显高于MRI正常新生儿[（59．84±15．09）μg／Lvs（32．95±12．86）μg／L,（63．95±19．21）μg/L vs（25．73±6．75）μg／L,（68．25±19．79）μg／Lvs（19．62±5．94）μg/L,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论监测血清NSE浓度动态变化有助于早期辅助判断窒息新生儿HIE。     

血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶缺血修饰蛋白与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病严重程度的相关性分析

目的 探讨血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、缺血修饰蛋白（IMA）与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）病情严重程度的关系。方法 选择2016年3月至2017年2月潮州市中心医院新生儿科收治的81例HIE患儿作为HIE组,根据病情轻重,将HIE组分为轻度HIE组32例、中度HIE组24例及重度HIE组25例;选择同期30例正常足月新生儿作为对照组。分别检测对照组生后1~2 d及3组患者HIE急性期与恢复期血清NSE、IMA水平,分析两者与HIE病情严重程度的关系。采用Pearson相关分析,分析三组HIE急性期及恢复期NSE、IMA的相关性。结果 3组HIE急性期及恢复期NSE、IMA均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。其中重度HIE组急性期NSE、IMA[（61.14±30.8）μg/L,（97.26±2.46） U/mL]高于中度HIE组[（40.30±10.81）μg/L,（93.08±1.90） U/mL]及轻度HIE组[（18.75±1.40）μg/L,（83.75±0.78） U/mL],差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。恢复期重度HIE组NSE,IMA[（20.81±9.57）μg/L,（83.34±2.01） U/mL]及中度HIE组[（21.14±7.04）μg/L,（82.28±2.17） U/mL]均高于轻度HIE组[（10.89±5.14）μg/L,（73.17±1.91） U/mL],差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Pearson相关性显示,三组患者HIE急性期,恢复期NSE与IMA均呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论 血清NSE与IMA水平的变化与HIE病情严重程度正相关。     

C-反应蛋白与急性脑梗死相关性研究分析

目的研究血清中C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平与急性脑梗死的关系。方法测定110例急性脑梗死患者和96例健康对照者血清CRP含量,并根据梗死灶面积大小分组,分析各组与CRP水平的相关性。结果急性脑梗死患者平均CRP浓度为（11.2&#177;2.38）mg/L,而对照组为（2.32&#177;0.84）mg/L,两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。小梗死灶组平均CRP浓度为（4.70&#177;1.52）mg/L,中梗死灶组平均CRP浓度为（9.21&#177;2.23）mg/L,与小梗死灶组比较,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,大梗死灶组平均CRP浓度为（17.46&#177;3.68）mg/L,与小梗死灶组及中梗死灶组比较,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论血清CRP水平增高与脑梗死的发生和严重程度有密切关系。     

82例未足月胎膜早破剩余羊水量与围产儿病率的关系研究

目的 探讨未足月胎膜早破（PPROM）发生后剩余羊水最与围产儿病率的关系.方法 选择2004年12月-2009年12月韶关市妇幼保健院46例、韶关市第一人民医院36例,共计82例PPROM孕妇.根据胎膜破裂后羊水指数（AFI）将病例分为三组：羊水量正常组（80 mm≤AFI＜180 mm）42例;羊水偏少组（50mm≤AFI＜80 mm）18例;羊水过少组（AFI＜50 mm）22例.观察各组AFI、围产儿感染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息情况、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症（NRDS）、新生儿呼吸 衰竭（RF）、新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病（HIE）、缺血缺氧性心肌损害等,并对各组的围产儿病例情况进行分析.结果 三组新生儿败血症12例,羊水量过少组6例（50.0%,6/12）,羊水量偏少组4例（33.3%,4/12）,羊水量正常组2例（16.7%,2/1 2）,三组分别比较,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.羊水量过少组胎儿窘迫6例（50.0%）、新生儿窒息7例（53.8%）、缺血缺氧性心肌损伤12例（48.0%）,明显高于羊水量正常组（分别为8.3%、15.3%、12.0%）,差异均有显著性（P＜0.05）.三组的NRDS、呼吸衰竭、新生儿HIE发生率分别比较,差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,且胎膜早破时孕周越小,新生儿感染、新生儿死亡率越高.结论 PPROM剩余羊水量过少与胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息、新生儿败血症、新生儿缺血缺氧性心肌损害的增加有关;PPROM剩余羊水量可作为围生儿病率有效预测指标.     

窒息新生儿肾功能损害相关指标变化

目的 研究窒息新生儿肾功能损害相关指标的变化情况。方法 选择河南省郑州市第一人民医院2013年4月至2015年4月收治的80例窒息新生儿为研究对象,并作为窒息组。其中,轻度窒息50例,重度窒息30例;选择同期40例正常新生儿为对照组。通过全自动生化分析仪、颗粒增强透射免疫比浊法分别测定各组新生儿血肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）及血清胱抑素C （CysC）水平,并用Pearson分析CysC与BUN及Cr的相关性。结果 窒息组BUN、Cr、CysC水平分别为（7.52±2.04）mmol/L、（113.61±29.65）μmol/L、（4.23±0.71）mg/L,高于对照组的（3.91±1.20）mmol/L、（59.63±15.60）μmol/L、（2.54±0.40）mg/L,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。轻度窒息组CysC、BUN异常率分别为74.0%、42.0%,低于重度窒息组的96.7%、66.7%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。CysC与血Cr、BUN呈正相关（r＝0.670、0.654,P<0.05）。结论 血清BUN、Cr及CysC,特别是CysC水平,对于判断窒息新生儿肾功能损害有重要意义。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.