慢性咳嗽98例的病因分布和疗效评价

目的 探讨慢性咳嗽的病因分布并对其疗效评价。方法 采用2005年中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组提出的《咳嗽的诊断和治疗指南》，分析98例慢性咳嗽的病因和疗效。结果 98例慢性咳嗽患者中确诊90例．确诊率91．8％。其中鼻后滴漏综合征（PNDS）18例，占18．4％；嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎（EB）17例，占18．4％；咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）12例，占12．2％；胃食管反流性咳嗽（GER）11例，占11．2％；变应性咳嗽（CA）8例，占8．2％；慢性咽炎8例，占8．2％；感冒后咳嗽（PIC）7例．占7．1％。90例确诊患者经特异性治疗后，77例得到临床控制．占85．6％。其余13例患者仅为部分有效。结论 PNDS、EB、CVA、GER、CA、慢性咽炎、PIC等是慢性咳嗽的主要病因；针对咳嗽病因的特异性治疗效果良好。     

慢性咳嗽98例临床分析

目的探讨慢性咳嗽病因诊断及治疗。方法根据慢性咳嗽诊断标准，对98例慢性咳嗽病人进行病因诊断分析，并根据诊断结果进行相应治疗。结果全部病例中，咳嗽变异性哮喘37例，占37．8％；鼻后滴流综合征28例，占28．6％；症状性胃食管反流26例，占26．5％；慢性支气管炎3例，占3％；精神性咳嗽1例，占1％；原因未明咳嗽3例，占3％。结论慢性咳嗽中以咳嗽变异性哮喘、鼻后滴流综合征、胃食管反流最多见，经针对性治疗效果较好。     

慢性咳嗽146例病因分析

目的探讨慢性咳嗽的病因构成。方法对146例慢性咳嗽患者询问病史,体检,行胸部X线及CT、肺功能、胃镜、副鼻窦拍片、痰细胞学分类等检查,根据检查结果和治疗反应确定病因诊断。结果146例患者中明确诊断136例,确诊率93．2％;病因分布：咳嗽变异性哮喘45例（30．3％）,鼻后滴漏综合征27例（18．5％）,胃食管反流性咳嗽21例（14．4％）,感染后咳嗽16例（10．9％）,嗜酸细胞性支气管炎13例（8．9％）,药物性咳嗽10例（6．8％）,心理源性咳嗽4例（2．7％）,病因未明10例（6．8％）。结论慢性咳嗽病因复杂,予以特异性治疗效果好,故明确病因是治疗的关键。     

不明原因慢性咳嗽91例诊疗分析

目的研究慢性咳嗽的病因分布及针对病因实施治疗的有效率。方法 91例慢性咳嗽患者应用慢性咳嗽解剖学诊断程序＋诱导痰细胞学分类进行病因诊断,并针时病因实施特异性治疗。结果病因诊断率为90%（82/91）,病因未明10%（9/91）,其中咳嗽变异性哮喘占31%（29/91）,病毒感染后咳嗽占18%（17/91）,嗜酸细胞性支气管炎占14%（13/91）,鼻后滴漏综合征占8%（7/91）,胃食管反流性咳嗽占5%（4/91）。82例明确诊断患者实施针对性治疗,治疗有效率93.3%（77/82）。结论慢性咳嗽解剖学诊断程序＋诱导痰细胞学分类能使大部分慢性咳嗽患者病因明确,针对性治疗有效。     

“指南”对慢性咳嗽病因学诊断和治疗的有效性观察

目的观察《咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南(草案)》对慢性咳嗽病因诊断和治疗的有效性,了解慢性咳嗽病因的分布。方法按2005年中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘组颁布的《咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南(草案)》中的慢性咳嗽病因诊断程序和原则,结合患者的实际情况进行病因诊断和给予特异性治疗。结果 92例患者,确诊89例(96.7%)。单一病因79例(85.8%),2重病因8例(8.7%),3重病因2例(2.2%),病因未明3例(3.3%)。包括复合病因在内,总计104例次慢性咳嗽病因,诊断14种疾病。89例确诊患者经过针对病因治疗后,82例(92.1%)患者咳嗽症状得到临床控制;7例(7.9%)咳嗽症状减轻。结论应用"指南"对慢性咳嗽病因确诊高、病因明确后临床控制好。慢性咳嗽的常见病因是咳嗽变异型哮喘、鼻后滴流综合症、胃—食管反流性咳嗽、变应性咳嗽、嗜酸细胞性支气管炎;病因分布有差异,复合病因不少见。     

门诊慢性咳嗽病因及治疗分析

目的：探讨慢性咳嗽的主要病因及其诊断标准,分析针对病因治疗的效果。方法：采用《咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南》诊断程序,对226例慢性咳嗽的病因进行诊断并通过分析治疗效果而确认。结果：226例慢性咳嗽中确诊216例（95．6％）,其中咳嗽变异型哮喘（CVA）73例,鼻后滴流综合征（PNDs）52例,胃食管反流性咳嗽（GERC）40例,感染后咳嗽（PIC）31例,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）诱发的咳嗽17例,嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎（EB）3例;病因未明10例（4．4％）。确诊的216例针对性治疗后,201例咳嗽得到控制（93．1％）,15例显效（6．9％）。结论：CVA、PNDs、GERC、PIC、ACEI诱发的咳嗽是慢性咳嗽的主要病因,针对病因的特异性治疗效果良好,并可作为确诊的重要依据。     

慢性咳嗽98例病因诊断分析

目的探讨慢性咳嗽的病因。方法对我院收治的98慢性咳嗽患者通过询问病史、相应常规检查、诊断性治疗初步确定咳嗽病因,据诊断结果进行相应治疗。结果咳嗽变异性哮喘39例(占39.7%);鼻后滴流综合征20例(占20.4%);胃食管反流性咳嗽19例(占19.3%);感染后咳嗽9例(占9.1%),慢性支气管炎7例(占7.1%);心理源性咳嗽4例(占4.0%)。结论慢性咳嗽病因复杂,明确病因是治疗成功的关键,对慢性咳嗽的病因要充分的认识,采取分步诊断程序,从而提高慢性咳嗽的病因诊断水平。     

78例小儿慢性咳嗽的病因诊断

目的探讨小儿慢性咳嗽的病因及其特点。方法对78例符合慢性咳嗽诊断标准患儿进行病因和诊断方法分析。结果78例患儿中73例（93．6％）病因明确,62例（79．5％）为单一病因所致,11例（14．1％）并存2个病因。确诊中咳嗽变异哮喘25例（32．1％）,鼻后滴漏综合征16例（20．5％）,感冒后暂时性气道高反应性10例（12．8％）,肺炎支原体感染7．例（9．0％）,胃食管反流性疾病4例（5．1％）;未明5例（6．4%）。结论咳嗽变异性哮喘、鼻后滴漏综合征、感冒后暂时性气道高反应性、肺炎支原体感染小儿慢性咳嗽的最常见病因,其单独或合并者占88．5％。详细的临床经过、必要的辅助检查、适当的诊断性治疗和观察是确定病因的主要方法。     

慢性咳嗽的病因分析及治疗

目的：总结对慢性咳嗽的病因分析及治疗的经验体会。方法分析2012年10月～2013年11月门诊及住院患者符合慢性咳嗽诊断标准的78例患者的临床资料。结果78例中咳嗽变异性哮喘占33.3％；上气道咳嗽综合征19.2％；胃食管反流病16.7％；慢性心功能不全10.2％；药物性咳嗽5.1％；支气管内膜结核2.6％；肿瘤3.8％；声带息肉1.2％；嗜酸细胞性支气管炎2.6％；病因未明的5.1％。结论慢性咳嗽的病因比较复杂，大多数患者经对症治疗后症状得到了缓解，临床医师要重视病因诊断及治疗。     

老年咳嗽分类与临床特征的研究

目的 分析老年人咳嗽的分类与临床特征。方法 收集以咳嗽为首发症状就诊并符合咳嗽诊疗指南的老年患者174例并回顾性分析。结果 急性咳嗽116例，亚急性咳嗽25例，慢性咳嗽33例。咳嗽病因：感冒咳嗽66．1％，慢性支气管炎10．3％，哮喘4．6％。X线胸片有明确病变3.5％，无明确病变15．5％（诊断不明2．3％）。全部患者做血常规及胸片检查。选择做CT、支气管镜、食道钡透、肺炎支原体抗体检查及经验性治疗和病因诊断性治疗后确诊率分别为15．2％、3％、33．3％、0、36.4％。结论 感冒诱发的急性咳嗽和X线胸片无明确病变的慢性咳嗽是老年人咳嗽的主要因素。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.