血府逐瘀口服液对家兔血液流变学的影响

目的　观察血府逐瘀口服液对正常和血瘀模型下家兔的血液流变学的影响。方法　①采用旋转粘度计法自身对照分别取血检测给药前后正常家兔的全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、血沉和纤维蛋白原 ;血府逐瘀口服液 5 0ml/kg ,bid ,2d ,胃饲。②取健康雄性家兔 40只 ,2 0± 0 2kg ,每组 8只 ,随机分为空白、模型、模型 血府逐瘀口服液高、低剂量组和模型 阳性对照复方丹参注射液组 ;同法分别取血检测各组家兔的全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、血沉和纤维蛋白原。模型复制剂 :10 %高分子右旋糖酐。结果　血府逐瘀口服液能降低正常家兔的全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积 (HCT)、血沉 (ESR)和纤维蛋白原 (Fb) (P<0 0 1) ;对急性“血瘀症”家兔 ,两个剂量组血府逐瘀口服液均能明显降低全血粘度、血浆粘度、HCT、ESR和Fb(P <0 0 1)。结论　血府逐瘀口服液可明显改善正常和急性“血瘀症”状态下家兔的血液流变性     

刺五加注射液对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学的影响

目的观察刺五加注射液对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学的影响。方法取健康大鼠40只,体质量（200±20）g,每组8只,随机分为正常对照、模型对照、模型＋刺五加注射液低、中、高剂量组,分别取血检测各组大鼠的全血粘度、血浆粘度、纤维蛋白原浓度、血沉及红细胞压积。模型复制剂：10%高分子右旋糖酐。结果刺五加注射液2.5ml·kg^-1·3次/d·3d或5ml·kg^-1·3次/d·3d可使急性血瘀模型大鼠的全血粘度、血浆粘度、纤维蛋白原浓度、血沉及红细胞压积明显降低。结论刺五加注射液对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学的异常变化有明显改善作用,对于防止动脉硬化的发展,防止急性心肌梗死时的高粘状态、并发症以及预防及控制部分脑血管疾病的发生均有益处。     

389例脑梗塞患者血液流变学指标检测分析

目的探讨脑梗塞患者血液流变性的改变。方法对389例脑梗塞患者进行全血粘度高切、低切)和血浆粘度、红细胞压积、血沉、纤维蛋白原等有关血液流变学指标进行测定。结果脑梗塞患者除血沉以外,其它全血粘度高切、低切)、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、纤维蛋白原明显增高。结论血液流变异常是诱发脑梗塞的重要因素之一。     

原发性骨关节炎的血液流变学变化

目的：检测原发性骨关节炎（POA）患者血液流变学指标并探讨其临床意义。方法：检测49例POA患者和17例对照的全血粘度、血小板聚集率、血浆粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数及血沉,两组比较。结果：OA患者的全血粘度（低切3／S）、血小板聚集率、血浆粘度放对照组显著增高（P＜0．01）,而两组间的全血粘度（高切200／S）、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞变形指数及血沉无显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：原发性骨关节炎患者血液粘滞度较正常增高,并主要由血浆因素所致。     

滁菊总黄酮对寒凝血瘀证家兔血液流变学的影响

目的 观察滁菊总黄酮对寒凝血瘀证家兔血液流变学的影响。方法 采用皮下注射肾上腺素加冰水浸泡复制寒凝血瘀证家兔模型,观察滁菊总黄酮对寒凝血瘀证家兔全血粘度、血浆粘度,红细胞沉降速率和红细胞压积,红细胞聚集指数和刚性指数,以及ADP诱导血小板聚集率的影响。结果 滁菊总黄酮能够改善寒凝血瘀证家兔全血粘度和血浆粘度,降低红细胞沉降速率和红细胞压积,降低红细胞聚集指数和刚性指数,抑制ADP诱导的血小板聚集。结论 滁菊总黄酮能够改善寒凝血瘀证家兔血液流变学异常。     

蒙药扎冲十三味丸对大鼠急性血瘀模型血液流变学的影响

目的 观察Gi13对大鼠急性血瘀模型血液流变学的影响.方法 采用皮下注射0.1％盐酸肾上腺素复合冰水浴大鼠血瘀模型,各组大鼠用乌拉坦麻醉后腹主动脉取血,测定大鼠血液流变学各参数及血小板聚集功能等指标.结果 Gi13高、中剂量组均能显著降低急性血瘀模型大鼠低切变率(1s-1)全血黏度、中切变率(50 s-1)全血黏度、血浆纤维蛋白原浓度、红细胞压积、血沉、红细胞聚集指数、血小板聚集率等指标(P＜0.05).结论 Gi13对大鼠急性血瘀模型血液流变学及血小板功能的异常变化有明显的改善作用.     

肝硬化患者血液流变学变化及意义

目的：研究肝硬化患者不同时期血液流变学的变化及临床意义,为消化道出血控制后输血提供理论依据。方法：检测30例代偿期肝硬化、32例失代偿期肝硬化、24例肝硬化消化道出血和20例的出血控制后患者的血液流变学的各项指标,并以30例正常组做参照。结果：失代偿期肝硬化患者全血比粘度、血浆比粘度、纤维蛋白原、红细胞压积较代偿期下降（P＜0.05),血沉较代偿期增快（P＜0.05);出血控制后患者较出血时血浆比粘度、纤维蛋白原、红细胞压积明显升高（P＜0.05),血沉变慢（P＜0.05）。结论：肝硬化患者存在血液流变学紊乱,表现为低凝高聚状态,消化道出血控制后,少量多次输血,能改变血液流变学,延长再出血时间。     

虎杖苷降低急性血瘀模型大鼠血液粘度的研究

目的 :探讨虎杖苷降低急性血瘀模型大鼠血液粘度的作用。方法 :采用大鼠急性血瘀模型 ,以全血高切变率及低切变率粘度值、红细胞压积值、血小板粘附率、纤维蛋白原含量、血浆粘度为观察指标。结果 :虎杖苷可以显著降低模型大鼠的纤维蛋白原含量和血小板粘附率 ,其药效对血浆粘度降低所致全血粘度降低比其它原因所致更显著 ,它主要通过降低血浆粘度来降低全血粘度 ,从而显著改善大鼠血液循环。结论 :虎杖苷对血液粘度降低有重要应用价值。     

糖尿病与血液流变学探讨

目的探讨血液流变学指标在糖尿病诊断中的应用价值。方法测定经临床确诊的59例糖尿病患者全血粘度高切值、中切值、低切值、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、血沉，对它们进行统计学处理。结果59例糖尿病患者(男性32例，女性27例)与59例对照组(男性31例，女性28例)进行比较，全血粘度高切值、中切值、低切值、血桨粘度，红细胞压积均增高，血沉增快，有显著的差异，P＜0．05或＜0．01。结论糖尿病人由于代谢紊乱，血糖升高，血液理化特性改变，导致血液不同切变率下粘度增高，血沉增快。     

强力定眩片对大鼠血液流变学及体外血栓形成的影响

目的观察强力定眩片对大鼠血液流变学及体外血栓形成的影响。方法用LG-Ⅲ型旋筒式血液黏度计测量全血黏度、血浆黏度及全血还原黏度;用微量毛细管法测定血沉及红细胞压积;用微量热沉淀法测定纤维蛋白原含量;用血小板黏附及体外血栓形成仪测定体外血栓的长度、湿重及血栓指数。结果①模型组与空白组比较,全血黏度、血浆黏度和全血还原黏度均显著升高(P<0.01);血沉、红细胞压积无明显变化;纤维蛋白原含量明显增高(P<0.01);血栓长度、血栓湿重和血栓指数明显增大(P<0.01);②强力定眩片组的全血黏度、血浆黏度和全血还原黏度明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);血沉和红细胞压积无明显变化;纤维蛋白原含量明显降低(P<0.05);强力定眩片大剂量组的血栓长度、湿重及血栓指数明显减少(P<0.01);中、小剂量的血栓长度和血栓指数明显减少(P<0.05),而血栓湿重无明显变化。结论①成功复制了大鼠急性血瘀模型;②强力定眩片可降低血瘀大鼠的血液黏度,降低纤维蛋白原的含量,提示其可改善血瘀大鼠的血液流变性;并能抑制血瘀大鼠体外血栓形成。③强力定眩片的活血化瘀作用可能是其治疗眩晕症的机理之一。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.