连线测验(中文修订版)在早期识别无痴呆型血管性认知障碍中的作用

目的评估中文修订版连线测验(TMT)在识别无痴呆型血管性认知障碍(VCIND)中的作用。方法采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、连线测验、临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)等对43例VCIND患者和35名性别、年龄和文化程度相匹配的正常对照进行测试。结果 VCIND组患者TMT-A、B的耗时数长于NC组(P0.05);干扰量:VCIND组NC组,差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论连线测验能够发现VCIND患者执行功能损害,有助于早期检出VCIND患者。     

缺血性卒中后认知功能障碍的患病率和危险因素

目的 明确卒中后认知功能障碍(PSCI)的患病率和危险因素.方法 526例缺血性卒中患者被分为无认知障碍、认知障碍非痴呆(CIND)和血管性痴呆(VaD),根据影像学表现,患者分为皮质下缺血性血管病、皮质型缺血性血管病和其他类型,登记患者人口学、血管危险凶素和卒中病情等.结果 PSCI患病率36.7%.与无认知障碍相比,PSCI患者年龄大、女性比例高、教育程度低、彳T侧瘫痪多、抑郁评分高,但血管危险因素无差别.与无认知障碍者相比,VaD者经济水平低、配偶照料少、失语多、尿失禁多、皮质型缺血性血管病多;CIND者则有较多的皮质下缺血性血管病.VaD者较CIND者皮质型缺血性血管病多、抑郁评分低.高龄、女性、低社会经济水平、失语、皮质下缺血性血管病、皮质型缺血性血管病和抑郁评分高为PSCI的独立危险因素.结论 PSCI常见于缺血性卒中患者,与人口学因素、卒中类型及抑郁有关.     

急性缺血性卒中病人认知功能动态变化的初步研究

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中病人认知功能动态变化。方法前瞻性登记急性缺血性卒中病人291例,分别在梗死后2周内(基线)、3个月和6个月对病人进行认知功能和日常生活能力评估。结果共有151例急性缺血性卒中病人完成基线、3个月和6个月随访,其中老年组( 60岁) 112例。卒中后认知障碍(poststroke cognitive impairment,PSCI)在卒中基线、卒中后3个月和卒中后6个月的发生率分别为55.6%、43.7%和41.7%。卒中后3个月和6个月的认知功能和日常生活能力评分均比基线时有所提高,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);但卒中后6个月与卒中后3个月相比,差异无统计学意义。MoCA子项的动态变化各不相同。老年组在卒中基线时、卒中后3个月、卒中后6个月的PSCI发生率均高于非老年组,认知功能和日常生活能力评分均低于非老年组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性缺血性卒中病人具有较高的PSCI发生率,老年急性缺血性卒中病人较年轻病人更易发生PSCI。在卒中后3个月,多数缺血性卒中病人认知功能较急性期有提高,尤其在命名、视空间与执行能力、注意力、延迟回忆方面改善明显。     

rTMS对非痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者的疗效及血清相关因子的影响

目的探讨高频重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)治疗非痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者的效果及对患者血清内皮素-1(ET-1)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2 (Lp-PLA2)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)的影响。方法选取104例非痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者,采用随机分组方法分为联合组和常规组各52例,两组患者均予以常规基础治疗,联合组同时采用r TMS治疗;对比两组治疗前后的神经电生理活动指标、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分、蒙特利尔认知功能评定量表(MoCA)评分、ET-1、VEGF、Lp-PLA2、TSH水平。结果治疗后,联合组的MMSE、MoCA评分均高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(t=3. 13、P=0. 00; t=3. 60、P=0. 00)。治疗后,联合组的诱发电位波幅高于常规组,诱发电位P300潜伏期低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(t=-8. 29、P=0. 00; t=4. 70、P=0. 00)。治疗后,联合组的血清ET-1、VEGF高于常规组,血清Lp-PLA2、TSH低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(t=-2. 91～3. 89,均P 0. 01)。结论r TMS结合常规疗法治疗非痴呆型血管性认知障碍的效果较好,能显著的改善患者的认知功能水平。     

卒中急性期非痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者工作记忆的事件相关电位特征研究

目的 探索卒中急性期非痴呆型血管性认知障碍(PS-VCIND)患者的工作记忆特点.方法 卒中急性期PS-VCIND及卒中后无认知障碍(PS-NCI)患者各13例,行数字n-back (n=0,1)工作记忆任务的ERP实验,记录行为学数据及EEG,离线处理数据,比较两组在不同记忆负荷下的行为表现及ERP成分的差异.结果 两组被试1-back较0-back任务反应时均延长(P＜0.001),正确率无变化;不同组别(PS-VCIND和PS-NCI)间正确率与反应时差异均无统计学意义.ERP数据示PS-VCIND组1-back较0-back的P300潜伏期延长(P=0.011)、波幅减小(P=0.001);且在1-back任务中,PS-VCIND较PS-NCI组潜伏期延长(P=0.047)、波幅减小(P=0.035).结论卒中急性期PS-VCIND患者存在工作记忆损害,n-back范式诱发的ERP成分可增加卒中后认知障碍早期诊断的客观性.     

参麻益智方干预血管性痴呆病人认知功能障碍和神经功能缺损的临床疗效

目的探讨参麻益智方干预血管性痴呆病人认知功能障碍和神经功能缺损的临床疗效。方法将196例轻中度血管性痴呆病人随机分为试验组和对照组,各98例,并遵守双盲研究原则。研究过程中脱落24例,最终纳入分析172例,其中试验组85例,对照组87例。两组均给予银杏叶片作为基础治疗药物,同时试验组予以参麻益智方颗粒剂,对照组予以参麻益智方模拟剂,两组疗程均为12周。两组治疗前后分别进行简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、阿尔茨海默病评定量表-认知部分(ADAS-Cog)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL-R)评分及中医证候量表评分,并同时检测血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平变化。结果治疗后,试验组MMSE量表总分高于对照组(P0.05);试验组MMSE量表单项复述、理解、阅读、书写、延迟记忆评分高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,试验组ADAS-Cog量表总评分低于对照组(P0.05),且试验组ADAS-Cog量表单词回忆、指令、单词辨认、语言理解能力评分低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,试验组MMSE量表临床总有效率高于对照组(49.4%与34.5%,P0.05),试验组ADAS-Cog量表临床总有效率高于对照组(69.4%与54.0%,P0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组NIHSS评分均降低(P0.01);且试验组NIHSS评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组血清BDNF水平均升高,血清NSE和Hcy水平均降低(P0.01);且试验组血清BDNF水平高于对照组,试验组血清NSE水平低于对照组(P0.05),治疗后两组血清Hcy水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组ADL-R评分均降低(P0.01);治疗后,两组ADL-R评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组中医证候量表总分均降低(P0.01);且试验组中医证候量表总分低于对照组(P0.05),试验组中医证候智能减退、喜怒不定、烦躁不安、口唇发绀评分低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。治疗后,试验组中医证候疗效总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(74.12%与55.17%,P0.05)。结论参麻益智方联合银杏叶片对轻中度血管性痴呆病人认知功能障碍和神经功能缺损及中医证候方面改善优于单用银杏叶片,且在营养神经和修复受损神经方面有一定的临床疗效。     

缺血性卒中病人肾小球滤过率及尿微量蛋白与认知功能的相关性研究

目的探讨缺血性卒中病人肾小球滤过率(GFR)及尿微量蛋白水平与认知功能损害的相关性。方法选取2015年5月—2017年5月我院收治的急性缺血性脑卒中病人86例。根据发病后3个月神经心理学评分分为认知障碍组(32例)及无认知障碍组(54例)。测定所有病人的GFR及尿微量蛋白水平,分析GFR及尿微量蛋白与认知评分的相关性。结果认知障碍组蒙特利尔认知功能评估量表(MoCA)评分与GFR水平显著低于无认知障碍组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);认知障碍组尿微量白蛋白、免疫球蛋白G、转铁蛋白、α_1微球蛋白、β_2微球蛋白水平显著高于无认知障碍组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Spearman相关分析结果显示:缺血性卒中病人MoCA评分与GFR水平呈显著正相关(r=0.721,P0.001),而与尿微量白蛋白、免疫球蛋白G、转铁蛋白、α_1微球蛋白、β_2微球蛋白水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.625、-0.473、-0.386、-0.552、-0.512,P0.05)。结论缺血性卒中病人GFR及尿微量蛋白水平与认知损害相关。     

阿尔茨海默病及血管性痴呆患者血尿酸检验结果分析

目的分析阿尔茨海默病及血管性痴呆患者血尿酸检验结果。方法选取2013年2月~2015年5月我院就收治的阿尔茨海默病患者41例和血管性疾呆患者41例作为研究对象,分为阿尔茨海默组和血管性痴呆组,将健康体检者41名作为对照组。空腹采集3组对象静脉血进行血尿酸检测,并对比血尿酸的检验结果。结果阿尔茨海默组和血管性疾呆组的血尿酸水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);阿尔茨海默组和血管性疾呆组的血尿酸水平均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论检测脑血管疾病患者和老年人体内血尿酸水平,可以及时了解患者认知障碍,有利于早期采取针对性干预措施,延缓患者发生认知障碍的进程,提高其生活质量。     

蒙特利尔认知评价量表在非痴呆型血管性认知障碍早期筛查中的应用

蒙特利尔认知评价量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)是一种用于快速筛查轻度认知障碍的评定量表.近年来,随着临床研究的不断深入,MoCA的应用范围逐步扩大到认知障碍相关疾病的评价.文章对MoCA在非痴呆型血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment-n...     

非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍与甲状腺激素水平的相关性

目的 探讨非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍与甲状腺激素水平的关系.方法 105例患者,根据疾病类型分为两组,观察组为53例非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍患者;对照组包括24例具有脑血管病危险因素的患者以及28例具有脑血管疾病的患者.测定所有患者的总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、总甲状腺索(TT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH),并同时对他们进行Hachinski缺血指数量表(HIS)、临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)、简明精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分.结果 观察组的TT4、FT4、MMSE评分显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).观察组的CDR评分显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组之间的TT3、FT3、TSH、HIS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 血清TT4、FT4可能参与非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍的发病机制.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.