经动脉入路栓塞前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的评价经动脉入路栓塞前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析7例经动脉入路栓塞的前颅窝底DAVF患者的临床资料,其中Cognardm型1例,Ⅳ型6例。表现为颅内出血5例,眼部症状2例。均采用经筛动脉入路,以10％～15％液态栓塞剂NBCA栓塞2例,Onyx—18栓塞5例。对2例合并供血动脉血流相关胜动脉瘤者,均首先栓塞动脉瘤。结果7例中,经单支供血动脉栓塞即获完全栓塞者5例,其中2例用球囊辅助微导管超选技术;部分栓塞2例,分别在1周及1个月后造影,见瘘口再开放,再次进行多支供血动脉栓塞,直至瘘口基本不显影。1例因NBCA胶过度弥散发生对侧眼动脉阻塞,术后出现视力下降。7例均获临床随访（6～107个月）,改良Rankin量表评分0～1级5例,2级1例,3级1例。4例获造影随访,均未见瘘口显影。结论经动脉入路栓塞前颅窝底DAVF安全有效。术中应严格控制栓塞剂返流及过度弥散,防止发生视网膜中央动脉栓塞等并发症。     

经不同动脉途径使用Onyx18栓塞前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨经不同动脉途径栓塞前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘的安全性、有效性。方法回顾性分析2004年5月—2012年4月,首都医科大学宣武医院介入放射诊断治疗科使用Onyx18栓塞治疗的前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者的临床资料,共16例,其中男14例,女2例,年龄33～71岁,平均50岁。分析栓塞所选用的不同动脉入路、栓塞的治愈率及并发症的发生率。结果①血管造影显示所有患者的硬脑膜动静脉瘘均由眼动脉的筛前动脉和筛后动脉供血,9例另由脑膜中动脉和蝶腭动脉参与供血,其中2例还伴有额极动脉供血;3例另由蝶腭动脉参与供血。②在16例患者中,1例经蝶腭动脉、8例经脑膜中动脉分支、7例经眼动脉供血的筛前动脉分支进行超选择置管栓塞。所有患者均得到影像学治愈,术后恢复良好。无任何相关并发症的发生。③术后半年门诊随访7例,无任何相关症状;半年影像学随访3例,无影像学复发表现。结论经动脉途径使用Onyx18栓塞前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。根据供血情况选择合适的供血动脉进行栓塞,可以提高手术的安全性和成功率。     

前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床特点及显微手术治疗效果

目的探讨前颅窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的临床特点及显微手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析南京军区南京总医院神经外科2008年5月至2018年5月连续收治的21例行经翼点或单侧额下入路前颅窝底DAVF切除术患者的临床及影像资料(CT、CT血管成像、MRI、MR血管成像、DSA),其中出血患者8例,非出血患者13例。根据Cognard分型法对21例患者进行Cognard分型。DAVF位于一侧的患者采用翼点入路显微手术,DAVF靠近中线的患者采用单侧额下入路显微手术。采用格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分评估出血患者术前及术后的意识状态。术后定期进行临床及影像学随访。结果 8例出血患者中,脑内出血5例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例,脑内出血合并蛛网膜下腔出血2例,均以自发性颅内出血引起的头痛伴意识不清为首发症状;CognardⅢ型3例,Ⅳ型5例。13例非出血患者中,1例有明确的眼部外伤史并以突眼为首发症状,8例以头晕为首发症状,3例以头痛为首发症状,1例以突眼为首发症状。3例术前头部CT检查仅表现为前颅窝底占位性病变;9例术前头部MRI或MR血管成像检查表现为前颅窝底杂乱增粗的异常血管流空影;6例术前头部CT血管成像检查表现为前颅窝底硬脑膜起源的扩张静脉;17例术前DSA检查示瘘口均位于筛板处,供血动脉为眼动脉发出的筛动脉或颌内动脉的终末支,7例有脑膜中动脉的分支参与供血,引流静脉均为皮质静脉并汇入上矢状窦。4例初期仅完善头部CT检查并误诊,2例误诊为前颅窝底肿瘤,2例误诊为动脉瘤,均在DSA检查后确诊。所有患者术后无明显并发症,临床症状较术前均有不同程度的好转,术后复查DSA均未发现异常的瘘口及迂曲扩张的引流静脉。8例出血患者术后(11±3)d GCS评分示患者的意识状态较术前明显改善[术前、术后分别为:(7±2)、(9±1)分,t=-4.646,P0.05],其中4例患者术后定期随访无不适主诉及复发。13例非出血患者中5例术后定期随访无不适主诉及复发。结论前颅窝底DAVF有较高的出血倾向和特殊的血管构建形式。显微手术是治疗前颅窝底DAVF安全、有效的方法,对出血患者意识状态的改善非常重要。     

血管内栓塞治疗软脑膜动静脉瘘的临床观察

目的探讨软脑膜动静脉瘘的临床和影像学特点及治疗策略。方法回顾性连续纳入2013年1月至2017年12月首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科收治的软脑膜动静瘘患者12例,均经脑血管造影确诊。患者均接受血管内栓塞治疗,采用Glubran2、弹簧圈+Glubran2或Onyx18进行栓塞,部分患者在球囊辅助下完成。观察患者栓塞效果(完全栓塞、次全栓塞、部分栓塞)、术后并发症发生情况。术后对所有患者进行临床及影像学随访,观察患者临床症状缓解情况及影像学治愈(复查脑血管造影瘘口无显影)情况。结果 12例患者首发症状中,头痛6例,癫痫发作3例,颅内出血2例,耳鸣1例。栓塞术后,11例患者瘘口完全闭塞,1例患者次全闭塞。6例患者术中使用球囊辅助。1例患者术后出现左侧肢体肌力下降。无死亡病例。11例患者完成随访,随访中位时间为13. 4(5. 2,26. 7)个月; 9例患者症状消失,1例患者仍有头痛症状,1例患者口服抗癫痫药物控制癫痫发作; 11例患者瘘口均未显影,1例患者出现上矢状窦区、直窦及窦汇区硬脑膜动静脉瘘及动静脉畸形,经栓塞治愈。结论软脑膜动静脉瘘是一种罕见的临床疾病,多表现为头痛、癫痫发作等,血管内栓塞治疗是一种安全有效的治疗方式。     

经动脉采用Onyx－18胶栓塞颅前窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨经动脉入路采用Onyx-18胶栓塞颅前窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床疗效。方法于2004年1月—2009年2月期间,对首都医科大学宣武医院收治的颅前窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘13例患者（其中男9例,女4例;年龄为36～63岁,平均52岁）应用Onyx-18胶,经动脉进行瘘口及引流静脉栓塞。对其临床资料,包括临床表现、影像学、治疗方法及预后进行回顾性分析。结果①通过单侧眼动脉筛前动脉栓塞8例,通过双侧眼动脉筛前动脉栓塞5例;一次性完全栓塞11例,部分栓塞2例。无严重栓塞并发症。②颈内动脉造影显示,单纯眼动脉筛前动脉供血6例,筛前、筛后动脉供血4例,筛前动脉、筛后动脉、颌内动脉、脑膜中动脉供血3例;异常血流经皮质静脉向上矢状窦汇流9例,伴有向基底静脉汇流3例,合并翼丛面静脉引流1例;引流静脉瘤样扩张或静脉湖形成7例。③术后随访1～48个月,所有病例无再出血及癫痫发作。结论经动脉入路应用Onyx-18胶栓塞颅前窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘可以获得较好的效果,但疗效及安全性仍需大宗病例和长期随访证实。     

经静脉入路采用Onyx或联合弹簧圈治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效

目的探讨经静脉入路采用Onyx或联合可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2007年2月—2010年12月,经静脉入路栓塞治疗的12例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者的临床资料,其中经岩下窦入路10例,经面静脉-眼上静脉入路2例。单独应用Onyx 8例,Onyx联合可脱性弹簧圈4例。结果①治疗后即刻血管造影显示完全闭塞10例,少量残留2例。单独应用Onyx栓塞治愈6例,好转2例,Onyx联合可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治愈2例,好转2例;总有效率100%,治愈率66.7%,无加重或死亡病例。②2例术中出现心动过缓,3例术后出现眶部疼痛。③对所有患者进行临床随访,随访时间为6～32个月,无复发及加重者。结论静脉入路Onyx或联合可脱性弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效确实,安全可靠。     

静脉窦内球囊辅助Onyx18闭塞上矢状窦及侧窦治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨静脉窦内球囊辅助栓塞剂——Onyx18闭塞上矢状窦及侧窦（横窦和乙状窦）治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的可行性、安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2008年2月—2012年6月,经静脉途径在静脉窦内使用保护球囊,经动脉和（或）静脉途径,采用Onyx18栓塞治疗上矢状窦区和侧窦区DAVF的24例患者的临床资料,分析球囊辅助栓塞的效果以及并发症的发生情况。结果①本组24例患者,病变位于上矢状窦区5例,侧窦区19例。对上矢状窦区病变和侧窦区病变使用Hyperform 7 mm×7 mm球囊各1例,对其余患者使用外周血管扩张用球囊。②对上矢状窦区病变的患者经动脉栓塞3例,经静脉栓塞2例,使用球囊均基本闭塞静脉窦;对侧窦区病变患者经动脉栓塞10例,经静脉栓塞7例,动静脉联合栓塞2例;使用球囊基本闭塞静脉窦8例,部分闭塞静脉窦11例。③上矢状窦病变患者3例栓塞后治愈,有2例随访半年无复发,1例栓塞后少量残余,1年后复查造影无明显变化;在侧窦区病变的患者中,对1例患者行两次栓塞后瘘口消失,其余患者均经1次栓塞治愈,对其中7例患者治疗后半年进行了血管造影随访,未见复发。结论对经严格选择适应证的DAVF患者在球囊辅助下使用Onyx18闭塞侧窦（横窦和乙状窦）和上矢状窦,治疗DAVF是一种相对安全、有效的方法,能最大程度地保留静脉窦的通畅性。     

经动脉入路Onyx栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的经动脉入路以Onyx栓寨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（CSDAVF）的疗效观察。方法同顾性分析2006年5月-2010年5月在第二军医大学长海医院神经外科经动脉入路栓塞治疗的CSDAVF患者10例,其中女8例,粥2例,Borden分型I型2例,Ⅱ型8例？均在全身麻醉下以Onyx-18栓塞治疗。结果①10例患者共进行11次介入治疗,8次术中即刻被完全栓塞,3次被部分栓塞,其中1例第2次治疗时被完全栓塞,2例被部分栓塞的患者随访造影显示完全栓寒：共经14支供血动脉栓塞,其中咽升动脉5次,脑膜中动脉3j欠,脑膜副动脉5次,眼动脉脑膜返动脉1次。平均注胶时间为32．9min（10～63min）,注胶量为1．8ml（0．8～3．1ml）：②平均随访27个月（4～51个月）。患者症状均有好转：被完全栓塞的患者术后即刻颐内杂昔消失,球结膜充血、眼球突出在术后1周内消失,复视和视力下降症状在术后1～3个月内好转;被部分栓塞的3例患者术后即刻杂音减轻,3个月后完全消失,眼部症状在3个月后完全消失。⑧1例BordenⅡ型患哲在被部分柃塞后3．5年发生颅内出血,第2次术后随访7个月,未见再出血和眼部症状;2例术中Onyx弥散至颈内动脉系统,1例出现永久性脑神经麻痹。结论采用Onyx经动咏入路栓塞可以有效地治疗CSDAVF,但应注意避免危险吻合栓塞带来的并发症。     

经未显影静脉窦栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨经未显影静脉窦栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析92例经未显影静脉窦栓塞治疗的DAVF患者的临床资料，其中病变位于海绵窦区91例，侧窦区1例。经颈内静脉的起始段探查未显影岩下窦，进入引流静脉窦内栓塞海绵窦区DAVF；通过颈内静脉探查未显影乙状窦，进入静脉窦栓塞侧窦区DAVF。首选可控纤毛弹簧圈进行栓塞，待血流减慢以后，用游离纤毛弹簧圈继续栓塞。若仍存在少量瘘口，通过静脉窦内注射液体栓塞剂（25％～33％Glubran或Onyx18），观察置管的成功率、安全性和栓塞的疗效。术后6个月通过电话、门诊或DSA随访。结果92例患者中，均未出现并发症，无死亡病例。1例海绵窦区DAVF患者置管失败；其余91例患者均顺利置管，并成功进行静脉栓塞。所有患者栓塞后即刻造影，均未见异常静脉窦早显，瘘口消失，达到了影像学上治愈。置管成功率及治愈率均为99％（91／92）。术后6个月对38例进行随访，无一例DAVF复发。对其余患者进行电话或门诊随访。所有患者临床症状好转或消失。结论经未显影静脉窦栓塞治疗DAVF，尤其对于海绵窦区DAVF，经未显影岩下窦超选择置管进行栓塞，具有较高的可行性、安全性及有效性，可作为海绵窦区DAVF的首选常规治疗方法。     

静脉窦内球囊保护下Onyx栓塞侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的随访分析

目的初步探讨侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的栓塞治疗中,静脉窦内球囊保护技术的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性连续纳入2012年12月至2016年8月,经静脉窦内球囊保护下,使用Onyx栓塞侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘7例患者,并对其临床资料、影像学资料及随访结果进行分析。结果 7例患者中,瘘口位于乙状窦区3例、横窦区4例。术后即刻造影显示完全栓塞5例,大部分栓塞2例,球囊保护静脉窦均保持通畅。临床随访7例,随访时间为术后6~43个月,无新发神经功能缺损。7例患者均获全脑DSA复查,随访时间为术后6~11个月,提示5例完全治愈,其中4例静脉窦通畅,1例闭塞;1例瘘口稳定且静脉窦通畅,1例瘘口新发合并静脉窦闭塞。结论静脉窦内球囊保护下栓塞硬脑膜动静脉瘘在栓塞瘘口的同时,可长期维持静脉窦通畅,有利于维持栓塞效果的稳定性。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.