CT与3D-DSA数据源在颅内动静脉畸形3D打印中的初步应用

目的比较CT薄层增强扫描与3D-DSA数据源在颅内动静脉畸形(AVM)3D打印数据重组中的效果。方法前瞻性选取5例AVM患者,Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级2例。对其中2例采用256层螺旋CT薄层增强扫描,3例采用3D-DSA旋转成像,提取检查结果的DICOM原始数据,通过Mimics14.0软件进行数字化处理,并按1∶1比例进行3D打印,获得实体模型并进行效果比较。结果基于256层螺旋CT薄层增强扫描数据源的3D打印可获取颅骨及血管的图像信息,能显示最细直径0.9 mm的血管,但AVM内部细支结构难于分辨;基于3D-DSA数据的3D打印,数字减影无颅骨数据信息,但血管分支情况显示更丰富,可显示最细直径0.5 mm的血管。结论应用CT薄层增强扫描或3D-DSA数据源均可获得AVM畸形团3D重组图像,而3D-DSA显示AVM畸形团空间构造效果更佳,有助于术前治疗方案的设计及相应辅助工具的开发。     

应用3D打印技术的宣传教育对胸椎结核患者术前改善负性情绪的影响

目的 探讨应用3D打印技术的宣传教育对胸椎结核手术患者术前负性情绪改善的效果。方法 选取在浙江省中西医结合医院骨科2016年1月至2017年 12月手术治疗的胸椎结核患者42例,用投硬币法将两个病区随机分为对照组和观察组,两组各21例。对照组实施常规护理;观察组实施常规护理外,还对患者结合3D打印模型进行个体化宣传教育,比较两组患者的术前每日平均起床次数,以及焦虑自评量表(SAS)、自我感受负担量表(SPBS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分结果,评估3D打印技术及相应的宣传教育对胸椎结核患者术前负性情绪的影响。 结果 观察组患者术前每日起床次数为(0.95±0.86)次,低于对照组的(3.66±1.31)次,差异有统计学意义(t=7.90,P<0.05)。观察组术前SAS评分平均为(43.40±6.53)分,明显低于对照组[(58.45±7.78)分];观察组术前SPBS评分平均为(27.09±6.13)分,明显低于对照组[(34.43±5.97)分];观察组术前SDS评分平均为(41.45±5.72)分,明显低于对照组[(53.26±7.53)分],差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为6.79、3.93、5.72,P值均<0.01)。对照组和观察组对术前护理及宣传教育措施的满意度评分分别为(85.56±7.97)分、(94.35±7.56)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.67,P=0.001)。结论 通过应用3D打印技术对患者进行术前宣传教育能减少患者起床的次数,改善患者的负性情绪,提高患者对护理人员的满意度。     

3D打印技术辅助治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的疗效分析

目的观察3D打印技术辅助治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的临床效果。方法选2013-07~2016-05期间收治的38例复杂胫骨平台骨折患者为研究对象,所有患者均为新鲜闭合性骨折,Schazker分型为Ⅴ、Ⅵ型。将患者随机分为两组,试验组和对照组各19例。试验组术前使用Mimics软件处理骨折CT扫描数据后打印与实体1∶1大小的胫骨平台骨模型,根据骨模型选择合适的手术入路、复位方法及内固定物。对照组行传统切开复位内固定术。分别记录两组手术时间、术中出血量及术后1年美国特种外科医院膝关节评分(The Hospital for Specical Surgery Knee-ralting Score,HSS)、健康调查简表(The MOS item short from health survey,SF-36)评分。结果 38例患者随访时间均超过1年,手术切口均甲级愈合,骨折愈合时间10~16(14.5±2.1)周。试验组与对照组手术时间分别为(82.4±11.2)min、(126.5±9.1)min;术中出血量分别为(88±39)ml、(302±49)ml,试验组与对照组相比手术时间短,出血量少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);试验组与对照组术后1年HSS评分为(91.3±2.8)分、(90.1±3.6)分;SF-36评分(89.1±5.6)分、(90.7±7.8)分,两组对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 3D打印技术辅助治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折可大大缩短手术时间,减少术中出血量,术后膝关节功能恢复好。     

特拉唑嗪治疗难治性心力衰竭患者短期和长期疗效观察

目的观察难治性心力衰竭患者在指南引导药物治疗(GDMT)的基础上加服特拉唑嗪干预后的短期和长期临床疗效。方法筛选符合难治性心力衰竭的患者128例,随机分为试验组和对照组,各64例。所有患者GDMT基础上加服盐酸特拉唑嗪治疗4周,观察短期疗效;1年随访中,试验组死亡4例、退出4例、失访1例,对照组分别为5例、6例和3例。最终试验组55例(GDMT且继续服特拉唑嗪)和对照组50例(GDMT),治疗1年,观察长期疗效。结果与治疗前比较,患者服用4周特拉唑嗪治疗后LVEF明显升高[(29.54±4.75)%vs(27.73±6.54)%,P0.01],中心静脉压(P0.01)和NT-proBNP明显减低[(2316.22±899.44)ng/L vs(4766.40±497.40)ng/L,P0.01]。患者服用1年特拉唑嗪后,与对照组比较,试验组LVEF明显升高[(28.75±4.16)%vs(22.46±3.51)%,P0.01],N末端B型钠尿肽前体明显降低[(2138.85±669.28)ng/L vs(3526.68±1116.11)ng/L,P0.01],6min步行距离明显延长[(349.00±23.52)mvs(276.12±103.28)m,P0.01],再住院次数明显减少[(1.12±1.15)次vs(4.12±1.56)次,P0.01];肌酐和天冬氨酸转氨酶均明显降低(P0.01)。结论难治性心力衰竭在GDMT基础上,短期和长期联合应用盐酸特拉唑嗪均有较好的临床疗效,值得推广和应用。     

分站式杂交手术治疗冠心病多支病变的可行性及安全性分析

目的:探讨分站式杂交手术治疗冠心病多支病变的可行性及安全性。方法:2012-03至2015-03期间在本中心行分站式杂交手术的前降支病变及其他非前降支主要血管管径狭窄超过70%的多支病变的91例患者为试验组。同时期由同一术者完成的择期非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)的91例患者作为对照组。比较两组患者围手术期资料以及并发症发生情况。结果:试验组患者的术后呼吸机使用时间[(7.9±4.8)h vs(21.6±35.9)h]以及监护室时间[(29.6±20.8)h vs(47.5±38.3)h]均显著低于对照组(P均0.01),试验组患者围手术期的红细胞使用量也明显低于对照组([0.59±1.48)U vs(2.82±3.81)U,P0.01]。试验组患者的围手术期死亡率、心肌梗死发生率以及切口愈合不良等并发症发生率与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于合并前降支病变的冠心病多支病变患者,分站式杂交手术是一项创伤小、安全可行的技术。     

以单根JL3.5指引导管经桡动脉行急诊冠状动脉造影和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的可行性研究

目的评估急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)中以单根JL 3.5指引导管经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影和PCI的可行性。方法选择泰达国际心血管病医院心内科2012年10月至2015年10月经桡动脉行急诊PCI的156例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者,分为试验组69例,初始选择JL 3.5指引导管行急诊冠状动脉造影及PCI;对照组87例,按常规方法行急诊冠状动脉造影及PCI。比较两组患者的一般资料、PCI情况以及术后30 d内的主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardial events,MACE)发生情况。结果两组患者的一般资料、导管相关并发症、30d内MACE发生率的差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。对照组桡动脉痉挛占比[10例(11.5%)比2例(2.9%),P=0.045]、进急诊室至球囊扩张(D2B)时间[(71.24±14.01)min比(66.59±13.98)min,P=0.041]、进导管室至球囊扩张(C2B)时间[(17.89±3.89)min比(15.20±3.47)min,P0.001]、手术时间[(31.11±7.25)min比(27.98±6.78)min,P=0.007]、X线曝光时间[(10.18±2.34)min比(8.94±2.12)min,P=0.001]以及对比剂用量[(91.12±10.25)ml比(83.47±9.87)ml,P0.001]均高于试验组,差异均有统计学意义。结论急诊PCI中以JL 3.5指引导管经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影和PCI安全有效,可以缩短D2B、C2B、手术及X线曝光时间,减少桡动脉痉挛及对比剂用量。     

ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗时应用单根指引导管的有效性与安全性

目的评估急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者经桡动脉途径行经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗中依据术前检查结果,直接使用单根指引导管的有效性与安全性。方法连续入选2017年1月至2019年1月于汕头市第二人民医院住院,诊断为STEMI且具有急诊冠状动脉造影及PCI治疗指征的患者120例。用随机数字表法以1∶1随机分为试验组与对照组。对比两组门-球囊(door-to-balloon,D2B)时间、穿刺至球囊时间、住院时间及半年主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiac event,MACE)发生率等。结果试验组中的D2B时间[(65±15)min vs.(73±19)min,P=0.01]和穿刺至球囊时间[(18±10)min vs.(28±13)min,P<0.001]比对照组更短,差异有统计学意义。在试验组中,使用指引导管的数量显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。30 d随访过程中,两组均有2例MACE发生,两组MACE发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论依据术前检查的结果,直接使用单个指引导管在STEMI患者中行急诊PCI治疗能有效缩减D2B时间。     

3D打印联合ECMO辅助在TAVR治疗低射血分数重度主动脉瓣狭窄中的临床应用

目的 探讨3D打印联合体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助在经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)治疗低射血分数重度主动脉瓣狭窄中的可行性和有效性。方法 低射血分数重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者10例,于2018年11月—2019年5月在空军军医大学西京医院接受ECMO辅助下经导管主动脉瓣置换术,术前左心室射血分数(LVEF)为(30.3%±10.5%),心功能Ⅳ级(NYHA分级)10例。术前采集患者CT数据,重建患者手术入路,结合3D打印技术制作患者心血管模型辅助术前评估、手术方案确定及术前谈话。结果 10例患者均成功接受TAVR手术,围手术期患者血流动力学指标稳定,手术时间(192.5±30.3) min,DSA照射时间(40.5±3.2) min,ECMO辅助时间(60.5±23.9) min,患者出院后术后1月随访心脏超声提示心功能改善,LVEF为(48.5%±4.3%)。结论 对于低射血分数重度主动脉瓣狭窄的患者在行TAVR时,治疗难度大,3D打印技术为医护人员提供直观模型,辅助医患沟通及术前评估,ECMO辅助可保证患者围手术期的血流动力学稳定,提供有效心肺功能支持,有助于提高手术成功率。     

3D打印技术在不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的:观察借助3D打印技术辅助行不停跳冠状动脉(冠脉)旁路移植术的手术效果。方法:将36例冠脉多支病变患者分为观察组(20例)和对照组(16例),观察组借助3D打印技术打印出1∶1冠脉模型用于辅助不停跳冠脉旁路移植术。对照组采用常规不停跳冠脉旁路移植术。比较两组患者围术期情况及术后随访结果。结果:两组患者手术顺利,均康复出院。手术时间[观察组(146.60±7.51) min∶对照组(156.00±7.70) min,P0.05],术后引流量[观察组(81.65±12.05) ml∶对照组(92.63±18.60) ml,P0.05],ICU监护治疗时间[观察组(51.08±4.26) h∶对照组(54.21±4.88) h,P0.05],术后住院天数[观察组(6.46±0.65) d∶对照组(6.55±0.84) d,P0.05],下肢大隐静脉切口长度[观察组(30.08±3.15) cm∶对照组(33.68±2.58) cm,P0.05]。观察组及对照组均全部一次关胸,胸部切口及大隐静脉切口愈合佳。观察组术中、术后未输注红细胞,对照组输注红细胞2例,大隐静脉切口愈合不良1例。结论:借助3D打印技术进行不停跳冠脉旁路移植的效果较好,且手术时间较短,术后患者心功能及切口恢复较好。     

重组人脑钠肽对风湿性心脏瓣膜置换术后心肾功能的保护作用

目的探讨重组人脑钠肽对风湿性心脏瓣膜置换术后心肾功能的保护作用。方法选择2014年10月~2015年10月于沧州市中心医院接诊的70例需行风湿性心脏瓣膜置换术的患者进行研究,按随机数字法分为试验组和对照组各35例。两组均行气管插管静脉吸入的方式给予全身麻醉,术中对患者生命体征密切关注,对照组术后行多巴胺、肾上腺素、硝酸甘油进行静脉泵注,试验组在对照组的基础上加用重组人脑钠肽。观察两组患者术前及术后一周心、肾功能的变化情况,并随访1个月,观察不良事件。结果治疗后,试验组血浆氨基末端脑钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)低于对照组[(1072.54±245.81)ng/L vs.(1384.52±391.77)ng/L,P0.01],左室射血分数(LVEF)水平高于对照组[(53.81±6.28)%vs.(46.19±5.92)%,P0.01];肾小球滤过率(e GFR)高于对照组[(75.18±17.31)ml/min vs.(62.71±15.62)ml/min,P0.01)],尿素氮(BUN)低于对照组[(6.24±1.35)μmol/L vs.(9.07±1.68)μmol/L,P0.01)],血清肌酐(SCr)低于对照组[(116.74±24.40)μmol/L vs.(129.56±25.76)μmol/L,P0.05)],24 h尿量高于对照组[(1650±235)ml vs.(1430±201)ml,P0.01)]。两组患者在不良事件发生率上差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在风湿性心脏瓣膜置换术前使用重组人脑钠肽效果较好,可对患者心肾功能进行良好保护。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。