难治性癫痫172例临床病理分析

目的 探讨难治性癫痫病灶切除手术患者的临床病理学分型及特点.方法 收集清华大学玉泉医院2008年1月至2009年6月,172例难治性癫痫手术治疗患者的病理标本及临床资料.采用HE和免疫组化染色,探讨各种类型癫痫病灶的临床病理学特点.结果 经病理诊断,局灶皮质发育不良138例(其中FCD Ⅰ B 115例、FCDⅡA 15例、FCDⅡB 8例)、微发育不良2例、胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤4例、Rasmussen脑炎7例、瘢痕脑回16例,节细胞瘤、多小脑回畸形、血管畸形、下丘脑错构瘤及结节性硬化各1例.结论 局灶皮质发育不良为引发难治性癫痫最常见病因,其中以FCDⅠ B亚型最为多见.     

局灶性脑皮质发育不良致难治性癫痫病理分型和手术疗效分析

目的 探讨难治性癫痫术后局灶性脑皮质发育不良(FCD)不同病理分型与术后疗效的相巨关系.方法 回顾性分析54例经手术治疗后,病理证实为FCD的药物难治性癫痫患者的临床资料,分析病理分型与手术预后的关系.结果 轻型组(FCD Ⅰ A)24例,重型组(FCD Ⅰ B+ⅡA+ⅡB)30例.术后有效率:轻型组96%,重型组70%,总有效率82%.结论 随着FCD病理改变程度的逐渐加重,手术后疗效越来越差,FCD可能是影响药物难治性癫痫术后疗效的一个重要因素.     

磁共振阴性的局灶性脑皮质发育不良的手术治疗

目的探讨磁共振难以确定病灶的致痫性局灶性脑皮质发育不良的诊断和定位方法,提高手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析联合应用视频脑电图(VEEG)、脑磁图(MEG)及术中皮层电极脑电图监测(ECo G)检查,诊断、定位并经手术后病理证实为局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)的24例磁共振检查阴性的难治性癫痫患者的临床资料。结果 24例癫痫患者行手术治疗,病理FCDⅠa型5例,FCDⅠb型3例,FCDⅠc型5例,FCDⅡa型6例,FCDⅡb型5例。术后随访1~5年,EngelⅠ级9例,EngelⅡ级5例,EngelⅢ级8例,EngelⅣ级2例。结论联合应用VEEG、MEG和(或)ECo G技术有助于准确诊断和定位磁共振阴性的FCD,提高FCD致难治性癫痫的手术疗效。     

57例皮质发育异常相关性癫痫临床病理分析

目的 探讨皮质发育异常(MCD)相关癫痫的临床病理特征.方法 回顾性分析57例MCD相关癫痫的临床病理资料,分析其病理学特征.结果 MCD相关癫痫占同期手术治疗癫痫的43%.57例MCD相关癫痫中,脑沟回结构紊乱8例;皮质微发育不良(MD)8例;局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)41例,其中FCD Ⅰ A 13例,FCD Ⅰ B 15例,FCD Ⅱ A7例,FCD Ⅱ B 6例.57例MCD中22例伴海马硬化;1例FCDⅡB伴胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤(DNT);1例FCDⅡB局部向神经节神经胶质瘤(GGs)过渡.结论 MCD与难治性癫痫关系密切,以FCD Ⅰ型最为常见,多数病例伴有海马硬化.     

脑皮质发育不良继发顽固性癫痫的病理分型及手术治疗

目的 探讨局灶性脑发育不良(FCD)的临床特征、病理学、影像学的特点及手术疗效.方法 42例外科手术切除致痫灶并经病理证实为FCD的患者中,根据Palmini病理学分型进行分类,并对其临床特征、影像学特点及手术疗效进行回顾性分析.结果 42例患者中,按致痫灶部位分类颢叶24例、额叶14例、顶叶6例及枕叶3例,其中多脑叶5例.术前影像学检查阳性率62%.组织学分型FCDⅠA型9例,FCDⅠB型21例,FCDⅡA型5例,FCDⅡB型7例,其中以FCD Ⅰ B型最为常见,多位于颞叶且常伴有海马硬化.所有患者术后至少随访1年以上,癫痫术后治愈率FCD位于颞叶67%,颞叶以外43%(EngleⅠa).结论 FCD是难治性癫痫常见的病理学改变,其病理分型与临床特征和致痫灶部位存在相关性,为制定手术方案和判定手术效果提供了依据.     

脑局灶性皮层发育不良相关性难治性癫痫的临床病理分析

目的探讨脑局灶性皮层发育不良(FCD)相关性难治性癫痫的临床病理特点。方法对29例2000年1月至2009年8月在本院接受难治性癫痫外科手术并病理诊断为FCD患者的临床资料、神经影像学以及病理学资料进行回顾性分析。并对所有患者进行随访,包括术后服用抗癫痫药物、影像学检查以及癫痫改善或复发的情况。结果 29例患者平均年龄23.5岁,平均病程11.3年,发作形式以复杂部分性发作为主。影像学检查有4例可见海马硬化。病理组织学以FCDⅠ型多见,具体分型为轻微皮层发育不良(mildMCD)3例,FCDⅠa型6例,FCDⅠb型10例,FCDⅡa型5例,FCDⅡb型5例。从发病部位来看,额叶最多见(15例),其次为颞叶(8例),顶叶(6例)。具有双重病理改变的有4例(FCDⅠa型伴海马硬化2例,FCDⅠb型伴海马硬化1例,FCDⅡb伴海马硬化1例)。5例合并胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤(DNT)。免疫组化染色示巨大神经元、未成熟神经元、形态异常神经元及白质内异位神经元NeuN均阳性,少数气球细胞呈nestin阳性表达。术后所有病例影像学复查无FCD改变,癫痫控制结果Ⅰa级6例,Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级13例。手术切除治疗后随访5个月以上,总治愈率为16/29,其中轻型组8/9,重型组8/20。结论 FCD相关性难治性癫痫中FCDⅠb型为最多见类型,分型与预后有关。     

癫痫患者切除病灶病理学分析

目的分析癫痫患者切除的致痫灶标本的病理形态学特点。方法将切除的新鲜脑内致痫灶组织标本进行常规处理，HE染色、特殊染色及免疫组化染色，显微镜下观察其病理学改变。结果133例患者中，原发性癫痫58例（43．6％），包括皮质微发育不良15例，局灶性皮层发育不良（FCD）ⅠA14例，FCDⅠB8例，FCDⅡA11例，FCDⅡB6例，皮层发育不良2例，皮层发育畸形2例；继发性癫痫75例（56．4％），包括肿瘤60例，其中胶质瘤41例，其他原发和转移恶性肿瘤9例，良性肿瘤10例；非肿瘤者15例。结论癫痫是多种病因、多种病变引起的一组疾病，其病理形态学最常见的是脑肿瘤，其次是脑原发性结构异常。     

伴枕叶第4层细胞缺失的局灶性皮层发育不良Ⅲd型的临床病理变异:12例伴早期缺血缺氧损伤儿童患者的研究

正背景局灶性皮层发育不良(Focal cortical dysplasia,FCD)名词首次由Taylor等于1971年报道使用,如今被广泛用于诊断各种大脑皮层和皮层下白质的癫痫脑组织病理,包括皮层构层异常、细胞形态异常、灰白质边界模糊和白质异常等。2011年国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)提出了一个新的FCD分类标准共识以区分临床病理学亚型,如"孤立"的FCDⅠa-c型和Ⅱa-b型,"混合的"FCDⅢa-d型。FCDⅠ型和Ⅲ型组织病理学分化的变异依然存在。     

重度局灶性皮层发育不良和皮层错构性肿瘤病变的临床病理分析

目的 观察癫痫手术切除脑病变中,重度局灶性脑皮层发育不良(FCD Ⅱ B)与皮层错构性癫痫相关肿瘤(神经元和混合性神经元-胶质瘤)的临床病理特点.探讨两者的形态学变化及相瓦关系.方法 手术切除脑癫痫病灶,新鲜标本进行测量、切开、照相,显微镜下形态学观察.按脑皮质发育不良的病理诊断标准分类.应用一组免疫组化和特染指标协助诊断.结果 在133例癫痫脑病变切除病例中,典型FCD Ⅱ B者5例,皮层错构性癫痫相关肿瘤6例.在5例FCDⅡB中,存在重度脑皮层分层紊乱,典型的不成熟神经元、巨大神经元、异常神经元和气球样细胞.在6例脑皮层错构性癫痫相关肿瘤中,同样有以上病变,另外出现胶质神经元瘤样增生,DNT有黏液性背景、胶质增生及神经元减少.结论 FCD Ⅱ B与皮层错构性癫痫相关肿瘤有许多相似的病理变化,两者可能是癫痫脑病理谱系的连续病变,有待深入研究.     

局灶性皮质发育不良相关癫痫的诊疗进展

局灶性皮质发育不良（FCD）是临床中常见的局灶性癫痫的病理类型之一,多数FCD患者在癫痫起病后即表现出耐药性,成为难治性癫痫。2011年国际抗癫痫联盟提出了新的FCD病理分型后,让大家对FCD有了更进一步的认识。近几年随着医学检测技术、病理研究及神经影像技术的发展,针对不同病理亚型的研究使得临床医生对FCD致病机制及治疗措施的决策有了新的理解。该文综合近年相关文献,对FCD不同亚型临床特点、治疗方法及相关预后作一综述,以期为临床决策提供帮助。     

Consequences of Cortical Dysplasia During Development in Rats

PURPOSE: To determine whether focal cortical dysplasia alters excitability in regions distant to the region of the dysplasia. METHODS: We studied the physiological consequences of cortical dysplasia induced by either one or three freeze lesions at birth. Seizure susceptibility was assessed at age 35 days by amygdala kindling. c-fos immunostaining was performed after kainic acid-induced seizures at 10, 20, or 30 days to evaluate the patterns of neuronal activation. RESULTS: Freeze lesions consistently produced uniform regions of dysplasia. No significant differences in seizure susceptibility, as measured by afterdischarge threshold and kindling rate, were seen between controls and rats receiving either one or three freeze lesions. c-fos activation after kainic acid injection was not observed in the region of the dysplasia. However, rats with freeze lesions at age 30 days demonstrated asymmetric c-fos staining with greater staining in CA1 ipsilateral, than contralateral, to the lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Focal cortical dysplasia results in enhancement of c-fos activation in regions outside the borders of the dysplasia. However, as indicated by kindling rate, the functional consequences of these alterations do not appear to be robust.     

Cortical dysplasia with ossification

We present the first case of cortical dysplasia with extensive intracerebral ossification. An eight-year-old epilepsy patient with a calcified lesion was successfully treated by surgical intervention. Pathological examination revealed a number of bizarre dysplastic cells in the whole lesion, which consisted of an epileptogenic cerebral cortex and a nonepileptogenic hamartomatous lesion with adipose tissue, vascular tissue, calcification, and ossification. The patient was diagnosed as having cortical dysplasia with ossification. Our findings support the notion that cortical dysplasia has a multipotentiality of cellular differentiation, including various hamartomatous tissues. We suggest that cortical dysplasia should be considered as a potential cause for epileptogenicity of a hamartomatous lesion even when magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fails to disclose cortical dysplasia.     

Sturge-Weber综合征伴皮层发育不良1例并文献复习

目的探讨Sturge-Weber综合征的临床特点、影像学特征、病理诊断及鉴别诊断。方法分析1例8岁女性Sturge-Weber综合征病人的临床资料、影像学特征,光镜下观察病理学形态并行免疫组化染色检查。结果CT显示左侧顶枕叶条索状钙化;MRI示左侧顶枕叶软脑膜病变,增强后强化明显,强化沿脑回分布。病理学特点表现为软脑膜的静脉性血管瘤,病变皮层下沿脑回呈带状分布的钙化灶,同时伴有皮层发育不良。免疫组化结果：发育不良神经元核抗原阳性,皮层内增生胶质细胞的胶质纤维酸性蛋白和S-100蛋白阳性。结论结合临床病史、影像学资料及病理学形态进行综合性分析才能正确诊断Sturge-Weber综合征。     

皮质发育障碍模型的建立及其致痫敏感性的研究

目的:建立皮质发育障碍模型,探讨皮质发育障碍模型的敏感性。方法:在SD大鼠孕17d腹腔注入1,3-二氯乙烯-亚硝基脲(BCNU)制作皮质发育障碍模型;Nissl染色观察P60d仔鼠病理变化;选取P60d雄性仔鼠,腹腔注射氯化锂-毛果芸香碱,分别比较两组大鼠癫发生的潜伏期、持续状态时间和死亡率。结果:同龄仔鼠脑组织湿重实验组比对照组显著减轻(P<0.01);Nissl染色显示皮质变薄、皮质层次紊乱、海马区域异位细胞异常聚集;有皮质发育障碍的仔鼠注射氯化锂-毛果芸香碱后,癫发生的潜伏期显著缩短(P<0.01),癫持续状态时间延长(P<0.01),死亡率显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:BCNU致皮质发育障碍模型具有癫易感性。     

A Japanese patient with Kabuki syndrome and unilateral perisylvian cortical dysplasia

Kabuki syndrome is a rare multiple anomaly syndrome characterized by a peculiar face, skeletal and dermatoglyphic anomalies, postnatal growth retardation and mental retardation. We report a case of Kabuki syndrome with unilateral perisylvian cortical dysplasia. This two-year old boy was referred to our hospital at 3-months of age for his growth retardation and muscle hypotonia. Because of his peculiar face, brachydactyly V and fingertip pad, we diagnosed him as having Kabuki syndrome. His MRI revealed cortical dysplasia along the left sylvian fissure. However, neither epileptic seizures nor epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram were observed. Cortical dysplasia is a relatively rare brain malformation among the central nervous system anomalies accompanying with this syndrome. We have to take into consideration the likely onset of epilepsy in this patient because it is one of the most frequent neurological consequences of cortical dysplasia.     

Elevated Expression of TRPC4 in Cortical Lesions of Focal Cortical Dysplasia II and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCD II) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are well-known causes of chronic refractory epilepsy in children. Canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) are non-selective cation channels that are commonly activated by phospholipase C (PLC) stimulation. Previous studies found that TRPC4 may participate in the process of epileptogenesis. This study aimed to examine the expression and distribution of TRPC4 in FCD II (n = 24) and TSC (n = 11) surgical specimens compared with that in age-matched autopsy control samples (n = 12). We found that the protein levels of TRPC4 and its upstream factor, PLC delta 1 (PLCD1), were elevated in FCD II and TSC samples compared to those of control samples. Immunohistochemistry assays revealed that TRPC4 staining was stronger in malformed cells, such as dysmorphic neurons, balloon cells and giant cells. Moderate-to-strong staining of the upstream factor PLCD1 was also identified in abnormal neurons. Moreover, double immunofluorescence staining revealed that TRPC4 was colocalised with glutamatergic and GABAergic neuron markers. Taken together, our results indicate that overexpression of TRPC4 protein may be involved in the epileptogenesis of FCD II and TSC.     

Pial-glial barrier abnormalities in fetuses with Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy

This report concerns light and electron microscopic studies on the central nervous system of a 20-week and an 18-week fetus with Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD). The diagnosis of FCMD was established by prenatal molecular genetic analysis. Cerebral lesions containing neurites, subpial granular cells and glias, accompanied by cortical dysplasia were found in both cases. Small irregular defects, readily detectable by periodic acid-methenamine-silver staining or by immunohistochemical staining for S-100 protein, were observed in the cerebral surface. More severe dysplasia was evident at the areas with the larger defects. Surface defects were also observed in the cerebellum and brain stem, with brain tissue extruding into the leptomeninges. The pyramidal tract was aberrant in the pons and medulla oblongata. The spinal cord appeared normal by light microscopy. Electron microscopic examination revealed an abnormal configuration of the basement membrane and glial cytoplasmic membrane of the brain and spinal cord surfaces, including areas with no detectable defects by light microscopy. These findings suggest that abnormalities of the pial-glial barrier, especially the basement membrane and/or basement membrane-related structures, are involved in the genesis of cortical dysplasia.     

脑发育异常性癫痫脑组织的MDR-1、MRP和GFAP表达一例并文献复习

目的：观察灰质异位性难治性癫痫中多药耐药基因蛋白（MDR-1）、耐药基因相关蛋白（MRP）及胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）在发育异常性脑组织中的表达情况。方法：对确诊为脑灰质异位性症状性癫痫患者手术切除下病灶组织行免疫组化染色，观察脑组织中MDR-1、MRP及GFAP的表达情况。结果：在手术切除的病灶组织中，除一些增生性的星形胶质细胞同时具上述三种蛋白的阳性标记外，在一些异形的神经元内同时还存在有MDR-1和MRP的阳性表达。结论：灰质异位性难治性癫痫中MDR-1、MRP及GFAP不仅可在一些反应性的星形胶质细胞中表达，而且还可在一些发育异常的异形神经元中表达。