Cytomegalovirus infection in clinical medicine

The author provides the data on studies into cytomegaloviral infection for many years, the results of examinations made during prospective clinico-virological and immunological follow up of 236 women with an unfavourable obstetrical disease history and verified cytomegaloviral infection. The diagnosis, epidemiology and the spectrum of the clinico-pathogenetic patterns of the infection are under discussion. The use of the immunocorrective drugs (levamisole, T activin) for the treatment of the private patterns of cytomegaloviral infection provided beneficial results. The prospects of further study into the problem are analyzed.     

Cytomegalovirus infection in burn patients

We studied the seroepidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in 59 patients with thermal injuries. Among the 31 patients who were initially CMV seronegative, seven (22.5%) seroconverted. Patients who seroconverted had longer hospital stays (mean, 27 +/- 23.9 days v 14.9 +/- 8.8 days in seronegative patients [P = 0.03]) and they received more blood products (mean, 10.7 +/- 17.9 units v 1.8 +/- 2.8 units [P = 0.02]) than patients who remained seronegative. Among 18 patients who were initially seropositive for CMV, 10 (56%) had a fourfold or greater rise in CMV antibodies, evidence of CMV reactivation. Patients who had reactivated CMV infection tended to be younger, to have a larger burn area, and to have a longer hospital stay. No patient who experienced CMV infection, whether primary or reactivated, had serious complications attributable to CMV.     

Cytomegalovirus infection in bone marrow transplantation

AIM: To evaluate frequency and clinical features of CMV infection in patients with hematological malignancies (HM) after autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, protective and therapeutic methods, efficiency of CMV hyperimmune immunoglobulin cytotest (Biotest Pharma). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The trial enrolled 22 patients (group 1) with HM and severe aplastic anemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 58 patients (group 2) with HM after autologous stem cell transplantation. The patients were examined for CMV infection by serologic methods and PCR. RESULTS: The probabilities of CMV infection were greater in group 1 than group 2--10/22(45%) versus 12/58 (21%), p < 0.05. Clinical signs of CMV disease were pneumonitis (27%), hepatitis (32%), gastroenteritis (9%), haemorrhagic cystitis (55%), slow engraftment (59%), prolonged thrombocytopenia (68%), encephalitis (5%). Six (60%) patients with CMV infection after allogeneic and 1(8%) patient with CMV infections after autologous stem cell transplantation were dead. The cytotest after allogeneic transplantation of the bone marrow reduced the risk of CMV infection from 62 to 36%. CONCLUSION: CMV infection influences prognosis both in allogeneic and autologous transplantation of hemopoietic stem cells. Cytotest lowers the risk of CMV development after transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow.     

干细胞移植后的巨细胞病毒感染

学术背景:巨细胞病毒感染是异基因造血干细胞移植后的常见并发症,病死率极高。目的:综述移植后巨细胞病毒感染的诊断和防治等研究进展。检索策略:应用计算机检索PubMed1999-01/2006-12期间的相关文章,检索词为"infection post transplant,CMV,interstitial pneumonia,valacyclovir,ganciclovir"。同时机检索万方数据库2001-01/2006-12期间的相关文章,检索词为"移植后感染,巨细胞病毒,间质性肺炎,万乃洛韦,更昔洛韦"。对资料进行初审,并查看每篇文献后的引文。纳入标准:文章所述内容应与移植后巨细胞病毒感染的诊断和防治等研究进展中的应用相关。排除标准:重复研究或Meta分析类文章。共收集到66篇相关文献,35篇文献符合纳入标准,排除的31篇为内容陈旧或重复文献。文献评价:符合纳入标准的35篇文献中,15篇涉及移植后巨细胞病毒感染的临床表现与诊断,16篇涉及移植后巨细胞病毒感染的防治,4篇涉及存在的问题与展望。资料综合:巨细胞病毒性间质性肺炎是移植后巨细胞病毒疾病的主要类型。没有特异性的临床和X射线表现可以将巨细胞病毒肺炎和其他条件病原体肺炎区别开来,只有从下呼吸道支气管灌注液、支气管镜活检或肺组织活检标本中检出巨细胞病毒,结合相应的临床表现才可以诊断巨细胞病毒肺炎。抗病毒药物可能会减少原发性巨细胞病毒感染的发生。阿昔洛韦可以明显减少巨细胞病毒感染的发生率,延缓术后巨细胞病毒感染的起病时间,大剂量万乃洛韦可将巨细胞病毒感染的风险降低。结论:联合使用抗病毒药物可以降低巨细胞病毒感染的发生率,提高移植后患者的生存率。     

Cytomegalovirus infection. Overview and new developments

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous agent that causes infection in all age-groups. Fortunately, the infection is usually asymptomatic, and thus it goes unnoticed. It can, however, have serious sequelae in affected neonates. One of the most significant new developments in our understanding of CMV is its possible role in acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a syndrome that has an extremely high mortality rate. CMV is also closely related to Epstein-Barr and herpes simplex viruses, both of which have known oncogenic potential. Drs Bhumbra and Nankervis discuss the disease potential of CMV and research being done on prevention of CMV infection.     

献血人群中巨细胞病毒感染与输血安全

巨细胞病毒(CMV)是感染全球很大一部分人的DNA病毒,通过多种途径传播,输血也是传播途径之一。CMV感染在免疫功能正常个体中,通常是无症状的,但在免疫功能受损或低下的患者中有很高的发病与死亡率。献血人群CMV血清学反应阳性比例较高,采供血机构应采取措施,如筛查CMV阴性献血者血液和/或白细胞减少,以及病原体灭活技术,防止CMV传播给有风险的患者。本文综述目前献血人群CMV检测方法,流行率,以及预防策略在输血传播CMV(TT-CMV)的效果。     

Cytomegalovirus infection promotes bacterial translocation in thermally injured mice

Thermally injured mice that were given intraperitoneal injections of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) appeared to be clinically septic and to have increased mortality rates. To evaluate the possible role of MCMV infection in promoting bacterial translocation in burned mice, mesenteric lymph nodes were cultured from two strains of mice (BALB/c and CBA) that were given thermal injuries alone, MCMV alone, or both. BALB/c mice injected with 5 X 10(5) plaque-forming units MCMV following a 15% to 16% total body surface area scald injury had increased incidence of positive mesenteric lymph node cultures compared with other groups. No intestinal mucosal histologies, mucosal dry weights, or wet-to-dry weight ratios in any animals were abnormal. Differences in cecal bacterial concentrations were not observed. Murine cytomegalovirus infection appears to enhance bacterial translocation in this model.     

巨细胞病毒感染与输卵管妊娠关系的Meta分析

目的探讨巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染与输卵管妊娠的关系。方法制定原始文献的检索策略、纳入标准和排除标准,在中国学术期刊数据库、万方数据库、中文科技期刊数据库上联合检索1998至2008年国内专业期刊发表的论文。应用RevM an软件对CMV感染与输卵管妊娠关系的相关文献进行M eta分析,以比值比（OR）及其95%可信区间（95%CI）为效应尺度。结果共检索到相关文献11篇,符合纳入标准的7篇进入M eta分析。宫颈CMV感染与输卵管妊娠关系M eta分析的合并OR值为7.59[95%CI（4.04,14.24）];输卵管组织CMV感染与输卵管妊娠关系M eta分析的合并OR值为6.50[95%CI（3.73,11.32）]。结论CMV感染与输卵管妊娠的发生密切相关。     

Cytomegalovirus infection of human lung epithelial cells in vitro.

Human lung epithelial cells were productively infected with human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Infectious virus was released up to 8 weeks postinfection. The cells retained their morphological characteristics throughout the period of observation, while simultaneously bearing all the features typical of cytomegalovirus infection.     

Cytomegalovirus infection in critically ill patients: a systematic review

Introduction

The precise role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in contributing to outcomes in critically ill immunocompetent patients has not been fully defined.

Methods

Studies in which critically ill immunocompetent adults were monitored for CMV infection in the intensive care unit (ICU) were reviewed.

Results

CMV infection occurs in 0 to 36% of critically ill patients, mostly between 4 and 12 days after ICU admission. Potential risk factors for CMV infection include sepsis, requirement of mechanical ventilation, and transfusions. Prolonged mechanical ventilation (21 to 39 days vs. 13 to 24 days) and duration of ICU stay (33 to 69 days vs. 22 to 48 days) correlated significantly with a higher risk of CMV infection. Mortality rates in patients with CMV infection were higher in some but not all studies. Whether CMV produces febrile syndrome or end-organ disease directly in these patients is not known.

Conclusions

CMV infection frequently occurs in critically ill immunocompetent patients and may be associated with poor outcomes. Further studies are warranted to identify subsets of patients who are likely to develop CMV infection and to determine the impact of antiviral agents on clinically meaningful outcomes in these patients.