Orbicularis oculi muscle transposition for repairing involutional lower eyelid entropion

Purpose

To describe a simple technique for involutional entropion correction and to present the findings of a retrospective interventional case series study.

Methods

We studied a consecutive series of 414 patients (609 eyelids). Patients presenting with involutional entropion in the absence of lateral canthal tendon laxity underwent orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) transposition from pretarsal position to corresponding preseptum without horizontal shortening or resection of the orbicularis muscle.

Results

Immediate resolution of entropion and associated ocular symptoms was achieved in 607 eyelids (99.67 %). An early postoperative complication was localized lid swelling that gradually subsided within one week. Over-correction occurred in six cases and resolved with pressure dressing, mostly one or two days post-operation. At final follow-up, a significant improvement in eyelid position was achieved in 579 eyelids (95.07 % ). There was mild recurrence of entropion in 30 eyelids (4.93 %). The mean follow-up was 6.84 months (range, 6–12 months).

Conclusions

Orbicularis oculi muscle transposition is a reasonably successful procedure with a high success rate, and is particularly suitable for patients for whom there exits overriding of the preseptal OOM over the pretarsal OOM.     

Orbicularis oculi muscle stripping and tarsal fixation for recurrent entropion

This prospective study highlights the result of a new technique for correction of recurrent lower lid entropion. The technique was designed to address the aetiological factors involved based on the pre- and per-operative findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS. 37 eyelids of 31 consecutive patients with recurrent entropion were enrolled. Under local anaesthesia, a horizontal incision was made at the lower border of the tarsus, involving the total width of the lower eyelid. Anterior lamellar (skin and orbicularis oculi muscle - OOM) inferior to the incision was dissected towards the orbital rim. An ellipse of the excess overriding OOM and overlying skin inferior to the incision was excised. The OOM was fixed to the lower border of the tarsus with three to four 6/0 Vicryl subcutaneous sutures. Skin was repaired with 6/0 silk sutures, which were removed five days post-operatively. Five cases underwent horizontal lid shortening and 15 had preaponeurosis fat sculpting in addition. RESULTS. 37 procedures were performed on 31 patients (23 M & 8 F). The mean age was 76.5 yrs. (range 63-90). The patients had had one to four (mean = 1.7) previous surgeries. All patients had OOM override. Fifteen had significant preaponeurosis fat prolapse. Lower lid laxity was not identified in all cases, in some due to previous lid surgery. There was no evidence of lower lid retractor laxity in the majority of cases. After a mean follow-up time of 18 months (5-36) there were three recurrences. One underwent further tarsal fixation and the other two had horizontal lid shortening with a favourable outcome. CONCLUSIONS. Excision of overriding OOM and tarsal fixation for recurrent entropion is simple and effective. Its success is due to direct tackling of the aetiological factors.     

眼轮匝肌切除联合眼轮匝肌缩短下睑缩肌复位术治疗老年性下睑内翻

目的：探究眼轮匝肌切除联合眼轮匝肌缩短下睑缩肌复位术治疗老年性下睑内翻患者疗效。

方法：回顾性分析。选取2019-06/2021-06我院收治老年性下睑内翻患者97例175眼,依据治疗方式分两组：对照组47例82眼接受眼轮匝肌切除术进行治疗,联合组50例93眼接受眼轮匝肌切除联合眼轮匝肌缩短下睑缩肌复位术进行治疗。比较两组患者近期疗效、围手术相关指标、手术前后症状与体征评分、手术前后睑裂宽度、睫毛朝向、泪阜显露率、并发症、患者满意度。

结果：术后3mo联合组患者总有效率显著高于对照组(95% vs 80%,P=0.004); 联合组患者手术出血量、手术时间以及住院时间均明显高于对照组(P<0.001); 联合组术后流泪、异物感、畏光以及刺激感症状体征评分均低于对照组(均P<0.001); 联合组患者手术后睑裂宽度、睫毛朝向、泪阜显露率均高于对照组(均P<0.001); 联合组患者术后并发症发生率低于对照组(8% vs 18%,P=0.032); 联合组患者术后舒适度、倒睫矫正、瘢痕外观、双眼对称以及外形美观患者满意度评分均高于对照组(均P<0.001)。

结论：应用眼轮匝肌切除联合眼轮匝肌缩短下睑缩肌复位术治疗老年性下睑内翻患者安全有效,可以满足患者美容要求。     

Combined procedure for repair of involutional entropion

Combined procedures that address multiple etiologic factors in involutional entropion are not new, but ophthalmic surgeons have been slow to accept this surgical approach. Traditional procedures that correct only one or two of the etiologic factors have a high incidence of recurrent entropion. The purpose of this article is to encourage the use of a combined procedure in the treatment of all cases of primary and recurrent entropion to minimize recurrences. Between 1983 and 1989, 127 consecutive eyelids with involutional entropion in 97 patients were operated by the senior author (R.P.C.) using the procedure described in this paper. Of these eyelids, 39% (49) had previous surgery and 22% (28) had more than one previous procedure. Although occasional minor postoperative problems occurred, they were readily managed, and there have been no known recurrences of entropion with an average follow-up of 33 months.     

A new approach to the correction of involutional entropion by pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle fixation

A new surgical technique to repair involutional entropion involves fixation of a strip of dissected and displaced pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle. In 112 patients followed up for an average of 14 months, this technique was successful. The procedure is easy to perform and complications were minimal.     

改良外眦韧带缩短联合眼轮匝肌缩短术治疗退行性下睑内翻的效果

目的 探讨改良外眦韧带缩短联合眼轮匝肌缩短术治疗退行性下睑内翻的效果。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 北京同仁医院79例（118眼）退行性下睑内翻患者。方法 对所有患者行改良外眦韧带缩短联合眼轮匝肌缩短术,术后随访12个月,对手术效果（眼睑位置、形态、有无溢泪）及复发率进行评估。主要指标 手术效果和复发率。结果 末次随访时,117眼治愈,其中3眼术后早期出现轻度过矫,3眼中2眼眼睑位置形态于术后3个月恢复正常,另1眼于术后6个月恢复正常。1眼复发。结论 随访1年的结果显示,改良外眦韧带缩短联合眼轮匝肌缩短术治疗退行性下睑内翻效果确切,治愈率高,复发率低。     

Tarsal strip combined with modified Quickert-Rathbun sutures for involutional entropion

BACKGROUND: Involutional entropion is a common problem in the elderly population. The author describes a method of repair of involutional entropion that is a combination and modification of two existing surgical techniques. METHODS: Review of the cases of 20 consecutive patients (22 lids) who underwent surgery for involutional entropion. All surgical procedures were performed by the author. Repair consisted of a tarsal strip procedure combined with a modification of the Quickert-Rathbun suture technique. All patients had at least 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS: Surgery was successful in 21 (95%) of the 22 eyelids. One patient was noted to have recurrent entropion at 21 months. The average length of follow-up was 33.3 months (range 12 to 79 months). INTERPRETATION: The surgical technique described is straightforward and reliable for the correction of involutional entropion.     

Orbicularis oculi muscle graft augmentation after protractor myectomy in blepharospasm

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of free orbicularis oculi muscle grafts in correcting volume deficit deformities after protractor myectomy in patients with essential blepharospasm. METHODS: Prospective case series. During the 13-month period from October 2000 through November 2001, all patients with essential blepharospasm undergoing primary eyelid protractor myectomy received an orbicularis oculi muscle graft to replace the volume deficit deformity created by the myectomy. Only patients who had at least 6 months of postoperative follow-up were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Forty-six patients underwent primary eyelid protractor myectomy and had a free orbicularis oculi muscle graft for volume replacement. All patients had significant functional improvement of their eyelid spasms after the myectomy. Of the 38 patients who underwent upper eyelid myectomy, 3 patients were overcorrected and no patients were undercorrected with the orbicularis muscle graft. Two of the overcorrected patients underwent surgical debulking of their muscle grafts. Of the 8 patients who underwent lower eyelid myectomy, no patients were overcorrected and 1 patient was undercorrected. None of the patients were observed to have any spasms, contractions, or other signs of muscular activity or aberrant innervation of the muscle graft.CONCLUSIONS: The orbicularis oculi muscle graft is a useful adjunct to protractor myectomy in improving the aesthetic outcomes for blepharospasm patients. Our study demonstrates the viability of the orbicularis oculi muscle graft and may lead to future applications of the graft in facial aesthetics.     

眼轮匝肌处理在退行性下睑内翻矫正术中的应用

目的探讨眼轮匝肌处理在退行性下睑内翻矫正术中的应用。方法在56例(89只眼)退行性下睑内翻矫正术中对眼轮匝肌进行折叠缩短及弓状缘悬吊处理,术后随访6～10个月。结果所有病例下睑内翻均完全矫正,睑缘恢复正常位置,无1例复发及眼睑外翻等并发症发生。结论在退行性下睑内翻矫正手术中正确处理眼轮匝肌可以取得满意的手术效果,并有一定的美容效果。     

Everting sutures in involutional entropion

Involutional entropion is the commonest cause of entropion in the elderly population. Many surgical procedures have been described to correct it. The everting suture technique is simple and quick and can be undertaken in the clinic or even away from a medical setting. However, it has been regarded as a temporary cure, especially in the presence of horizontal lower lid laxity. We reviewed the results of everting sutures in 55 lids of 50 patients. The minimum follow-up was 18 months. 78% of patients had no recurrence of their entropion. Our results suggest that horizontal eyelid laxity may not be the only major factor in recurrent entropion following everting sutures. Dermatochalasis with orbital fat prolapse may also contribute.     

Everting sutures in involutional entropion

Involutional entropion is the commonest cause of entropion in the elderly population. Many surgical procedures have been described to correct it. The everting suture technique is simple and quick and can be undertaken in the clinic or even away from a medical setting. However, it has been regarded as a temporary cure, especially in the presence of horizontal lower lid laxity. We reviewed the results of everting sutures in 55 lids of 50 patients. The minimum follow-up was 18 months. 78% of patients had no recurrence of their entropion. Our results suggest that horizontal eyelid laxity may not be the only major factor in recurrent entropion following everting sutures. Dermatochalasis with orbital fat prolapse may also contribute.     

Orbicularis oculi muscle in children. Histologic and histochemical characteristics.

This is the first study devoted to the histologic and histochemical characteristics of the orbicularis oculi muscle in children to the authors' knowledge. The orbicularis muscle was compared with extraocular, facial, and limb striated muscle. Light microscopy showed the orbicularis oculi muscle to be much smaller and more loosely packed than skeletal limb muscles. It further showed these muscle fibers to have greater variation in fiber size and shape and more endomysial and perimysial connective tissue. Finally, analysis of the histochemical reactions showed the orbicularis oculi had a higher percentage of fast-contracting fibers (Type II). This study establishes the histologic and histochemical standard characteristics for the orbicularis oculi muscle in children. It was found that orbicularis oculi muscles have some histologic and histochemical features in common with other facial muscles and other features in common with extraocular muscles.     

外眦成形及下睑外翻缝线联合术治疗退行性下睑内翻的效果

 目的 探讨联合外眦成形、下睑外翻缝线以及睑板前轮匝肌切除术治疗退行性下睑内翻的疗效。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 北京同仁眼科中心19例（23眼）退行性下睑内翻患者。方法 手术包括外眦成形矫正水平眼睑松弛,睑板前轮匝肌切除解除眼轮匝肌骑跨,下穹窿皮肤缝线折短下睑缩肌。观察术前术后患者眼睑形态、位置,有无溢泪等。随访8~12个月。主要指标 眼睑形态、位置,有无溢泪。结果 到最后随访时,所有患者下睑对称无畸形;1例患者（1眼）在睁眼时下眼睑与眼表贴附不紧密,但无明显内外翻及溢泪发生。随访期间无复发或过矫现象发生。结论 针对多种致病因素的联合外眦成形、睑板前轮匝肌切除以及下穹窿皮肤缝线术治疗退行性下睑内翻简单有效。     

Wedge resection of the tarsal plate combined with the modified Hotz procedure for correction of involutional lower eyelid entropion

Objectives

To investigate the outcomes for correction of involutional lower eyelid entropion by wedge resection of the tarsus combined with the modified Hotz procedure.

Four-snip procedure for involutional lower lid entropion: modification of Quickert and Jones procedures

Involutional lower lid entropion results from a faulty lower lid retractor complex, lid laxity and overriding of preseptal orbicularis fibres on the tarsal and pretarsal fibres. The author describes the anatomy of the lower lid and presents a four-snip procedure for correcting this condition in which the Quickert and Jones techniques are combined.     

Effective small-incision surgery for involutional lower eyelid entropion

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop an effective and minimally invasive operation to correct lower eyelid entropion that would address both the horizontal and vertical laxity. DESIGN: A prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-five consecutive patients with involutional entropion, aged 62 to 92 years (mean, 77.1 years), had surgery on 45 lower eyelids. Of the 45 procedures, 33 (73%) had a primary procedure and 12 (27%) were reoperations. INTERVENTION: A lateral tarsal strip with diagonal tightening of the orbital septum and lower lid retractors to the lateral orbital rim was performed via a 1-cm lateral canthal incision. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Complications and surgical outcome were monitored clinically for between 12 and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: The results were analyzed from 42 eyelids (33 patients) with a mean follow-up of 17.1 months (range 12-24 months). Two patients died and one dropped out of the study 3 months after the second eyelid operation. In 36 cases (86%), the entropion was cured. Transient lateral orbital rim tenderness was noted in six cases (14%), and one patient had a wound infection. Anatomic recurrences were detected in six eyelids of six patients, and five of these (83%) were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: This surgical approach has been found effective in 86% of eyelids. Adequate clinical followup has proven essential for accurate evaluation of entropion surgery.     

松弛皮肤切除加眼轮匝肌缩短术治疗老年性下睑内翻的临床疗效

目的：：观察松弛皮肤切除联合眼轮匝肌缩短术与单纯眼轮匝肌缩短术治疗老年性下睑内翻的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供参考。方法：研究我科就诊的临床诊断为下睑内翻的老年患者82例126眼,采用随机数字表法将其随机分为松弛皮肤切除加眼轮匝肌缩短术治疗组与单纯眼轮匝肌缩短术治疗组,对两组患者一般资料进行比较,并对其短期疗效与长期疗效进行比较。结果：观察组与对照组患者在年龄、病程、性别及首次手术患者的比例方面的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组的短期有效率为95.2％,而对照组的短期有效率为77.8％,两组短期有效率之间的差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.100,P=0.043);观察组的长期治愈率为82.5％(34例52眼),未愈或复发率为17.5％(7例11眼),对照组的治愈率为60.3％(25例38眼),未愈或复发率为39.7％(16例25眼),两组患者的长期治愈率之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：松弛皮肤切除联合眼轮匝肌缩短术治疗老年性下睑内翻的临床疗效较单纯眼轮匝肌缩短术好,推荐在临床上应用。