反相高效液相色谱法测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱含量

目的建立测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱及吴茱萸次碱含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法采用Boston Symmetrix ODS-R C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.04%辛烷磺酸钠溶液(50∶50),流速为1 mL/min,检测波长为225 nm。结果该法准确可靠,重现性好。结论反相高效液相色谱法可以同时测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱及吴茱萸次碱的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱与吴茱萸内酯的含量

目的:建立同时测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱与吴茱萸内酯含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为迪马C1(8200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.04%庚烷磺酸钠溶液(48:52,V/V),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为225nm,柱温为35℃。结果:吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、吴茱萸内酯的进样浓度分别在5.38～53.80、5.02～50.20、10.30～103.00μg·mL-(1r均为0.9999)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系;三者平均加样回收率分别为99.75%、97.66%、85.68%,RSD分别为0.67%、1.16%、1.54%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便、可行、重复性好,可用于吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的含量测定;但吴茱萸内酯的回收率较低,需进一步改进其测定方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定涵水胶囊中吴茱萸次碱的含量

目的:建立涵水胶囊中吴茱萸次碱的高效液相色谱测定方法.方法:Waters Symmetry ShieldTM RP18分析柱(3.9 mm×150 mm,5 μm),柱温40℃,流动相为乙腈-水(36:62),检测波长为345 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min.结果:吴茱萸次碱在0.52～2.6μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为102.1%,RSD=1.7%.结论:高效液相色谱法简便、灵敏、准确、重现性好,可用于控制涵水胶囊的质量.     

HPLC法测定妇科养荣丸中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立测定妇科养荣丸中芍药苷的高效液相色谱法。方法:C_(18)色谱柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈- 0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾(16:84),流速1.0 ml·min~(-1);检测波长230 nm。结果:线性范围:0.195～1.952μg·ml~(-1),r= 0.9998,平均回收率:96.8%(n=5,RSD=1.2%)。结论:建立的高效液相色谱法测定含量,准确、快速、重现性好。     

HPLC法测定盐酸氯环利嗪乳膏的含量

目的:建立盐酸氯环利嗪乳膏含量测定方法。方法:用高效液相色谱法测定。选用Lichrosorb C18 柱,5μm,4.6mm×200mm;流动相:乙腈—0.01mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠溶液—0.02mol·L~(-1)庚烷磺酸钠溶液(45:55:10);流速:1ml·min~(-1),检测波长:230nm,柱温:室温。结果:本法简便、灵敏、准确。线性范围:40～160μg·ml~(-1)。方法回收率为 100.5％,RSD=2.1％,n=9。结论:建立的定量方法专属性强,可用于盐酸氯环利嗪乳膏的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定佐匹克隆片含量及含量均匀度

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法测定佐匹克隆片的含量及含量均匀度的方法。方法:以LiChrospher 100-RP-18 C_(18)(5μg,4.6×250mm)为色谱柱,乙腈-0.05％磷酸二氢钾(pH3.0)(34:66)为流动相,检测波长305nm。结果;佐匹克隆的线性范围为12～96μg·ml~1,r=0.9999,回收率为100.34％,精密度(RSD)为0.44％(n=6)。结论:方法简便,准确,专属。     

HPLC波长切换技术同时测定萸连片中7种成分含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定萸连片中盐酸小檗碱、巴马汀、药根碱、吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯7种成分含量。方法:采用Aglient Extend C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈(A)-0.3%磷酸三乙胺(B),梯度洗脱(0～10 min,70%A→65%A;10～20 min 65%A→50%A;20～40 min,50%A),流速1.0 mL.min-1;检测波长(0～25 min,265 nm;25～40 min,225 nm);柱温30℃。结果:盐酸小檗碱、巴马汀、药根碱、吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯进样量分别在44.80～112.0 ng(r=0.9994),65.31～163 ng(r=0.9994)57.60～144.0 ng(r=0.9991),59.64～149.1 ng(r=0.9993),58.18～145.5 ng(r=0.9996),14.28～35.69 ng(r=0.9998),14.08～35.20 ng(r=0.9998)的范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率(n=5)分别为100.2%(0.7...     

吴茱萸汤复方颗粒定性定量方法研究

目的建立吴茱萸汤复方颗粒的定性定量方法。方法采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对方中吴茱萸、生姜、人参3味药材饮片进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱进行定量测定,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),以乙腈(A)-水(B)(51∶49)为流动相,流速0.8 m L·min~(-1),检测波长256 nm,柱温25℃;采用HPLC法对人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb1进行定量测定,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax TC-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈(A)-水(B)为流动相进行洗脱(0~35 min,19%A;35~55 min,19%~29%A;55~70 min,29%A;70~100 min,29%~40%A),流速1 m L·min~(-1),检测波长203 nm,柱温25℃。结果 TLC斑点清晰,分离度良好,阴性无干扰;吴茱萸碱在0.041~1.02μg与峰面积线性关系良好,r=1.000;吴茱萸次碱在0.041~1.03μg与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9999;人参皂苷Re在0.298~7.438μg与峰面积线性关系良好,r=1.000;人参皂苷Rb1在0.300~7.509μg与峰面积线性关系良好,r=1.000;平均回收率分别为99.3%、96.3%、100.5%、100.6%,RSD分别为1.3%、0.51%、1.2%、2.1%(n=6)。结论建立的方法简便、专属性强、结果准确,可作为吴茱萸汤复方颗粒的质量控制标准。     

HPLC法测定超微戊己丸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱含量

目的：建立超微戊己丸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的含量测定方法。方法采用Kromasail C18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为流速1.0mL/min的乙腈-乙腈10%（50：50）,测定波长为225nm。结果吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱理论板数分别为2681和2067,Y吴茱萸碱=1.965×10^-7X ＋0.07646,r=0.9999）, Y吴茱萸次碱=3.658×10^-7X-0.2199,r=0.9999）,吴茱萸碱与吴茱萸次碱的线性区间分别为10.2～51.0μg/mL以及10.0～50.0μg/mL ,两者平均回收率分别为97.3%和101.4%,其相对标准偏差分别为3.2%和3.9%,最低检测限为0.05μg/mL和0.1μg/mL。结论使用高效液相色谱法对超微戊己丸当中的吴茱萸碱以及吴茱萸次碱含量进行检测的精确率较高,重现性好。     

吴茱萸不同炮制品中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、柠檬苦素含量测定

目的:考察不同炮制方法及炮制前后吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱和柠檬苦素的含量变化情况。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,Hypersil ODS C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相:乙腈-水-四氢呋喃-乙酸（41:59:1:0.2）;流速:1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长:225 nm;柱温:25℃。结果:吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、柠檬苦素进样量分别在0.156～3.120μg（r=0.999 6,n=6）、0.116～2.320μg（r=1.000 0,n=6）、0.620～12.400μg（r=0.999 1,n=6）范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,平均回收率分别为97.2%（RSD=1.33%）、97.1%（RSD=1.56%）、97.3%（RSD=1.52%）。结论:不同炮制方法吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、柠檬苦素含量不同,砂烫法优于其他炮制方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.