重症急性胰腺炎严重并发症的预防

目的　探讨重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)并发症的原因和预防。方法　回顾性分析 16 5例SAP的诊治情况 ,并分为三个阶段比较各阶段并发症发生与病情危重程度、手术与否和手术方式、时机之间的关系。结果　三个阶段并发症发生率分别为 72 .0 % (36 / 5 0 )、6 4 .6 % (31/ 4 8)和 34.2 % (2 3/6 7)。早期手术组、延期手术组和非手术组的并发症发生率分别为 6 2 .5 %、5 8.7%和 34.7%。结论　胰腺坏死和病情的严重程度、治疗不当是引起并发症的重要原因 ,早期不必要的手术介入会增加其发生。以非手术为主的ICU重症监护治疗 ,及正确选择手术指征、时机和方式可减少或预防其发生     

Colonic complications of severe acute pancreatitis

Colonic complications are rare in acute pancreatitis. Over the last 9 years at St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK, we have managed severe acute pancreatitis by intensive supportive therapy followed by sub-total pancreatic resection and/or debridement in those who fail to improve. Of the 22 patients who have undergone this form of surgery, nine were found to have colonic involvement in the form of either necrosis or perforation. In addition, one patient presenting at West Middlesex University Hospital, Isleworth, UK, had severe acute pancreatitis and almost total colonic necrosis as an unexpected finding at emergency laparotomy. These ten patients comprised seven men and three women of median age 59 years and with a median of four Ranson criteria. In seven patients, colonic involvement was discovered at the time of pancreatic surgery or laparotomy for pancreatitis and in the remainder it presented between 1 and 3 weeks later as either a faecal fistula (n = 2) or persistent abdominal sepsis (n = 1). The ascending colon was involved in one patient, the splenic flexure and descending colon in one, the transverse colon in three, the splenic flexure alone in four, and one patient had almost total colonic involvement. All patients underwent resection of the involved colon and exteriorization with either a proximal colostomy (n = 7) or ileostomy (n = 3) and a distal mucous fistula. Pathological examination of the resected colons revealed a spectrum of changes from pericolitis through to ischaemic necrosis suggesting at least two possible mechanisms. Six patients died from overwhelming sepsis between 1 day and 4 weeks (median 11 days) after colonic resection. Severe acute pancreatitis must be recognized as a cause of colonic ischaemia and necrosis; this complication is associated with a very poor prognosis despite surgical intervention.     

Serum amyloid A is a better early predictor of severity than C-reactive protein in acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an early and sensitive marker of the extent of tissue trauma and inflammation. The aim of this study was to compare the early prognostic accuracy of SAA with that of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in acute pancreatitis. METHODS: In a prospective multicentre trial, plasma SAA and CRP levels were measured in patients with severe and mild acute pancreatitis, and in a control group with acute abdominal pain. Plasma samples were collected on admission and at 6-h intervals for 48 h, every 12 h between 48 and 72 h, then daily for 5 days. Plasma SAA was measured by a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and CRP was measured by immunoturbidometry. RESULTS: There were 137 patients with mild and 35 with severe acute pancreatitis, and 74 control patients. SAA levels were significantly higher in patients with severe acute pancreatitis than in those with mild acute pancreatitis, on admission, at 24 h or less after symptom onset, and subsequently. Whereas plasma CRP concentration was also significantly higher in patients with severe acute pancreatitis on admission, it failed to distinguish mild from severe acute pancreatitis until 30-36 h after symptom onset. SAA levels predicted severity (sensitivity 67 per cent, specificity 70 per cent, negative predictive value 89 per cent, mean(s.d.) area under curve 0.7(0.05)) significantly better than CRP (57 per cent, 60 per cent, 84 per cent, 0.59(0.06) respectively) on admission (P = 0.02) and at 24 h following symptom onset (area under curve 0.65(0.09) versus 0.58(0.09) respectively; P < or = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Plasma SAA concentration is an early marker of severity in acute pancreatitis and is superior to CRP estimation on hospital admission and at 24 h or less after symptom onset. This study suggests that plasma SAA concentration is clinically useful, with the potential to replace CRP in the management of acute pancreatitis.     

Total bilirubin is a useful predictor of persisting common bile duct stone in gallstone pancreatitis

Accepted guidelines for preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in gallstone pancreatitis are lacking. Our previous investigations suggested that serum total bilirubin on hospital Day 2 best predicts persisting common bile duct (CBD) stones. We aim to identify an optimal total bilirubin threshold on hospital Day 2 that would predict persisting CBD stones and guide obtaining preoperative ERCP. Prospective and retrospective data were available from 200 consecutive patients with gallstone pancreatitis at a public teaching hospital from 2003 through 2007. Charts were examined for persisting CBD stones on ERCP and/or intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients with cholangitis (n = 18) were excluded. Nineteen of the remaining 182 (10%) patients had CBD stones. Mean hospital Day 2 bilirubin was 3.7 mg/dL for patients with CBD stones versus 1.4 mg/dL for those without (P < 0.0001). Seventeen patients (9%) had total bilirubin 4 or greater on hospital Day 2. Of these, eight (4%) had CBD stones (specificity 94%). Of the 165 patients with total bilirubin less than 4, 11 (7%) had CBD stones (P < 0.0001). In gallstone pancreatitis, a serum total bilirubin level 4 mg/dL or greater on hospital Day 2 predicts persisting CBD stones with enough specificity to serve as a practical guideline for ERCP while minimizing unnecessary procedures.     

Computed tomography severity index is a predictor of outcomes for severe pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: In a small group of patients with acute pancreatitis, Balthazar and Ranson demonstrated the applicability of computed tomography (CT) criteria to predict mortality. Building upon their work with a larger group of patients with acute pancreatitis, we set out not only to demonstrate that the CT severity index can predict death, but also length of hospital stay and need for necrosectomy. METHODS: We reviewed all patients admitted to our hospital in the years 1992 to 1997 with a primary diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Entrance criteria required that a CT scan had been performed during the hospitalization. The index CT scan was used to determine a CT severity index (the CTSI of Balthazar and Ranson). Outcomes measured were death, length of stay (LOS), and need for necrosectomy (NEC). Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact and chi-square tests where appropriate. RESULTS: Between the years 1992 to 1997, 886 patients had 1,774 admissions for acute pancreatitis, of which 268 had a CT scan performed and were entered into our study. These 268 patients had a mean age of 57 years, a mean LOS of 16 days (1 to 118), and a mean CTSI of 3.9 (0 to 10). Overall mortality was 4% (n = 11). A CTSI >5 significantly correlated with death (P = 0.0005), prolonged hospital stay (P <0.0001), and need for necrosectomy (P <0.0001). Patients with a CTSI >5 were 8 times more likely to die, 17 times more likely to have a prolonged hospital course, and 10 times more likely to undergo necrosectomy than their counterparts with CT scores <5. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that the CTSI is an applicable and comparable predictor of outcomes in severe pancreatitis.     

Late mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Mortality due to severe or necrotizing acute pancreatitis most often results from multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) occurring either early (within the first 14 days) or 2 weeks or more after the onset of symptoms due to septic complications. The aim of this study was to analyse the course of the disease in patients who died from severe acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Between January 1994 and August 2000 details of 263 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were entered prospectively into a database. All patients were treated in an intermediate or intensive care unit. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 4 per cent (ten of 263 patients). The mortality rate was 9 per cent (ten of 106) in patients with necrotizing disease. No patient died within the first 2 weeks of disease onset. The median day of death was 91 (range 15-209). Six patients died from septic MODS. Ranson score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score during the first week of disease, pre-existing co-morbidity, body mass index, infection and extent of necrosis were significantly associated with death (P < 0.01 for all parameters). However, only infection of the necrotic pancreas was an independent risk factor in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Early deaths in patients with severe acute pancreatitis are rare, mainly as a result of modern intensive care treatment. Nine of the ten deaths occurred more than 3 weeks after disease onset. Infection of pancreatic necrosis was the main risk factor for death.     

重症急性胰腺炎术后并发症的预防及处理

重症急性胰腺炎术后并发症发病率高,且复杂多样,具有较高的病死率.其主要包括出血、消化道瘘、腹腔及腹膜后残余感染等.随着对重症急性胰腺炎认识的深入及治疗观念的改变,我们对其术后并发症的预防与处理有了更新的认识,遵循损伤控制原则,以微创为先导的治疗理念及个体化的治疗模式在处理术后并发症中扮演重要角色.本文将对其术后并发症的防治作一综述.     

急性重症胰腺炎围手术期并发症与预后临床分析

目的探讨急性重症胰腺炎(severeacutepancreatitis,SAP)各种围手术期并发症与预后的关系。方法通过对我院近10年间行了外科手术治疗的116例SAP回顾调查,分析SAP围手术期各种并发症的发生率及其与SAP预后的关系。结果治愈85例(73.28%),死亡31例,病死率为26.72%;发生各种并发症232次,其中合并ARDS、胰性脑病、休克、腹腔出血和全身感染等并发症患者的病死率较高,分别为52%、40%、40.63%、66.67%和73.68。结论围手术期SAP并发症较多,严格掌握手术适应证特别重要;在各种并发症中ARDS、胰性脑病、休克、腹腔出血和感染等是死亡的主要原因。     

重症急性胰腺炎局部并发症外科干预策略

重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病程后期以感染性胰腺坏死为主的第2次死亡高峰是临床治疗的重要挑战。外科医师对感染性胰腺坏死干预指征、时机、策略及方式的掌控尤为重要,对其早期预测与识别、术后管理与协作也需不断加强。目前,感染性胰腺坏死的外科干预呈现微创化、阶段化、多学科化、专业化和多元化特点,临床医师不仅应建立以疾病为中心的综合治疗体系,还应重视SAP的非感染性局部并发症,防患于未然。笔者结合临床实践,就目前SAP局部并发症外科干预的临床实践进行探讨,旨在进一步提高SAP患者后期整体治愈率。     

糖皮质激素治疗重症急性胰腺炎的疗效及其并发症临床荟萃分析

目的采用荟萃分析法评价糖皮质激素(GC)治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的疗效及安全性。方法检索Cochrane Library、Pub Med、Embase、中国生物医学数据库、CNKI、万方数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库,查找2005年1月1日到2016年7月1日有关GC治疗SAP的临床随机对照试验,通过纳入和排除标准筛选文献,对纳入的研究进行分析并提取试验数据。采用R软件进行数据分析。结果研究共纳入18篇符合要求的文献,纳入的病例总数为1 601例,其中实验组773例,对照组828例。Meta分析的结果表明:实验组患者腹痛缓解时间及血淀粉酶恢复时间明显低于对照组,合并标准均数差(SMD)分别为-2.59(95%CI:-3.28~1.90)和-1.45(95%CI:-1.80~-1.10);实验组并发症的发生率、中转手术治疗率及病死率均显著低于对照组,OR值分别为0.15(95%CI:0.09~0.26)、0.30(95%CI:0.13~0.74)和0.15(95%CI:0.08~0.28)。结论 SAP的患者早期、短程使用GC是获益的,但仍需大样本、多中心、前瞻性随机对照研究来进一步证实。     

P-glycoprotein expression is not a useful predictor of acute or chronic kidney graft rejection

Because of the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in multidrug resistance (MDR), it has been suggested that P-gp might play a role in acute and chronic rejection after organ transplantation. The purpose of the present work was to investigate a possible relationship between graft outcome and P-gp expression on peripheral mononuclear cells of renal transplant recipients. We determined P-gp expression in 27 patients with long-term, stable graft function (ST) and in 15 patients with chronic deterioration of graft function (CR). In addition, 40 patients were studied prior to, and at intervals after, transplantation with 21 healthy individuals serving as controls. P-gp values were highest in healthy controls and in ST patients. We found no correlation between P-gp values and acute rejection. CR patients tended to have lower levels of P-gp expression. Our results contradict the opinion that an overexpression of P-gp induces acute or chronic rejection by inhibiting the efficacy of immunosuppressive treatment. Received: 9 June 1998 Accepted: 25 September 1998     

Parenteral nutrition in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: effect on complications and mortality.

Clinical characteristics of 46 cases of acute pancreatitis treated with total parenteral nutrition were examined. Hyperalimentation may be used in these severely ill patients with minimal technical or metabolic morbidity. This method of nutritional support can maintain patients with nonfunctional gastrointestinal tracts for several months. Catheter-related sepsis was more common than expected early in the course of acute pancreatitis but caused minimal morbidity. The incidence of catheter-related sepsis late in disease was minor. Hyperalimentation had little if any effect on the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis as judged by the overall mortality and the incidence and severity of the complications of acute respiratory failure and acute renal failure. It is not clear that parenteral hyperalimentation alters the course of acute pancreatitis but it is a useful adjunct for nutritional support in this illness.     

Serum total bilirubin elevation is a predictor of the clinicopathological severity of acute appendicitis

Purpose

Elevation of the serum total bilirubin (STB) level not stemming from hepatic dysfunction or biliary obstruction may be seen in cases of acute appendicitis. This paper deals with the clinical significance of such elevations.

Methods

Data from 410 appendectomized patients classified into two groups (a high preoperative STB group and a normal preoperative STB group) were analyzed to reveal the significance of preoperative hyperbilirubinemia. We also examined whether the preoperative STB level might serve as a risk factor for gangrenous appendicitis by a multivariate analysis.

Results

Gangrenous appendicitis was more common in the high preoperative STB group (p < 0.001). The multivariate analysis revealed that an elevated preoperative STB level (odds ratio 1.7919) was a risk factor for gangrenous appendicitis.

Conclusion

In patients with an elevated preoperative STB level, it is very likely that the inflammation is severe and that the disease has progressed to a severe condition histopathologically; therefore, meticulous attention should be paid to the selection of the surgical procedure, as well as to the postoperative clinical course.     

Decreased mortality of severe acute pancreatitis after proximal cytokine blockade.

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the ability of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) to decrease the mortality of experimental acute pancreatitis. The response of the inflammatory cytokine cascade and its subsequent effects on pancreatic morphology were measured to determine the role of these peptides in mediating pancreatic injury. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Previous studies have shown that proinflammatory cytokines are produced in large amounts during acute pancreatitis and that blockade at the level of the IL-1 receptor significantly decreases intrinsic pancreatic damage. The subsequent effect on survival is not known. METHODS: A lethal form of acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in young female mice by feeding a choline-deficient, ethionine supplemented (CDE) diet for 72 hours. For determination of mortality, the animals were divided into 3 groups of 45 animals each: control subjects received 100/microL normal saline intraperitoneally every 6 hours for 5 days; IL-1ra early mice received recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally every 6 hours for 5 days beginning at time 0; IL-1ra late mice received IL-1ra 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally every 6 hours for 3.5 days beginning 1.5 days after introduction of the CDE diet. A parallel experiment was conducted simultaneously with a minimum of 29 animals per group, which were sacrificed daily for comparisons of serum amylase, lipase, IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1ra, pancreatic wet weight, and blind histopathologic grading. RESULTS: The 10-day mortality in the untreated control group was 73%. Early and late IL-1ra administration resulted in decreases of mortality to 44% and 51%, respectively (both p < 0.001). Interleukin-1 antagonism also was associated with a significant attenuation in the rise in pancreatic wet weight and serum amylase and lipase in both early and late IL-1ra groups (all p < 0.05). All control animals developed a rapid elevation of the inflammatory cytokines, with maximal levels reached on day 3. The IL-1ra-treated animals, however, demonstrated a blunted rise of these mediators (all p < 0.05). Blind histologic grading revealed an overall decrease in the severity of pancreatitis in those animals receiving the antagonist. CONCLUSIONS: Early or late blockade of the cytokine cascade at the level of the IL-1 receptor significantly decreases the mortality of severe acute pancreatitis. The mechanism by which this is accomplished appears to include attenuation of systemic inflammatory cytokines and decreased pancreatic destruction.     

Early nonenhanced abdominal computed tomography can predict mortality in severe acute pancreatitis

We wondered whether nonenhanced computed tomography (CT) within 48 hours of admission could identify individuals at risk for higher mortality from acute pancreatitis. Data from the international phase III study of the platelet-activating factor-inhibitor Lexipafant was used to analyze noncontrast CT versus acute pancreatitis mortality. Nonenhanced CT examinations of the abdomen from the trial were classified by disease severity (Balthazar grades A-E) and then correlated with patient survival. Among the 477 individuals who underwent CT within 48 hours of admission and 220 individuals who did so over the subsequent 6 days, higher CT grades were associated with increased mortality. Each unit increase in Balthazar grade during the initial 48 hours was associated with an estimated increase in the risk of mortality of 33%, and this trend increased to 50% if pancreatic enlargement and peripancreatic stranding (grades B and C) were combined (P < 0.05). CT grade correlated minimally with Ranson, Glasgow, or APACHE II score during the initial 48 hours; however, this correlation improved over 3–8 days. Early nonenhanced abdominal CT in patients with acute pancreatitis is a valuable prognostic indicator of mortality in acute pancreatitis, even among patients without clinical features of severe acute pancreatitis.