评分系统在评价卵巢癌瘤体减灭术满意度和预后中的价值

目前晚期卵巢癌的常规治疗方案为:初始瘤体减灭术+术后铂类为主的化疗;或者先行探查术或穿刺确诊,行新辅助化疗,再行中间减瘤术。两种方案的选择主要基于患者的肿瘤负荷,还受行减瘤术后发生术后并发症风险的影响。有很多学者提出了相应的评分预测系统,旨在术前或术中评估卵巢癌患者的肿瘤负荷、手术并发症风险来判断其能否行初始满意减瘤术及其预后;目前使用较普遍的评分系统主要有Fagotti评分、改良Fagotti评分(Fagottimodified评分)、CT评分、Aletti评分、并发症评分、PCI评分以及其他评分系统。Fagotti评分及改良Fagotti评分是腹腔镜探查评分系统,主要用于预测能否行满意减瘤术;CT评分主要用CT检查结合临床特征对是否能行满意肿瘤减灭术进行术前预测;Aletti评分主要描述手术复杂程度;并发症评分主要用于描述手术后并发症发生的风险;PCI评分主要是用于评价肿瘤的腹膜盆腔扩散程度,其他还包括Anne-Lucie Dessapt提出的R0预测评分模型以及Eisenkop提出的五分区评分。     

新辅助化疗在晚期卵巢癌治疗中的应用

卵巢癌患者确诊时多数已属晚期,预后差,能否实现满意的肿瘤细胞减灭术与患者的预后密切相关。新辅助化疗可以提高肿瘤细胞减灭术达到满意缩瘤的几率,减少围手术期并发症的发生,提高患者的生活质量,与直接行肿瘤细胞减灭术相比患者的预后相似。新辅助化疗联合间歇性肿瘤细胞减灭术的治疗方案可能更适合晚期卵巢癌患者。     

卵巢癌新辅助化疗的研究进展

上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)是妇科肿瘤疾病中的主要致死原因。大多数患者确诊时已为晚期,标准治疗方案为满意的肿瘤细胞减灭术(PCS)及术后辅以铂类为基础的化疗。直接行肿瘤细胞减灭术,常难以达到满意的减瘤效果,且手术并发症多,影响患者治疗后的总生存期(OS)和无进展生存期(PFS)。新辅助化疗(NACT)作为原有治疗模式的另一种选择,越来越受到关注。本文对NACT在晚期上皮性卵巢癌治疗中的相关研究做一综述,为临床实践提供指导,最大程度地发挥NACT的作用。     

卵巢癌的初始与间歇性肿瘤细胞减灭术相关问题

临床工作中对晚期卵巢癌患者施行新辅助化疗（neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NACT）的比例逐年增加。尽管基于现有的循证医学证据,晚期上皮性卵巢癌采用NACT联合间歇性肿瘤细胞减灭术有着不低于初始肿瘤细胞减灭术的疗效,更低的术后病率,但目前对于卵巢癌NACT仍存在较多争议。新诊断的晚期卵巢癌患者治疗前需由专业的妇科肿瘤医生（必要时多学科）评估,对可达到满意细胞减灭术患者应首选初始肿瘤细胞减灭术,对围手术期风险高和（或）无法达到满意肿瘤切除的晚期卵巢癌患者,可给予铂为基础的NACT联合间歇性肿瘤细胞减灭术。     

新辅助化疗治疗晚期卵巢癌的Meta分析

目的:评价新辅助化疗对晚期卵巢癌患者手术及预后的影响,探讨新辅助化疗在晚期卵巢癌中的应用。方法:计算机检索Pubmed、Cochrane Library、Embase,检索时限为1990年1月1日至2014年8月31日,纳入新辅助化疗后行间歇型肿瘤细胞减灭术与初始肿瘤细胞减灭术相比较的随机对照实验或观察性研究。结果:最终纳入20个研究,共3827例患者。Meta分析结果示:新辅助化疗后间歇型肿瘤细胞减灭术满意缩瘤术率(75.1%)高于初始肿瘤细胞减灭术(59.7%),差异有统计学意义(P0.00001);两组无进展生存期分别为15.2月、13.0月,总生存期分别为33.2月、38.7月,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:新辅助化疗可以显著提高晚期卵巢癌患者肿瘤细胞减灭术满意缩瘤术的几率,但不改善无进展生存期与总生存期。     

晚期上皮性卵巢癌减瘤术后CT扫描是否具有监测意义

为研究已行最大限度减瘤术的Ⅲ期上皮性卵巢癌,在化疗期间运用腹盆腔CT扫描是否具有监测病情发展的作用。对1989年～1992年68例,Ⅲ期上皮性卵巢癌行成功减瘤术后施以铂类为基础的联合化疗。所有患者在术前及各疗程化疗结束后均作盆腔体检和血清CA125检测,并分别在术前、第3和第6疗程化疗后进行CT扫描。其中60例为1组行二次探查术,另8例为2组因肿瘤已进展而未行二探术。 1组在二探术前所有临床检查均显示肿瘤缓解。     

新辅助化疗治疗晚期上皮性卵巢癌的研究进展

上皮性卵巢癌的标准治疗方案为满意的肿瘤细胞减灭术及术后辅以铂类为基础的化疗,其中满意的肿瘤细胞减灭术是治疗成功的基础。但部分患者首次手术无法达到满意的肿瘤细胞减灭术。新辅助化疗治疗晚期卵巢癌受到越来越多的关注。结合文献对新辅助化疗在晚期上皮性卵巢癌治疗中研究热点进行总结分析,认为新辅助化疗提高了满意缩瘤术的几率,然而并未改善患者的预后。临床工作中应准确评估治疗前风险,选择最有可能从新辅助化疗中获益的合适晚期上皮性卵巢癌患者,最大发挥新辅助化疗的作用。     

腹腔镜评估预测晚期卵巢癌满意肿瘤细胞减灭术的研究进展

晚期卵巢癌患者在初次手术中是否可以做到满意肿瘤细胞减灭术,是影响预后的重要因素之一。随着腹腔镜技术的发展,20世纪90年代末期首次提出腹腔镜探查用于预测晚期卵巢癌肿瘤细胞减灭术。腹腔镜预测指标(predictive index value,PIV)≥8分被认为无法完成满意肿瘤细胞减灭术。之后多项研究验证了上述腹腔镜评估模型的准确性、可行性和可重复性。随着手术技巧的提高,评估模型有所改进,PIV≥10分时认为无法完成满意肿瘤细胞减灭术。     

卵巢透明细胞癌术后复发行减瘤术及人工血管置换术1例报告并文献复习

正卵巢癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤,复发率高,致死率高。对于复发性卵巢癌患者,经充分评估行二次减瘤术,在满意切除病灶后可提高化疗效果,改善预后。本文报道1例卵巢透明细胞癌ⅠA期术后腹膜后淋巴结复发侵及腹主动脉和下腔静脉行满意二次减瘤术及人工血管置换术的患者,围手术期风险可控,术后并发症处理及时得当,术后恢复良好,目前正在进行化疗中。     

卵巢癌膈转移的处理

细胞减灭术后加用化疗已成为上皮性卵巢癌的主要治疗手段。有文献证实,残存瘤直径<2cm的病人对化疗有良好的效应,而最大的单个残存肿瘤结节的直径大小与第二次剖腹探查时的阴性结果有重要关系;因此,大块切除术的目的是使所有肿瘤结     

Cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer

AIM: To reduce postoperative complications and to make possible an optimal cytoreduction, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery has been applied with encouraging results. METHODS: Between December 2009 and February 2012, patients with stage IIIC-IV epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, to assess the feasibility of optimal debulking surgery. The modified Fagotti score was applied to assess the feasibility of resection with zero residual tumor. Patients who were not candidate for upfront debulking surgery were submitted to NACT, then reassessed according to the RECIST 1.1 criteria and submitted to cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) if they showed clinical response or stable disease. The remaining cycles of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy (ASCT) were administered postoperatively, to complete 6 cycles of systemic chemotherapy. RESULTS: Nine patients were included. Clinical response to NACT was complete in 3 patients and partial in 5 patients; one patient had stable disease. All patients underwent CRS resulting in CC0 disease prior to HIPEC. Average operative time was 510 min. Average intensive care unit stay was 2 d. Average postoperative hospital stay was 25 d. No postoperative mortality was observed. One patient experienced pelvic abscess. One patient refused ASCT. The remaining 8 patients started ASCT. Average time to chemotherapy was 36 d. All patients are alive, with an average follow up of 11 mo. Eight patients are disease-free at follow up. CONCLUSION: HIPEC after CRS for advanced EOC is feasible with acceptable morbidity and mortality. NACT may increase the chance for achieving complete cytoreduction. Phase 3 studies are needed to determine the effects of HIPEC on survival.     

Diagnostic open laparoscopy in the management of advanced ovarian cancer

OBJECTIVE: Optimal primary cytoreductive surgery (OPCS) plus adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) represents the standard management for patients with advanced ovarian cancer (AOC). Recently, some authors have suggested the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS) in patients with unresectable AOC. This study has been started to evaluate the role of diagnostic open laparoscopy (DOL) in predicting who are the best candidates to OPCS. METHODS: All patients newly diagnosed as affected by AOC were submitted to DOL in order to establish the possibility of OPCS considered as no residual tumor left after operation. Patients considered not susceptible of OPCS were submitted to three cycles of NACT, administered every 3 weeks (Carboplatin, targeted AUC = 6, plus paclitaxel 175 mg/mq), followed by IDS and adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: From January 2000 to March 2004, 87 patients with AOC underwent DOL. Fifty-three patients (61%) were judged operable and therefore submitted to primary cytoreductive surgery (Group A). Optimal debulking rate in this group of patients was 96%. Thirty-four patients were judged affected by disease not cytoriducible to absent residual tumor and therefore scheduled for NACT-IDS-AC (Group B). Twenty-five patients were judged with partial clinical response and were therefore scheduled for IDS and AC. Optimal debulking rate (no residual tumor ) in Group B patients was 80%. No major perioperative complications, due to laparoscopy, occurred. All Group B patients received the first cycle of chemotherapy the day after DOL. In 34 patients (39%), an explorative laparotomy was avoided. With a median follow-up of 22 months (range 2-49 months), the proportions surviving were 87% and 60% in Group A and Group B patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: DOL could be considered a valid diagnostic tool in evaluating the extent of disease in AOC. Our data suggest that the use of DOL leads to decrease the rate of primary cytoreductive surgery for AOC; on the other hand, a higher optimal debulking rate (no residual tumor) at primary surgery is achieved.     

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy or Primary Debulking Surgery in Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of 285 Patients

Objective.This study was aimed at comparison of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with primary debulking surgery in advanced ovarian carcinoma.Methods.Retrospective analysis of 285 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma treated between 1980 and 1997 was performed.Results.In the period 1980–1988 all patients underwent primary debulking surgery and 82% were cytoreduced to less than 0.5 cm largest residual tumor mass (n= 112). Analysis of this group of patients showed that some subgroups of patients (e.g., Stage IV disease or a total metastatic tumor load of more than 1000 g prior to debulking surgery) had a poor survival despite cytoreduction to no or less than 1 g of total residual tumor load. The complication rate was high especially in the group with unfavorable prognosis (postoperative mortality, 6%). In the period 1989–1997 (n= 173) the patients were surgically evaluated to receive primary chemotherapy (43%) or primary debulking surgery (57%). Prognostic variables were similar for both treatment periods. The actuarial crude survival was higher in the second time period (3-year crude survival of 26% ± 4.3 and 42% ± 4.6 for the first and second time periods, respectively;P= 0.0001). The postoperative mortality was 0% during the second time period. From 1993 on, the decision to give neoadjuvant chemotherapy or to perform primary debulking surgery in patients with clinically obvious metastatic disease was made with the help of an open laparoscopy (n= 77). Median duration of the laparoscopy, blood loss, and hospital stay due to this procedure were 25 min, 10 ml, and 2 days. Primary and interval debulking surgery was performed in 36 and 63% of this subgroup of patients, respectively.Conclusion.In this retrospective analysis over two different time periods, crude survival was higher when treating about half of the patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma with primary chemotherapy instead of primary debulking surgery. The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be evaluated in a prospective randomized study.     

Role of CT and MR imaging in predicting optimal cytoreduction of newly diagnosed primary epithelial ovarian cancer

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative accuracy of CT or MR imaging in the detection of inoperable tumor sites prior to cytoreductive surgery in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed primary epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS: One hundred thirty-seven women with newly diagnosed primary epithelial ovarian cancer underwent CT (n = 91) or MR imaging (n = 46) prior to cytoreductive surgery. The following imaging criteria were used to identify inoperable tumor sites: (1) peritoneal implants greater than 2 cm in maximum diameter in the porta hepatis, intersegmental fissure, gall bladder fossa, subphrenic space, gastrohepatic ligament, gastrosplenic ligament, lesser sac, or root of the small bowel mesentery; (2) retroperitoneal adenopathy greater than 2 cm in maximum diameter above the renal hila; (3) hepatic metastases or abdominal wall invasion. Imaging results were compared with operability at surgery. RESULTS: Cytoreductive surgery was suboptimal in 21 of the 137 (15%) patients. Sixteen of these patients had inoperable tumor on preoperative imaging, while one additional patient had apparently inoperable tumor on imaging but was optimally debulked at surgery. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of preoperative imaging for the prediction of suboptimal debulking were 76% (16/21), 99% (115/116), 94% (16/17), and 96% (115/120), respectively. CT and MR imaging were equally effective (P = 1.0) in the detection of inoperable tumor. CONCLUSION: Preoperative CT and MR imaging are equally accurate in the detection of inoperable tumor and the prediction of suboptimal debulking in newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer. This suggests imaging may help select patients who might be more appropriately managed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy.     

CT prediction of surgical outcome in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy

ObjectiveA scoring system has been proposed to predict gross residual disease at primary debulking surgery (PDS) for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. This scoring system has not been assessed in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). The aim of this study is to assess the reproducibility and prognostic significance of the scoring system when applied to women undergoing NACT followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS).MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients with advanced ovarian cancer who underwent NACT and IDS between 2005 and 2014. Change in tumor burden using computed tomography (CT) at diagnosis (T0) and after initiation of NACT but before IDS (T1) was independently assessed by two radiologists blinded to outcomes using two read criteria: a scoring system utilizing clinical and radiologic criteria and RECIST 1.1. Relationship between CT assessments to surgical outcome, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Reader agreement was measured using Fleiss's kappa (ĸ).Results76 patients were analyzed. Optimal surgical outcome was achieved in 69 (91%) of patients. Median progression free survival was 13.2 months and overall survival was 32.6 months, respectively. Predictive score change from T0 to T1 of >1 (denoting an improvement in disease burden) was associated with optimal cytoreduction (p = 0.02 and 0.01 for readers 1 and 2, respectively). Neither predictive score nor RECIST 1.1 assessment was predictive of OS or PFS. Reader agreement was substantial for predictive score (κ = 0.77) and moderate for RECIST (κ = 0.51) assessments.ConclusionsA change in score before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy minimizes reader variability and predicts surgical outcome.     

晚期上皮性卵巢癌经腹腔镜和开腹的初次肿瘤细胞减灭术或中间型减瘤术的临床对比研究

目的:比较经腹腔镜和开腹晚期上皮性卵巢癌初次肿瘤细胞减灭术(PDS)或(IDS)的手术效果,探讨经腹腔镜和IDS用于治疗晚期上皮性卵巢癌的临床效果。方法:选择2009年1月1日至2017年12月31日陆军军医大学附属西南医院妇产科收治的晚期上皮性卵巢癌患者237例,根据手术途径分为腹腔镜组210例,其中96例接受PDS,114例接受IDS;开腹组27例,其中22例接受PDS,5例接受IDS。比较两组的手术风险、术后相关参数和远期疗效。结果:手术风险:腹腔镜组的手术时间、出血量和术中输血、术中损伤比例少于开腹组(P<0.05);术后相关参数:腹腔镜组的住院时间、术后肛门排气时间、术后开始化疗时间、术后并发症少于开腹组(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组内IDS较PDS的手术时间(3.3±1.0小时vs 3.8±1.0小时)和术中输血比例(16.7%vs 33.3%)显著减少,开腹组内IDS较PDS的手术时间(3.4±0.6小时vs 5.2±1.7小时)显著减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组和开腹组的OS和PFS比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);腹腔镜组内PDS和IDS的OS(92.0个月vs 56.0个月)、PFS(26.0个月vs 22.0个月)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);开腹组内PDS和IDS的OS(57.5个月vs 35.2个月)、PFS(33.0个月vs 17.0个月)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:经腹腔镜相较于开腹肿瘤细胞减灭术,IDS相较于PDS,都可以降低手术风险且并不影响患者的预后,对于晚期上皮性卵巢癌患者而言都是合适的治疗方案。     

Current surgical management in ovarian cancer recurrences

Ovarian cancer is a tumor with a high trend of recurrence and this occurrence consistently increases the difficulty of the patient cure and reduces the efficacy of current treatments. The role of surgery in persistent or recurrent ovarian cancer is controversial and the type of surgery can be different according to the different stages and invasion of tumor; it can be a debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy (to eradicate the most part of ovarian cancer, leaving a minimal tumoral residue), an interval surgery (for advanced ovarian cancer stage in previously operated patients, followed by 2 or 3 inductive chemotherapy cycles and subsequently a cytoreductive redo surgery) and a cytoreductive secondary surgery, after optimal primary surgical treatment and minimal tumoral recurrence. In some cases it is possible either to perform a debulking surgery during a primary (after the conclusion of primary treatment) or a salvage or palliative surgery (to improve, after an acceptable time period, clinical symptoms in patients with progressive cancer or resistant to treatments). The aims of surgical therapy, to be performed in a patient with ovarian cancer relapse, are to reduce, as much as possible, the tumour size, to increase the quality of life and to increase the survival time; in this review different surgical techniques to be carried out in each case, selected for disease staging, for tumour cells kinetic and for surgical goals, are discussed.     

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary surgery in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma

Abstract. Kayikçiōlu F, Köse MF, Boran N, Çalişkan E, Tulunay G. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary surgery in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been proposed as an alternative approach to conventional surgery as initial management of bulky ovarian cancer, with the goal of performing adequate debulking in the interval surgery. Two hundred five consecutive patients with advanced ovarian cancer were divided into two groups. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval surgery was performed in 45 of 205 patients. The remaining 158 patients received primary surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy. Optimal cytoreductive surgery rates were significantly higher in the neoadjuvant CT group ( P< 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only residual tumor diameter and appendix involvement were found to affect total survival significantly in both groups. Five-year survival and median survival were not statistically different when all patients treated conventionally were compared with all patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Primary chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery in a selected group of patients does not appear to worsen prognosis, but it permits less aggressive surgery and improves patients' quality of life.     

Interval debulking in epithelial ovarian carcinomas: the past, present and the future

Primary cytoreductive surgery followed by combination chemotherapy of paclitaxel and cisplatinum is the standard treatment for advanced staged epithelial ovarian cancers. Despite the maximal efforts to increase optimal cytoreductive success rates and related ultra-radical surgeries, five-year survival rates are still poor. Primary cytoreductive surgeries and their radicalities have been criticized since the early nineties. Interval debulking surgery (IDS) and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) are the two suggested alternatives to the primary debulking approaches. In this article, the authors summarize and discuss the IDS approach with an associated literature review.     

The position of neoadjuvant chemotherapy within the treatment of ovarian cancer

It is clear that primary debulking remains the standard of care within the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer (International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, FIGO, stage III and IV). Debulking surgery should be performed by a gynaecologic oncologist without any residual tumour load, or so called optimal debulking'. Over the last decades, interest in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy together with an interval debulking has increased. Open laparoscopy is probably the most valuable tool for evaluating the operability primarily or at the time of interval debulking surgery. Neoadjuvant therapy can be used for patients that are primarily suboptimally debulked due to an extensive tumor load. In this situation, based on the randomized EORTC-GCG trial, interval debulking by an experienced surgeon improves survival in some patients who did not undergo optimal primary debulking surgery. Based on the GOG 152 data, interval debulking surgery does not seem to be indicated in patients who underwent primarily a maximal surgical effort by a gynecological oncologist. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can also be used as an alternative to primary debulking. In retrospective analyses neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery does not seem to worsen prognosis compared to primary debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy. However, we will have to wait for the results of future randomized trials to know whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery is a good alternative to primary debulking surgery in stage IIIc and IV patients.