年轻子宫内膜癌女性保留生育及卵巢功能的治疗进展

子宫内膜癌(endometrial carcinoma,EC)是女性生殖系统三大恶性肿瘤之一,年轻育龄期EC患者相对少见,但随着子宫内膜癌发病率的逐渐上升,以及现代生活习惯的改变,EC出现明显年轻化趋势。EC的标准治疗方案使得女性永久性失去生育功能以及绝经前女性提前进入更年期,严重影响年轻患者的生活质量。故年轻EC患者保留生育功能或保留卵巢功能的治疗方案逐渐受到重视。现有的保留生育功能方案主要有:孕激素、芳香化酶抑制剂、二甲双胍等药物治疗以及宫腔镜下EC病灶切除术。多项研究已经证实,肥胖与EC发生发展相关,保留生育功能治疗期间体质量管理同样也至关重要。现就年轻EC女性保留生育及卵巢功能治疗以及治疗期间体质量管理等的研究进展进行综述。     

早期子宫内膜癌患者保留生殖内分泌功能治疗的研究进展

子宫内膜癌（endometrial carcinoma,EC）为女性生殖道常见三大恶性肿瘤之一,近年来发病率有上升趋势。虽然子宫内膜癌大多发生于绝经后妇女,但也有约25%的患者为绝经前女性,且3%～14%发生在40岁以下。其中未生育的年轻患者很难接受失去生育机会及卵巢内分泌功能。因此,近年来子宫内膜癌保留生殖内分泌功能的治疗,即保留年轻EC患者的生育功能或卵巢内分泌功能成为较关注的问题。近年研究表明,以孕激素为主治疗希望保留生理功能的年轻、早期、高分化子宫内膜癌患者是相对安全有效的。综述子宫内膜癌保留生育及卵巢功能的治疗现状。     

年轻早期子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗

随着女性生育年龄的推迟,年轻早期子宫内膜癌患者比例将会逐步升高。考虑到多数年轻早期子宫内膜癌患者具有肿瘤分化程度好、病变局限和对孕激素治疗有效等特点,保留生育功能的治疗方式逐渐受到重视。文章就此问题进行简要阐述。     

子宫内膜癌保留生育功能的治疗

未生育的年轻子宫内膜癌患者常常寻找保留生育功能的治疗方法。本文的主要目的是复习有关子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能治疗的相关文献,探讨适合进行保留生育功能治疗的患者特征、治疗前的评估、治疗方案、疗效以及妊娠率。     

结合典型病例谈年轻子宫内膜癌患者生育功能的保留

随着全球女性生育年龄的推迟,年轻子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能越来越受到重视,是近年来国内外研究的热点及重点.大多数早期的年轻子宫内膜癌多为雌激素依赖型,具有病变局限、进展缓慢、分化及预后较好、对性激素治疗反应良好等特点,高效、大剂量、长期应用孕激素是子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能治疗成功的关键,安全有效的全面评估尤为重要,介...     

早期子宫内膜癌保留生育力选择与实施

随着子宫内膜癌发病率的升高，如何对有保留生育功能要求的年轻子宫内膜癌患者进行严格的筛选和制定个体化诊疗计划，从而提高保留生育力疗效，降低相应并发症或疾病进展风险是临床面临的主要问题。文章就早期年轻子宫内膜癌保留生育功能评估和治疗方案选择进行阐述。     

子宫内膜癌保留生育非适应证患者治疗的探索

正子宫内膜癌(endometrial carcinoma, EC)是指原发于子宫内膜的一组上皮性恶性肿瘤,最常见类型为子宫内膜样腺癌,高发于绝经后女性,包括子宫切除在内的全面分期手术是其主要治疗方案。近年来随着EC患者发病呈现年轻化的趋势,个体化的治疗从保留生命到保留生理乃至保留生育的目标不断提高。目前,保留生育功能治疗已成为EC治疗的重要组成部分。1 EC保留生育功能治疗适应证EC保留生育功能治疗既保留了胎儿生长发育的场所,     

子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗的研究进展

年轻子宫内膜癌患者的保留生育功能治疗是目前的研究热点。子宫内膜癌传统的治疗方式为全子宫与双附件切除术,使年轻女性丧失了生育功能。年轻子宫内膜癌患者的症状出现较早,癌细胞分化程度好,且往往肿瘤局限于内膜,大多为激素依赖型,预后较好。近年已有越来越多的学者尝试了年轻女性保留生育功能的治疗,本文从激素治疗、手术治疗和其他治疗3个方面综述了近年的研究进展。     

子宫内膜癌保留生育功能的精准病理学评估和评价

正子宫内膜癌(endometrial cancer, EC)是常见的女性生殖道恶性肿瘤,在我国其发病率呈明显上升趋势,仅次于子宫颈癌,并且发病年龄也趋于年轻化。45岁以下年轻的EC患者达7.1%~([1])。标准的手术治疗对于年轻的EC患者意味着丧失生育能力,因此对于年轻未育的早期EC患者保留生育功能显得尤为重要。影响EC患者保留生育功能临床治疗涉及EC的病理学相关因素包括组织学类型、分级、有无肌层浸润、脉管侵犯、雌孕激素受体表达、     

子宫内膜癌的孕激素拮抗及增敏机制

子宫内膜癌是女性生殖道最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,近年来发病率逐渐上升并呈年轻化趋势。虽然子宫内膜癌大多发生于绝经后妇女,但也有约25%的患者发生于绝经前,其中40岁以下患者占3%~14%。然而,子宫内膜癌的标准手术疗法使年轻患者失去了生育机会及卵巢内分泌功能,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前,为了满足年轻患者保留生育能力的强烈愿望,长期应用大剂量孕激素的保守疗法成为治疗子宫内膜不典型增生及子宫内膜癌的重要方法。但是部分患者在治疗的不同时期出现孕激素拮抗现象,降低了激素治疗的效果,影响患者的预后。因此,进一步研究子宫内膜癌的孕激素拮抗及增敏机制,对提高早期子宫内膜癌的疗效以及保留生殖内分泌功能具有重要意义。综述子宫内膜癌的孕激素拮抗机制及其增敏途径。     

Fertility Preservation in Young Women with Breast Cancer

Approximately 10,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in women younger than 40 years of age each year in the United States. This creates a population of young women with breast cancer who may have not started or completed their family. Given that technology and treatment have improved outcomes for these women, quality of life issues, such as fertility preservation, must be considered. This review examines breast cancer patient and physician attitudes toward fertility preservation, ovarian toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, fertility preservation options for breast cancer patients, and the safety of subsequent pregnancies for these women.     

Endometrial cancer and fertility

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Endometrial cancer can affect reproductive-age women who may desire fertility preservation. This article discusses the current, available data about conservative management of endometrial cancer in young women. RECENT FINDINGS: Reproductive-age women with well differentiated endometrial carcinoma have an overall favorable prognosis provided that the tumor is identified at an early, noninvasive stage; however, advanced disease can be present. This article discusses current modalities to evaluate and clinically stage endometrial cancer including hysteroscopy, dilation and curettage, pelvic ultrasound, abdominopelvic computed tomography scan, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging, tumor marker CA125 level, and surgical exploration with laparoscopy or laparotomy. Thorough evaluation is critical as 10 to 29% of young women with endometrial cancer have a synchronous ovarian malignancy. Detailed counseling about the risks and benefits of conservative management, and expectations for fertility after treatment, surveillance, and definitive surgical management is essential. Multiple effective protocols exist for conservative treatment of endometrial cancer, and the initial response rates are as high as 57 to 75%. Successful pregnancies have occurred after conservative management, spontaneously, and with assisted reproductive technologies. SUMMARY: There are no standard recommendations for selection of appropriate women, treatment protocols, or long-term surveillance for conservative management of clinical stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma, and larger prospective clinical studies are warranted.     

Hormone therapy for younger patients with endometrial cancer

The relationship between hormones and endometrial cancer is well known because disease states, such as chronic anovulation and endogenous estrogen production from hormone-secreting tumors (for example, granulosa cell tumor of the ovary), are related to excess estrogen, and unopposed estrogen use might lead to endometrial overgrowth, hyperplasia, and subsequent development of endometrial carcinoma. Therefore, the possibility of using antihormone therapy in endometrial carcinoma and/or its precancer lesions, such as simple hyperplasia with and without atypia and complex hyperplasia with and without atypia, is always supposed, as in the management of breast cancer. In addition, if women in whom endometrial cancer is diagnosed are very young, some critical issues should be considered, including the possibility of ovary preservation-partial preservation of fertility and the possibility of both ovary and uterus preservation-complete preservation of fertility. Other factors are also important to consider and include oncologic risk, appropriateness of candidates for treatment, type of hormone use, response rate of hormonal therapy, appropriate surveillance, and additional counseling for issues such as anxiety about relapse and metastasis, distress about side effects, advice of the family, advice of the medical staff, and economic burden.This review will be focused on updated information and recent knowledge of the use of hormones in the management of younger women with endometrial cancer who want fertility preservation.     

Fertility-preserving surgical procedures, techniques

As a result of the trend toward late childbearing, fertility preservation has become a major issue in young women with gynaecological cancer. Fertility-sparing treatments have been successfully attempted in selected cases of cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer, and gynaecologists should be familiar with fertility-preserving options in women with gynaecological malignancies. Options to preserve fertility include shielding to reduce radiation damage, fertility preservation when undergoing cytotoxic treatments, cryopreservation, assisted reproduction techniques, and fertility-sparing surgical procedures. Radical vaginal trachelectomy with laparoscopic lymphadenectomy is an oncologically safe, fertility-preserving procedure. It has been accepted worldwide as a surgical treatment of small early stage cervical cancers. Selected cases of early stage ovarian cancer can be treated by unilateral salpingo-ophorectomy and surgical staging. Hysteroscopic resection and progesterone treatment are used in young women who have endometrial cancer to maintain fertility and avoid surgical menopause. Appropriate patient selection, and careful oncologic, psychologic, reproductive and obstetric counselling, is mandatory.     

The Clinical Management of Endometrial Cancer in Young Women

Endometrial cancer (EC) remains the leading female genital tract malignancy in industrialized countries. Incidence rates are increasing in many Asia countries. A trend of increased fractions occurring in young women also has been observed. When fertility preservation is not a concern, standard surgical staging and tailored adjuvant therapy regardless of age should be practiced. High remission rates with subsequent pregnancies are seen in clinical stage IA without myometrial invasion and in grade 1 EC of young women using oral high-dose progestins as fertility-sparing treatment (FST), yet high recurrences and synchronous or metachronous ovarian malignancies should be cautioned. Intrauterine progestins seem efficacious but more investigations are needed. Aromatase inhibitors have limited data at present. Current selection criteria have been suboptimal for preserving uterine and/or ovary for young EC patients. Investigations on molecular profiles for selecting candidates for preserving ovary or FST and whether to do a consolidation hysterectomy are necessary.     

Frozen Hope: Fertility Preservation for Women With Cancer

Young women diagnosed with cancer have the option of preserving their fertility by using assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques prior to undergoing cancer treatment. This article presents a composite case of a young woman with cancer who had many unanswered emotional and ethical questions about her future as a parent. Fertility preservation techniques, including preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and related patient education are described. Current literature regarding reproductive counseling for cancer survivors is reviewed. Resources for providing psychosocial support for decisions about fertility preservation are lagging behind the rapid pace of scientific advancements in cancer treatment and ART. As more young women are surviving cancer and taking steps to preserve fertility, there is great need for the provision of psychologic support services and the establishment of ethical guidelines to aid them on this path. Women's health care providers can provide support to cancer survivors facing fertility and parenting issues by becoming knowledgeable about the long‐term aspects of decision making and developing educational materials and guidelines for these patients.     

Ovulatory failure, fertility preservation and reproductive strategies in the setting of gynecologic and non-gynecologic malignancies

The advances in assisted reproductive technology over time have paralleled the insights gained into the natural history of different gynecologic malignancies. Subgroups of young patients with early stage ovarian cancer, endometrial carcinoma and cervical carcinoma may be considered to be at relatively low risk of recurrence and may be treated conservatively with the aim to preserve fertility when this is of prime concern. Unilateral adnexectomy with preservation of the contralateral ovary and uterus may be appropriate for some patients with epithelial ovarian cancers, and certainly should be the procedure of choice for those young women with borderline tumors and early stage sex cord-stromal and malignant germ cell tumors. Administration of high-dose progestins may obviate the need for immediate hysterectomy in a young patient with a well-differentiated endometrial carcinoma desirous of childbearing. The performance of vaginal radical trachelectomy in conjunction with laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomies has emerged as a real breakthrough for a highly select group of young women with early invasive tumors of the cervix. In this review, we also discuss reproductive strategies for women who experience chemotherapy-induced ovulatory failure and also address the potential for ovarian cortex cryopreservation and transplantation, and uterine transplantation, all of which are looming on the horizon.