乳腺颗粒细胞瘤超声表现一例

<正>患者女,52岁,右乳外上象限肿块10余天就诊。查体:右乳外上象限触及1.0cm×1.0cm肿块,中等硬度,活动可,无压痛;右腋窝未触及肿大淋巴结。超声声像图显示:右侧乳腺组织结构清晰,于外上象限乳腺组织边缘处见一略低回声团,大小范围约1.1cm×1.1cm,类圆形,边界模糊欠清晰,无包膜回声,团块     

青春型乳腺巨大纤维腺瘤超声表现1例

患者女,13岁,月经来潮1年,发现右乳包块1年余并逐渐增大.体格检查:右乳局部隆起,表面皮肤高度紧张,内上象限可触及一10 cm×8 cm大小肿块,质硬,活动可,无红肿热痛,无乳头内陷及溢液,左乳腺未触及明显肿块,双侧腋窝未触及肿大淋巴结.超声检查:右乳腺见一巨大实性低回声肿块(图1),大小11.0 cm×9.2 cm×5.5 cm,边界清晰,外形欠规则,内部回声不均匀,未见液化区及团状强回声斑,左乳及双侧腋窝未见异常.彩色多普勒血流成像示:肿块周边及内部可探及较丰富血流信号(图2).超声提示:右乳巨大实性占位性病变(青春型巨大纤维腺瘤可能性大).手术大体标本见肿块完整,有包膜,切面质地均匀,呈灰白色.术后病理诊断:乳腺纤维腺瘤.     

左乳乳腺导管高级别原位癌伴微小浸润性癌超声表现1例

患者女,57岁,因"左乳肿块3个月余"来我院检查。体格检查:一般情况可,左乳外下象限4点钟可触及一4.0cm×5.0cm肿块,形状不规则,表面不光滑,边界清楚,无触痛,质地硬,与皮肤及胸壁无粘连,活动度可,右乳未触及肿块,双侧腋窝未触及肿大的淋巴结。超声检查:双乳腺腺体实质回声欠均,见散在小片状低回声区,左乳外下象限内见一大小约2.4cm×6.0cm×7.5cm混合性肿块,边界清,内为多条迂曲管状、带状无回声,部分内见实性回声(图1A),肿块内见散在点状和片状强回声灶(图1B)。     

乳腺横纹肌肉瘤超声误诊为乳腺癌1例

患者女,37岁.发现右乳肿块伴疼痛1个月入院.查体:双乳发育正常,皮肤乳头无异常.右乳下方可触及一个2.5 cm×2.0 cm的肿块,质中、硬,边界欠清,表面欠光滑,基底有粘连,活动度差,轻触痛.右腋下可触及直径1.0 cm的淋巴结.超声检查:右乳下方探及2.5 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm的低回声包块,边界清,形态尚规则,包块后方深筋膜下可见另一个大小约3.5 cm×3.8 cm×3.0 cm低回声包块,边界清,形态不规则,包块内回声欠均匀,内血流丰富,包块向胸肌凸起(图1).右腋下可见多个低回声结节,最大的约0.8 cm×0.6 cm.超声诊断:1.右乳腺实性占位病变(乳腺纤维瘤);2.乳腺实性包块向胸肌浸润(乳腺癌);3.右腋下淋巴节肿大.手术所见:右乳腺内有一2.5 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm肿块,包膜完整.肿块下有另一不均匀肿块无包膜,其内为灰白色似烂鱼肉状组织极脆,侵犯肌层达骨膜.     

浆细胞性乳腺炎起声误诊为乳腺癌1例

患者 ,女性 ,4 8岁。无明显诱因发现无痛性右乳肿物 2周 ,与月经无关 ,无明显其他伴随症状。查体 :双侧乳房对称 ,无红肿及破溃 ,无乳腺局限性皮肤凹陷 ,无乳头溢液、破溃及回缩。右乳外下象限可触及7.0 cm× 4 .0 cm肿物 ,边界不清 ,活动可 ,质硬 ,与皮肤有粘连。双侧腋窝未触及肿大淋巴结。临床诊断右乳肿物待查 ,乳腺癌 ?超声检查 :右侧乳腺外下象限见 7.2 cm× 3.1cm的不均质中强回声区 ,边界不规则 ,界限不清 ,周边见不规则低回声区 ,后方可见回声衰减 (图 1)。CDFI显示 :肿块内部可见血流信号 ,呈条状及点状分布 ,频谱显示为动脉及…     

原发性乳腺多成分肉瘤超声表现1例

患者女,54岁.1周前无意中发现右乳外侧象限肿块,于外院就诊,超声检查提示"右乳外侧象限1.8 cm×1.8cm强回声团(内大部分钙化)".再到某肿瘤医院就诊,予右乳肿块针吸检查提示"炎性纤维脂肪组织及少量成片增生导管上皮细胞,未见肿瘤依据".为进一步治疗来我院就诊.查体:生命体征平稳,右乳外侧象限触及约3.0 cm×3.0 cm的肿块,质地偏硬,边界欠清,无压痛,活动一般,与皮肤表面无粘连,乳头无凹陷、无溢液,腋下及锁骨上未及肿大淋巴结.     

乳腺腺肌上皮瘤的超声表现一例

患者女,46岁,体检发现右乳肿物.查体:右乳外象限可触及0.8 cm×0.8 cm肿物,边界清楚,活动可,质硬,无压痛.超声检查:右乳外象限扫查到一低回声结节,大小约1.1 cm×1.1 cm,形态尚规则,边界不清,回声不均匀,CDFI:可扫查到1级血流信号.     

乳腺分泌性癌并导管内乳头状癌超声表现1例

正患者女,59岁,发现右乳肿块3个月余。自诉无乳房疼痛、乳头溢液、发热。体格检查:双乳对称,皮肤外观正常,右乳乳晕后方可触及一大小约5.0 cm×4.0 cm肿块,质硬,边界不清,活动欠佳,与皮肤无粘连。超声表现:右乳5~8点方向乳头旁可见一混合回声结节,大小约4.3 cm×5.1 cm×3.0 cm,距皮肤0.4 cm,形状不规则,边界尚清,液性部分见点状弱回声及条状分隔,实质部分为团状、     

乳腺腺肌上皮瘤超声表现1例

患者女,66岁,发现左腺乳腺肿块7个月.自诉肿块约黄豆大小,不伴疼痛,无明显增大.体格检查:双侧乳腺对称,皮肤无红肿、溃烂、瘘口、橘皮样改变及酒窝征,双乳头朝向一致,无内陷固定,左乳5点钟方向乳晕外2 cm处触及一肿块,大小约1 cm×1cm,质中,边界不清,右乳未触及明显异常,挤压双乳头无溢液,双腋窝及锁骨上未触及肿大淋巴结,无皮肤红肿和溃疡.超声检查:左乳5点钟方向距乳头约2.6cm处探及一团状低回声,大小约0.8 cm×0.6 cm,边界清,形态欠规则(图1),后方无衰减,内部见一沙跞样点状强回声,团块周边见散在点、条状彩色血流信号,阻力指数0.65,左侧腋窝未探及肿大淋巴结回声.超声诊断:左乳实性占位(不排除恶性可能).     

乳腺粒细胞肉瘤超声表现1例

患者女,46岁,因发现右乳无痛性包块2月入院,查体:右侧乳腺外上象限可触及一大小约3.0 cm×3.0 cm的类圆形肿物,质硬,边界欠清,活动度中等;同侧腋窝可触及一个大小约1.0cm×1.0 cm的淋巴结.超声检查:右乳外上象限可见多个肿块图像,大小不等,最大约3.8 cm×2.8 cm×1.9 cm,形状呈不规则形、分叶状,界限不清,无包膜,局部呈毛刺状,后方回声有衰减,彩色多普勒示肿块周边及内部可见紊乱丰富的血流信号.弹性成像显示肿块内部呈较均匀蓝色.右侧腋窝见2～3个异常实质低回声.超声诊断:两侧乳腺增生,右乳内实质性占位病变,考虑乳腺癌,BI-RADS 4C级,弹性评分5分(图1);右侧腋窝转移性淋巴结肿大.钼靶诊断:双乳增生症,右乳多发占位病变,内上象限占位考虑肿瘤(BI-RADS 4C级).行右乳单纯肿块切除术,术后病理诊断:小细胞恶性肿瘤,免疫组化提示淋巴造血系统来源,倾向粒细胞肉瘤.骨髓检查:粒、红、巨核三系增生骨髓象.PET/CT示:侵袭性胸腺瘤,纵隔、腹膜后转移性淋巴结肿大.行DA化疗3个疗程.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.