Review on current concepts of myopia and its control strategies

Myopia poses a significant burden on the healthcare system,economy and quality of life.It is an emerging global public health challenge and requires interventions to delay or stop onset and progression.With changing times and evidence,the concepts of myopia are changing along with the treatment and control strategies.Behavioural modifications including increased outdoors time and reduced near work,optical and pharmaceutical management options are reviewed.This paper presents a current overview on the concepts of myopia,and is expected to summarize updates on myopia control methods.     

Practical applications to modify and control the development of ametropia

For many individuals, the developmental trend of lessening hyperopia from birth continues past emmetropia towards myopia during childhood. The global pattern for prevalence of refractive errors indicates that the prevalence of hyperopia is low; in contrast, the burden of myopia is on the rise because of rising prevalence and magnitude of myopia. This review highlights the need to lessen the global burden of myopia by intervening with the development and/or slowing the progression of myopia. Further, outcomes from human clinical trials of pharmaceutical, optical, and environmental approaches to control myopia will be summarised. Pharmaceutical treatments are effective in controlling eye growth but are associated with deleterious side effects. Optical strategies that induce myopic defocus at the retina such as peripheral defocus reducing lenses, simultaneous defocus lenses, bifocals, and orthokeratology as well as environmental influences such as increased outdoor activity show promise and provide a substantially risk-free environment in which to control eye growth.     

光学离焦技术控制近视的研究进展

近视是一种常见的眼病,近年来,近视的发生率在全球范围内呈逐年上升趋势,高度近视会增加视力丧失的风险,近视的并发症可引起巨大的经济和社会效益损失。因此,实施控制近视的有效措施至关重要且迫在眉睫。人们对近视的发病机制研究表明,周围远视离焦引起眼球轴向伸长不受控制可能是近视发展的机制之一,由此引申的各种光学策略尤其是光学离焦技术控制近视日益成为近视管理主流临床实践的一部分。本文从光学离焦控制近视的原理、离焦性近视动物实验研究、不同光学离焦技术控制近视的最新临床应用等方面进行综述,总结了使用渐进多焦眼镜、周边离焦框架眼镜、多点近视离焦框架眼镜、角膜塑形镜及多焦点软性角膜接触镜控制近视的临床研究结果,拟为延缓近视进展的治疗方案设计提供新的选择。     

IMI Impact of Myopia

The global burden of myopia is growing. Myopia affected nearly 30% of the world population in 2020 and this number is expected to rise to 50% by 2050. This review aims to analyze the impact of myopia on individuals and society; summarizing the evidence for recent research on the prevalence of myopia and high myopia, lifetime pathological manifestations of myopia, direct health expenditure, and indirect costs such as lost productivity and reduced quality of life (QOL). The principal trends are a rising prevalence of myopia and high myopia, with a disproportionately greater increase in the prevalence of high myopia. This forecasts a future increase in vision loss due to uncorrected myopia as well as high myopia-related complications such as myopic macular degeneration. QOL is affected for those with uncorrected myopia, high myopia, or complications of high myopia. Overall the current global cost estimates related to direct health expenditure and lost productivity are in the billions. Health expenditure is greater in adults, reflecting the added costs due to myopia-related complications. Unless the current trajectory for the rising prevalence of myopia and high myopia change, the costs will continue to grow. The past few decades have seen the emergence of several novel approaches to prevent and slow myopia. Further work is needed to understand the life-long impact of myopia on an individual and the cost-effectiveness of the various novel approaches in reducing the burden.     

近视发展预测模型相关研究进展

近视是导致视觉障碍的重要原因之一,随着全球范围内近视患病率的迅速攀升,近视已成为全球重大公共卫生问题。由于近视呈低龄化趋势,准确预测近视的发生及进展有助于对近视高危人群和儿童青少年近视患者进行有针对性的干预,以延缓近视的发生或减缓近视进展程度。近些年来,基于基线期眼部生物测量数据、屈光状态、环境因素、遗传因素、生活行为方式等循证医学证据制定的多种近视预测模型陆续被建立。基因-环境相互作用在近视病因学中的作用已被证实,随着基因学研究手段的不断创新,未来具有更高预测效能的特异性基因也将被应用于近视发展的预测及防控。文章对这些近视发展预测模型的内容、实用性、研究进展等进行了综述,以期为儿童青少年近视的防控提供参考依据和指导。     

低浓度阿托品在儿童近视控制中的研究进展

伴随着儿童近视发生率的上升和低龄化趋势,近视已成为亟需解决的全球公共卫生问题。控制近视发生发展的有效措施包括双焦眼镜、多焦眼镜、角膜塑形镜和药物等。近年来,阿托品作为控制近视发展的有效药物得到广泛关注。由于低浓度阿托品可以有效控制近视屈光度和眼轴增长,且畏光、视近模糊等不良反应轻,故低浓度阿托品已成为儿童近视防控的研究重点。现就低浓度阿托品在儿童近视控制中的研究进展进行综述。     

A review of mechanism of action of outdoor exposure in preventing myopia incidence and progression

Various studies have suggested several environmental, pharmacological, medical, and optical interventions and some are in use but their efficacy in myopia control may be transient, and the cellular, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms involved unclear. Daylight exposure is currently regarded as an effective and enduring strategy in the control of myopia development and progression. However, the mechanism behind the effect of outdoor exposure and its association with genetic predisposition and other relatively more significant environmental factors on myopia is still a conundrum. This review focuses on survey-based and intervention-based studies carried out to propose a mechanism that accounts for myopia development and important for its control.     

Myopia and orthokeratology for myopia control

The prevalence of myopia in children is increasing worldwide and is viewed as a major public health concern. This increase has driven interest in research into myopia prevention and control in children. Although there is still uncertainty in the risk factors underlying differences in myopia prevalence between ethnic groups, rates in children of East Asian descent are typically higher regardless of where they live. Mounting evidence also suggests that myopia prevalence in children increases with age. Earlier commencement and more rigorous education systems in these countries, resulting in more time spent on near‐work activities and less time on outdoor activities, may be responsible for the earlier age of myopia onset. However, to date, the mechanisms regulating myopia onset and progression are still poorly understood. Findings from several studies have shown orthokeratology to be effective in slowing axial elongation and it is a well‐accepted treatment, particularly in East Asian regions. While our understanding of this treatment has increased in the last decade, more work is required to answer questions, including: How long should the treatment be continued? Is there a rebound effect? Should the amount of myopia control be increased? To whom and when should the treatment be offered? Practitioners are now faced with the need to carefully guide and advise parents on whether and when to undertake a long somewhat complex intervention, which is costly, both in time and money. In the near future, a greater demand for effective prophylaxis against childhood myopia is envisaged. Other than orthokeratology, atropine therapy has been shown to be effective in slowing myopia progression. While its mechanism of control is also not fully understood, it is likely that it acts via a different mechanism from orthokeratology. Thus, a combined treatment of orthokeratology and atropine may have great potential to maximise the effectiveness of myopia control interventions.     

近视相关影响因素的研究进展

近视(myopia)不仅是全球性的公共卫生问题,同样也是重大的社会经济问题.近视的发病机制存在各种假说和推测,基本肯定是环境因素和遗传因素共同作用的结果.虽然全球各地对近视相关影响因素做了大量的流行病学研究,但多数研究采用横断面研究,纵向队列研究相对较少.本文将对近年来国内外关于近视相关影响因素的研究作一综述.     

中西疾坪论治疗近视进展

全球近视发病率呈上升趋势，东亚更是最高发地区，中国、日本和新加坡近年患近视人数骤升；中国患者人数已突破六千万，居世界之首。近视的成因复杂，已知其与环境及遗传因素有关，长期近距离视物是促成近视的主要原因；中医学则责之于心肝肾不足。本文综述近视的分类、成因、中西医治疗方法、前沿性治疗、饮食疗法以及近视的预防。     

近视与脉络膜厚度的相关性

近视是引起视力损害的一个全球性公共问题,它的发生发展常常伴随着眼部各个组织结构的变化,尤其是病理性近视,涉及巩膜、脉络膜及视网膜等退行性变化.近年来,随着近视患病率越来越高,近视病理机制的探索及防治已成为全球性无法忽视的重要问题.近视的发生发展涉及多种因素的参与,最终会造成严重的视觉损害.脉络膜作为眼部重要的血管组织,...     

Myopia,an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control

Myopia is the most frequent cause of distance impairment in the world and is creating an alarming global epidemic with deleterious ramifications for the quality of life and economic health of individuals and nations as a whole. In addition to being immediately disadvantageous, myopia increases the risk of serious disorders such as myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataract and is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness across many countries. The reduction in age of onset of myopia is of great concern since the earlier the onset, the more myopic the individual will become, with all the attendant increased risks of accompanying debilitating eye conditions. The economic burden is great; both in consequences of uncorrected refractive error and also in the provision of devices for correcting visual acuity. Earlier onset of myopia increases the lifetime economic burden related to loss of productivity and independence, leading to a reduced quality of life. Recent data suggest addressing accommodation per se has little direct amelioration of myopia progression. Pharmacological interventions that effect changes in the sclera show promising efficacy, whereas optical interventions based on a myopic shift in the retinal image are proving to effect up to 55% reduction in the rate of progression of myopia. Early contact lens and spectacle interventions that reduce the rate of progression of myopia are able to significantly reduce the burden of myopia. These non-pharmacological interventions show profound promise in reducing the overall associated morbidity of myopia.     

视网膜周边离焦与近视防控的研究进展

近视患病率在全球范围逐年增高,随之导致诸多眼健康问题和社会学影响。近年来,视网膜周边离焦被证实与近视的发生发展密切相关,改变视网膜的周边离焦状态能够显著影响近视发展和正视化进程,但其具体作用机制仍不明确。目前临床中尚无能够完全控制近视的方法,现有的主要方法包括硬性角膜塑形镜、周边离焦镜、多焦软镜等均被证实与视网膜周边离焦紧密相关,本文将总结归纳周边离焦相关的控制手段的发展、控制效果。并对国内外视网膜周边离焦与近视防控的相关机制研究进行回顾,提出周边离焦防控近视的潜在机制,以期为进一步提高各种防控手段的效果或研发新的防控措施以及降低近视的发病率和发展速度提供思路。     

IMI 2021 Reports and Digest – Reflections on the Implications for Clinical Practice

The International Myopia Institute''s (IMI) mission is to advance research, education, and management of myopia to decrease future vision impairment and blindness associated with increasing myopia. Its approach is to bring together scientists, clinicians, policymakers, government members, and educators into the field of myopia to stimulate collaboration and sharing of knowledge. The latest reports are on pathologic myopia, the impact of myopia, risk factors for myopia, accommodation and binocular vision in myopia development and progression, and the prevention of myopia and its progression. Together with the digest updating the 2019 International Myopia Institute white papers using the research published in the last 18 months, these evidence-based consensus white papers help to clarify the imperative for myopia control and the role of environmental modification initiatives, informing an evidence-based clinical approach. This guidance includes who to treat and when to start or stop treatment, and the advantages and limitations of different management approaches.     

近视与调节功能的相关性研究现状

眼的调节是指睫状肌通过改变晶状体的屈光力，使物体在视网膜形成清晰像的过程，当眼的调节能力不足时，成像焦点落于视网膜后的区域，容易形成远视离焦，引起眼轴增长，导致近视的发展，且研究发现多数近视患者通常存在一定程度的调节功能障碍。近视已成为我国的公共健康问题，青少年近视的患病率急剧升高，如何预防及阻止近视的发生、发展是一大难题。既往研究发现眼调节功能障碍与近视的发生、发展存在一定联系，调节功能相关参数的测量对近视的防控有一定的指导意义。本文旨在综述近视与眼调节功能的相关性，以期为近视的防控和治疗提供新思路。     

睡眠行为与近视发生发展关系研究进展

近视已成为全球范围的公共卫生问题.睡眠是在褪黑素调节下,人类生命过程中重要的周期性生理过程.睡眠与近视一样都会受到环境因素的影响,不同近视程度患者及正视人群在睡眠时间、睡眠质量及褪黑素水平上存在差异.本文回顾了近视发生发展与人群睡眠行为的现状研究及相关的基础实验学研究,从流行病学和生物学机制两方面,对近视发生发展与睡眠...     

Gene–environment interaction in myopia

Myopia is a health issue that has attracted global attention due to its high prevalence and vision-threatening complications. It is well known that the onset and progression of myopia are related to both genetic and environmental factors: more than 450 common genetic loci have been found to be associated with myopia, while near work and outdoor time are the main environmental risk factors. As for many complex traits, gene–environment interactions are implicated in myopia development. To date, several genetic loci have been found to interact with near work or educational level. Gene–environment interaction research on myopia could yield models that provide more accurate risk predictions, thus improving targeted treatments and preventive strategies. Additionally, such investigations might have the potential to reveal novel genetic information. In this review, we summarised the findings in this field and proposed some topics for future investigations.     

Optical and pharmacological strategies of myopia control

Recent increases in global myopia prevalence rates have raised significant concerns as myopia increases the lifelong risk of various sight‐threatening ocular conditions. This growing public health burden has generated significant research interests into understanding both its aetiology and developing effective methods to slow down or stop its development, methods collectively termed ‘myopia control’. The growing body of research has demonstrated benefits of various optical and pharmacological treatments resulting in myopia control management increasingly becoming a part of main stream clinical practice. This review will discuss the peer‐reviewed literature on the efficacy of various myopia control interventions including multifocal spectacles and contact lenses, orthokeratology and pharmaceutical eye drops, as well as potential future research directions.     

核磁共振技术在高度近视临床研究中的应用

近视是一种可改变视觉皮层活动,并影响相应神经功能的危害性眼科疾病。目前我国的近视率呈空前上升之势,尤其是高度近视(HM),遂实现近视的有效防控及治疗极为重要。然而近视的具体发病机制至今仍未阐明,难以从根源上实现该病的防控防治。近年来,不断有研究从遗传、环境、神经递质等角度出发探讨近视的相关致病因素,但鲜有研究从大脑结构及神经活动的角度探讨近视的神经影像机制。随着磁共振成像技术的发展,脑影像逐步出现在近视的相关机制研究中,本文主要对近视的相关脑影像研究作一综述,以期为开展近视的临床防控防治工作提供重要参考依据。     

近视回归镜控制青少年近视发展的临床观察

目的:临床观察近视回归镜对青少年近视发展的防治作用。方法:随机选取52例在我院视光中心就诊的年龄在9~18岁近视患者配戴近视回归镜作为治疗组,观察裸眼视力变化,屈光度变化,眼轴长度及角膜曲率变化情况.并与52例年龄及屈光度相似的近视患者配戴框架眼镜作为对照组,观察时间12mo。结果:治疗组屈光度增加<0.50D者38例(76眼)有效率73.1%,对照组屈光度增加<0.50D者18例(36眼)有效率34.6%,两组间有显著差异(P<0.01);治疗组裸眼视力下降<2行者39例(78眼)有效率73.6%,对照组裸眼视力下降<2行者10例(20眼)有效率19.2%,两组间差异有显著性(P<0.05);眼轴长度及角膜曲率值变化治疗组与对照组之间无明显差别。结论:近视回归镜对青少年近视发展有延缓作用。