既往疾病史与胰腺癌关系的流行病学研究

目的探讨既往疾病史与胰腺癌的关系。方法采用全人群病例-对照研究,研究对象为1990年10月~1993年6月期间确诊的、年龄在35~74岁的上海市区451例胰腺癌新发病例以及按性别、年龄(5岁1组)频数配对的1552例人群对照。采用非条件logistic回归模型分析既往疾病史与胰腺癌的关系。结果男性中,糖尿病患者(OR=4.49,95%CI2.21~9.12)、慢性胰腺炎患者(OR=7.05,95%CI1.93~25.75)、胆囊切除者(OR=4.02,95%CI1.75~9.26)以及肝硬化者(OR=4.22,95%CI1.68~10.59)发生胰腺癌的危险性显著增加;女性糖尿病患者(OR=3.58,95%CI1.89~6.76)、慢性胰腺炎患者(OR=6.15,95%CI1.88~20.06)、胆囊切除者(OR=2.91,95%CI1.54~5.48)以及肝硬化者(OR=6.92,95%CI1.08~44.49)。去除胰腺癌诊断前或调查前5年内出现上述疾病史的研究对象后,男性糖尿病患者胰腺癌危险性仍显著增加(OR=3.47,95%CI1.09~11.06),其余结果虽多数危险性也升高,但均未达显著水平。结论糖尿病、慢性胰腺炎、胆囊切除以及肝硬化病史可能会增加胰腺癌的发病风险,上述疾病史可能在胰腺癌病因学中起一定的作用。     

Family history of colorectal cancer as a risk factor for benign and malignant tumours of the large bowel. A case-control study

The relationship between first degree family history of co-lorectal cancer and the risk of benign or malignant tumours of the large bowel was investigated in a case-control study. Two groups of cases (283 patients with adenomatous polyps and 414 patients with adenocarcinoma of the large bowel) and 2 groups of controls (199 polyp-free subjects and 456 hospitalized patients) were interviewed. Since no difference in the frequency of family history between the 2 control groups was detected, these were lumped together. A 3-fold increase in risk of adenomatous polyps in relatives of patients with colon cancer was observed (OR = 3.18. 95% Cl 2.06-4.89). The relative risk of colorectai cancer among relatives of patients with adenocarcinoma was 2.36 (95% Cl 1.54-3.60). No significant difference in the frequency of first degree relatives with a history of cancer of the large bowel was detected between patients with colorectai cancer and those with adenomatous polyps. When only history of colorectai cancer among parents was considered, the results closely paralleled those of the previous analysis.     

Family history of cancer and the risk of laryngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland

Only limited data is available on the relationship between family history of laryngeal and other neoplasms and laryngeal cancer risk. We investigated the issue using data from a multicentre case-control study conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1992 and 2009 including 852 cases with histologically confirmed laryngeal cancer and 1970 controls admitted to hospital for acute, non neoplastic conditions. Unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, study center, education, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and number of siblings were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of laryngeal cancer. The multivariate OR was 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-5.3) in subjects reporting a first-degree relative with laryngeal cancer, as compared to subjects with no family history. The OR was higher when the relative was diagnosed before 60 years of age (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.4-8.8). As compared to subjects without family history, non-smokers, and moderate drinkers, the OR was 37.1 (95% CI 9.9-139.4) for current smokers, heavy drinkers, with family history of laryngeal cancer. Family history of colorectal (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.3) and kidney (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.2-12.1) cancer were also associated to an increased risk of laryngeal cancer, while no significant increase in risk was found for family history of cancer at all sites, excluding the larynx (OR = 1.1).     

Family history and the risk of kidney cancer: a multicenter case-control study in Central Europe.

An elevated familial relative risk may indicate either an important genetic component in etiology or shared environmental exposures within the family. Incidence rates of kidney cancer are particularly high in Central Europe, although no data were available on the familial aggregation or genetic background of kidney cancer in this region. We have, therefore, investigated the role of family history in first-degree relatives in a large multicenter case-control study in Central Europe. A total number of 1,097 cases of kidney cancer and 1,555 controls were recruited from 2000 to 2003 from seven centers in Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, and Russia. The risk of kidney cancer increased with the increasing number of relatives with history of any cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.15; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.00-1.31 per affected relative], and this association seemed to be more prominent among subjects with young onset (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.09-2.20 per affected relative). Overall, the OR was 1.40 (95% CI, 0.71- 2.76) for the subjects who had at least one first-degree relative with kidney cancer after adjusting for tobacco smoking, body mass index, and medical history of hypertension, and this association was most apparent among subjects with affected siblings (OR, 4.09; 95% CI, 1.09-15.4). Based on the relative risk to siblings in our study population, we estimated that 80% of the kidney cancer cases are likely to occur in 20% of the population with the highest genetic risk, which indicate the importance of further investigation of genetic factors in cancer prevention for kidney cancer.     

Circulating prolactin and in situ breast cancer risk in the European EPIC cohort: a case-control study

Introduction

The relationship between circulating prolactin and invasive breast cancer has been investigated previously, but the association between prolactin levels and in situ breast cancer risk has received less attention.

Methods

We analysed the relationship between pre-diagnostic prolactin levels and the risk of in situ breast cancer overall, and by menopausal status and use of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) at blood donation. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess this association in a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort, including 307 in situ breast cancer cases and their matched control subjects.

Results

We found a significant positive association between higher circulating prolactin levels and risk of in situ breast cancer among all women [pre-and postmenopausal combined, OR_log2 = 1.35 (95% CI 1.04-1.76), P_trend = 0.03]. No statistically significant heterogeneity was found between prolactin levels and in situ cancer risk by menopausal status (P_het = 0.98) or baseline HT use (P_het = 0.20), although the observed association was more pronounced among postmenopausal women using HT compared to non-users (P_trend = 0.06 vs P_trend = 0.35). In subgroup analyses, the observed positive association was strongest in women diagnosed with in situ breast tumors <4 years compared to ≥4 years after blood donation (P_trend = 0.01 vs P_trend = 0.63; P_het = 0.04) and among nulliparous women compared to parous women (P_trend = 0.03 vs P_trend = 0.15; P_het = 0.07).

Conclusions

Our data extends prior research linking prolactin and invasive breast cancer to the outcome of in situ breast tumours and shows that higher circulating prolactin is associated with increased risk of in situ breast cancer.     

Statin use and risk of lymphoid neoplasms: results from the European Case-Control Study EPILYMPH.

BACKGROUND: Statins, drugs used to treat dyslipidemia, may have anticancer properties. We have evaluated lymphoma risk associated with regular statin use in an international case-control study. METHODS: This case-control study included 2,362 cases of incident B- and T-cell lymphoma from Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Spain and 2,206 hospital or population controls. Information on drug use, diagnosis at admission (for hospital controls), and putative risk factors for lymphoma was collected with personal interviews. Hospital controls admitted for diseases possibly entailing use of statins were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: The odds ratio for regular statin use was 0.61 (95% confidence interval, 0.45-0.84); all major lymphoma subtypes showed similarly decreased risks. Decreased risks were observed in all centers. Duration of statin use was not associated with a greater reduction in the risk of lymphoma. Use of other lipid lowering drugs, such as fibrates, did not significantly modify the risk of lymphoma (odds ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-1.27). CONCLUSION: Statin use was associated with an important reduction in lymphoma risk, adding to the growing evidence of anticancer properties of this group of drugs. These results are reassuring for the increasing number of patients taking statins on a regular basis.     

A case-control study of stomach cancer and its genesis in relation to alcohol consumption, smoking, and familial cancer history

A case-control study of stomach cancer and its genesis has been conducted in relation to alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and familial cancer history. Two hundred and ninety-four cancer cases, discovered by mass screening and histologically verified after endoscopic examination, have been compared with 588 randomly selected controls, who received the same early detection program and were verified as being free of the disease. No statistically significant association was observed between the development of stomach cancer and alcohol consumption or familial cancer history. However, the development of stomach cancer was found to have a positive correlation with smoking (relative risk for those who smoke less than 19 cigarettes/day, 3.56: 95% confidence interval, 2.39 to 5.31; relative risk for those who smoke more than 20 cigarettes/day, 2.58: 95% confidence interval, 1.60 to 4.17). The results of this study suggest that cigarette smoking appears to have a more harmful effect on the development of stomach cancer than either alcohol consumption or a familial history of cancer. The high relative risk of smoking revealed by this study implies that further research on the effects of smoking in the development of stomach cancer would be desirable.     

食管癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的:探讨食管癌高发区--淮安市楚州区居民的食管癌危险因素.方法:采用以人群为基础的1:2匹配的病例对照研究方法,用专门设计的调查表对207例食管癌病例及414例正常对照者进行1对1的询问调查,采用条件logistic回归分析法对所获得的调查资料进行统计学分析.结果:人均月收入低、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)偏低、既往食管病变、不按时就餐、10年前喜食辣食、10年前喜食烫食、喜食肥肉、不食大蒜和肿瘤家族史等可能是食管癌的危险因素.结论:饮食习惯、人均月收入、既往食管病变等因素可影响食管癌的发生,应针对相关危险因素采取相应的预防措施.     

Reproductive history and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in an unselected Swedish population

Variables in reproductive histories were studied in 179 consecutively detected, unselected breast cancer patients and age-matched controls selected from a computerized population register. The comparison between patients and controls showed no significant difference in age at meanarche, age at first birth, age at menopause or number of children. A subdivision into pre- and post-menopausal women yielded no further information. These results are at variance with most earlier reports, possible because the controls here were selected from the whole female population instead of hospitalized patients. Our data do not support the view that it is possible to define groups at high risk for breast cancer on the basis of productive histories.     

Rh factor, family history and risk of breast cancer: A case-control study in Uruguay

Objective: To explore possible relationships among blood factors, family history of breast cancer (BC) and the risk of the disease, a case-control study was carried out in Montevideo, Uruguay. Methods: Eight hundred and one patients were interviewed, including 252 certified cases of BC and 549 frequency-matched controls. Blood groups (ABO, Rh) were obtained from medical records. Multivariate analyses were performed, adjusting for age, selected menstrual and reproductive factors, and family history of BC as well as of other cancers. Results: We found that the absence of Rh factor (Rh−) was positively associated with the risk of BC (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.49, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] 1.05-2.11). Stratified analyses by family history of BC showed a strong association for Rh− with a positive history of first degree relatives (OR = 3.17, 95% CI 1.06-9.47). Also stratified analyses by family history of other cancers showed a positive association for Rh− with a positive history of first degree relatives (OR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.05-4.11). Conclusion: Regarding the implications of an inherited factor like Rh and its associations with the family history of BC, it might increase the probability to generate high-risk individuals if further studies confirm the present preliminary findings.     

Patterns of familial transmission of HBV and the risk of developing liver cancer: a case-control study in the Philippines

The present case-control study was carried out in the Philippines to determine the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in relation to different HBV serological profiles of parents and sibs of HCC cases and controls. The HBV serological profiles of parents and sibs of 33 patients with HCC were compared with those of 2 types of community control: 33 general population controls matched for sex and age (C1 controls) and 33 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers also matched for sex and age (C2 controls). When cases were compared with C1 controls, increased risks were associated with the fact of having an HBsAg-positive mother (RR = 2.5, 95% C1 = 0.4-26.3) and older sibs positive for HBsAg (RR = 2.0, 95% C1 = 0.5-9.1), but the increased risk was not statistically significant. However, a significantly increased risk was associated with the fact of having a mother (95% C1 = 3.5-infinity) or father (RR = 11, 95% C1 = 1.6-473) who had been exposed to HBV. On the other hand, when cases were compared with C2 controls, a non-significant 2-fold increase was associated with the fact of having an HBsAg-positive mother, but no differences were observed in the HBV serological profiles of their fathers and older sibs. These results suggest that, in the Philippines, the fact of having a mother or father who has been infected in the past with HBV increases the risk of developing HCC but that the contribution of the mother to this increase in risk is not as important as hitherto believed.     

BRIP1 (BACH1) variants and familial breast cancer risk: a case-control study

Background  

Inactivating and truncating mutations of the nuclear BRCA1-interacting protein 1 (BRIP1) have been shown to be the major cause of Fanconi anaemia and, due to subsequent alterations of BRCA1 function, predispose to breast cancer (BC).     

Family history of cancer and associated risk of developing neuroendocrine tumors: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoids are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NET). Familial clusterings of NETs are rarely reported, except for a small proportion associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1. We evaluated the effect of positive family history of NET as well as other cancers on the development of NETs arising at five different locations. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, hospital-based, case-control study involving 740 patients with histologically confirmed NETs and 924 healthy controls. Information on family history of cancer was collected, and unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to determine adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The authors observed a significant relationship between first-degree relatives with cancers and the development of NETs arising at the small intestine, stomach, lung, and pancreas; AORs (95% CI) were 1.6 (1.1-2.4), 2.5 (1.1-6.3), 2.6 (1.5-4.5), and 1.8 (1.1-3.1), respectively. A first-degree family history of esophageal cancer was significantly associated with pancreatic NETs; AOR, 5.6 (95% CI, 1.1-29.6). There was a 70% and 130% increased risk of developing small intestinal NETs among subjects with family histories of colorectal cancer and prostate cancer, respectively. Moreover, individuals with a family history of lung cancer had a 2-fold increase in risk of developing pulmonary NETs. CONCLUSIONS: Having a first-degree relative with any cancer in general, and NET in particular, was a risk factor for NETs. The elevated risk of developing NETs extended to individuals with a family history of other cancers (not NETs) among first-degree relatives. These results suggested that risk of NETs may be partially explained by genetic factors.     

女性乳腺癌发病危险因素的病例-对照研究

目的 通过病例-对照研究探索女性乳腺癌的危险因素,为制定乳腺癌预防措施提供科学依据.方法 选取1148例初诊的乳腺癌患者作为病例组,根据年龄和月经史按1:2频数匹配健康对照2229例,收集两组的人口学特征资料和体重指数(BMI)、治疗前雌二醇(E2)检测结果,采用单因素和多因素Logistic分析乳腺癌的危险因素.结果 病例组绝经患者占40.59%,对照组绝经者占39.08%.单因素分析中,妊娠、生育、流产、哺乳次数多,初潮年龄晚者,罹患乳腺癌风险降低(P<0.05);BMI越高,罹患乳腺癌的风险越高(P<0.05);而E2水平与罹患乳腺癌风险无关(P>0.05).非条件Logistic多元回归分析显示,初潮年龄、妊娠次数、生育次数均为保护因素.结论 女性乳腺癌发病与月经、生育史有关.妊娠或生育均为乳腺癌的保护因素,初潮年龄越早,罹患乳腺癌的风险越高.     

沈阳市子宫颈癌发病危险因素的病例对照研究

目的通过沈阳市子宫颈癌患者与沈阳市地区居民的病例对照研究,探讨子宫颈癌发病的危险因素。方法 以在辽宁省肿瘤医院住院的沈阳市子宫颈癌患者100例为病例,以沈阳市大东区二台子街道随机抽取的1000名子宫颈癌及癌前病变筛查的城市居民中非癌对象为对照,进行流行病学调查,采集HPV标本及宫颈脱落上皮液基细胞学检测标本,对获得的数据采用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行单因素卡方分析、logistic回归分析以及多因素logistic回归分析。结果 HPV感染(OR=221.62,95%CI:28.53~1721.51)、初次性生活年龄小于21岁(OR=6.65,95%CI:1.88~23.51)是子宫颈癌发病的危险因素,使用避孕套(OR=0.05,95%CI:0.01~0.18)是避免患宫颈癌的保护性因素。结论 清除HPV感染、倡导使用避孕套、树立科学的性生活观念、避免过早性体验,对降低沈阳地区子宫颈癌的发病具有重要意义。     

A case-control study of risk factors for large bowel carcinoma

Two hundred and seven large bowel cancer patients (93% of all cases diagnosed in a defined community between 1965 and 1976) were matched at random with non-cancer subjects of same age, sex, and place of residence. Men with cancer, aged 75 years and younger than, had a more frequent history of work in a local factory handling synthetic fiber than controls (22 versus 10; P less than 0.025). In this factory 45% of cancers occurred before age 60, while this was true in only 24% of cancer cases outside the factory (P less than 0.05). There was a greater tendency for cancers in factory workers to occur in the colon than in the rectum. Heredity was not found to be a risk factor for large bowel cancer. The rate of prior appendectomy was higher in men with colon cancer (P less than 0.05) and the rate of prior cholecystectomy was lower in females with colonic cancer (P less than 0.05). A previous hemorroidectomy was also found more often in males with colonic cancer (P less than 0.05). Long-standing severe constipation was present more often in patients with cancer (P less than 0.01). There was some evidence for a compounding influence of different risk factors, as studied by relative risk ratio. This study confirms the existence of a high risk of large bowel cancer in a group of workers in a synthetic fiber factory and suggests other factors antecedent to large bowel cancer.     

福建省贲门癌发病因素的病例对照研究

 目的　探讨贲门癌发生的危险因素。方法采用病例对照研究方法 ,研究对象 5 82例 ,其中贲门癌新病例 2 91例 ,对照 2 91例。应用统一制订的调查表进行流行病学调查。对资料进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。 结果　贲门癌的危险因素有 :三餐不按时 (OR =1.4 4,95 %CI :1.15 1.81)、进食快 (OR=1.4 0 ,95 %CI :1.0 9 1.80 )、食用猪油 (OR =1.6 7,95 %CI :1.19 2 .35 )、饮用井水 (OR =1.90 ,95 %CI :1.2 7 2 .84 )、吸烟 (OR =1.2 8,95 %CI :1.0 5 1.5 8)和家庭肿瘤史 (OR =3.15 ,95 %CI :1.97 5 .0 4 )。常吃新鲜蔬菜(OR =0 .5 3,95 %CI :0 .2 8 0 .99)、水果 (OR =0 .75 ,95 %CI :0 .5 6 1.0 0 )、牛奶 (OR =0 .5 2 ,95 %CI :0 .2 9 0 .93)及文化程度高者 ,其胃癌发生风险低。结论　本研究首次发现不良的饮食方式是贲门癌的危险因素 ,对...