不同雾化方法在AECOPD期中的疗效比较

目的比较不同雾化方法在AECOPD期（AECOPD）中的疗效。方法选取2008年12月~2011年2月于本院进行治疗的66例AECOPD患者为研究对象,将其随机分为A组（空气压缩雾化吸入组）33例和B组（氧气雾化吸入组）33例,后将两组患者的治疗总有效率、并发症发生率及治疗前后的APACHEⅡ评分、肺功能、血气分析结果进行统计及比较。结果 B组的治疗总有效率高于A组,并发症发生率低于A组,APACHEⅡ评分优于A组,肺功能、血气分析结果也优于A组,经比较,P〈0.05或P〈0.01,有显著性差异或有非常显著性差异。结论氧气雾化吸入法在AECOPD中的疗效较好,可显著改善患者的心肺功能。     

肝素不同给药途径对AECOPD治疗疗效的影响

目的 探讨肝素不同给药途径对AECOPD患者治疗疗效的影响.方法 将205例AECOPD患者随机分成三组,其中,对照组69例,给予常规治疗;雾化吸入组68例,在常规治疗的基础上加用低分子肝素雾化吸入;静脉滴注组68例,加用低分子肝素静脉滴注.结果 治疗后,雾化吸入组和静脉滴注组治疗疗效均优于对照组,且雾化吸入组优于静脉滴注组（P〈0.05）.血常规变化和肺功能改善出WBC、PEF指标外,雾化吸入组和静脉滴注组均优于对照组,且雾化吸入组优于静脉滴注组（P〈0.05）.结论 低分子肝素能够明显改善AECOPD患者的肺功能,且雾化吸入的疗效明显优于静脉滴注用药.     

不同方式雾化吸人β2受体激动剂治疗支气管哮喘中重度急性发作的疗效比较

目的比较三种雾化吸入方法（空气压缩泵射流、氧气射流和超声雾化吸入）给予β2受体激动剂治疗支气管哮喘中、重度急性发作的疗效和安全性。方法将95例哮喘中、重度急性发作患者按不同雾化吸入方法随机分为以下三组：空气压缩泵射流雾化吸入组（A组,32例）、氧气射流雾化吸入组（B组,32例）、超声雾化吸入组（C组,31例）。各组均在相同常规治疗的基础上,吸入相同剂量的万托林溶液。监测三组患者用药前与用药后不同时间点最大呼气流量（PEF）和动脉血气,同时进行症状评分。结果A组、B组的临床疗效均优于C组,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,A组与B组临床疗效比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论空气压缩泵射流雾化吸入和氧气射流雾化吸入均比超声雾化吸入更适合于哮喘中、重度急性发作患者的救治。     

机械通气联合雾化吸入治疗COPD呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的双水平无创正压通气(BiPAP)联合药物雾化吸入治疗AECOPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭疗效观察。方法 52例AE-COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗基础上随机分为A、B两组,A组BiPAP治疗。B组BiPAP联合药物雾化吸入治疗,观察两组临床情况变化及机械通气时间、住ICU天数。结果治疗后B组血气指标、氧合指数、呼吸频率较A组改善明显(P<0.05),B组机械通气时间、住ICU天数少于A组。结论 BiPAP联合药物雾化吸入治疗AECOPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭疗效好。     

沙丁胺醇、异丙托溴铵氧气驱动雾化吸入治疗AECOPD疗效观察

目的观察沙丁胺醇、异丙托溴铵氧气驱动雾化吸人治疗AECOPD疗效和安全性。方法将90例病人随机分3组。治疗组分A和B组。A组：30例，予沙丁胺醇＋异丙托溴铵氧气驱动雾化吸入治疗；B组：30例，单纯沙丁胺醇氧气驱动雾化吸入治疗。对照组为C组：30例，沙丁胺醇气雾剂＋储雾罐吸入治疗。在综合治疗基础上观察三组症状、体征消失时间，临床疗效及不良反应。结果A组与B组，B组与C组症状体征缓解消失时间，及显效率、总有效率差异均有显著表现。结论采用氧气驱动雾化吸人方式，联用沙丁胺醇及异丙托溴铵疗效优于单纯沙丁胺醇，单纯沙丁胺醇时以氧动雾化吸人方式优于气雾剂＋储雾罐吸入方式，且副作用少。     

氨溴索不同给药方式治疗新生儿肺炎临床疗效分析

目的探讨氨溴索不同给药方式治疗新生儿肺炎的临床治疗效果。方法将收治的138例新生儿肺炎患儿按照随机数字表法,分为A、B、C三个治疗组。A组:采用单纯氨溴索雾化吸入治疗;B组:采用单纯氨溴索静脉滴注;C组:采用静脉滴注联合雾化吸入氨溴索治疗。观察三组患儿的临床治疗效果和平均住院时间。结果 C组患儿的临床总有效率为93.48%,较A、B两组的治疗效果有显著统计学差异(P<0.05)。C组患儿平均住院时间明显低于A、B组,差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用静脉滴注联合雾化吸入氨溴索治疗新生儿肺炎较单纯静脉滴注或雾化吸入临床效果显著,是治疗新生儿肺炎的有效方法。     

雾化吸入布地奈德在AECOPD中的疗效分析

目的 探讨布地奈德雾化吸入治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期（AECOPD）的临床应用价值.方法 64例老年AECOPD患者随机分为2组,布地奈德组（34例）和甲强龙组（30例）,两组均在常规治疗基础上分别使用布地奈德雾化吸入和甲泼尼龙静脉治疗.对两组患者的治疗效果及不良反应进行比较分析.结果 ①两组患者治疗前后 PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、FEV1、CAT评分均有明显改善,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,但两组间比较无差异（P〉0.05）.②不良反应方面,布地奈德组主要发生声嘶,甲强龙组主要发生血糖升高.结论 布地奈德雾化吸入在治疗老年AECOPD中疗效可靠,减少了糖皮质激素全身使用的副作用,值得临床推广使用.     

喘乐宁与爱喘乐雾化吸入治疗幼儿毛细支气管炎的临床护理观察

【摘要】 目的  评价喘乐宁与爱喘乐雾化吸入治疗幼儿毛细支气管炎的临床护理效果及其疗效。 方法  观察我院收治的幼儿毛细支气管炎患者86例,随机分成A组（43例）和B组（43例）。两组患儿均采用补水,止咳等常规治疗,A组患儿使用爱喘乐雾化吸入进行治疗,B组使用喘乐宁雾化吸入治疗,治疗护理10d后比较两组治疗护理效果。 结果  经过10d治疗护理后,A组总有效率为95.35%,B组为69.76%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗护理过程中出现了一些不良反应,涉及全身多个系统,A组中有9.3%出现了不良反应,B组不良反应发生率为34.88%,两组不良反应发生率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论  喘乐宁和爱喘乐雾化吸入剂均可治疗幼儿毛细支气管炎,但爱喘乐不良作用小,治疗效果更好。     

布地奈德混悬液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的疗效观察

目的观察布地奈德混悬液（普米克令舒）雾化吸入治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）的临床疗效与安全性。方法 70例AECOPD的患者随机分为两组,普米克令舒雾化吸入治疗组及全身激素组,对两组的临床症状及肺功能检查进行评价。结果两组都明显改善患者的临床症状及肺功能指标,观察组对血糖的影响更小。结论普米克令舒雾化吸入治疗AECOPD的疗效明显,不良反应少。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期联合吸入药物治疗的临床研究

目的探讨吸入布地奈德混悬液与硫酸特布他林、异丙托溴铵雾化液联合雾化吸入对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（acuteexacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD）的疗效。方法将82例AECOPD患者随机分为两组,治疗组42例,对照组40例,两组均予吸氧、抗感染、静脉茶碱类及对症等治疗。在此基础上治疗组给予吸入布地奈德、硫酸特布他林和异丙托溴铵混悬液雾化吸入,对照组单用硫酸特布他林雾化液雾化吸入,对两组患者用药7 d后的呼吸困难、血气分析及第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比（FEV1%）变化情况进行对照分析。同时比较两组的平均住院日。结果治疗组与对照组相比,治疗组在呼吸困难、PaO2、PaCO2、FEV1%、平均住院日均较对照组改善明显,两组差异具有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论采用布地奈德、硫酸特布他林和异丙托溴铵混悬液雾化吸入的多靶点抗炎治疗对AECOPD能够迅速缓解病情,改善肺功能,是治疗AECOPD的有效选择。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.