单纯性肥胖患儿非酒精性脂肪肝病与胰岛素抵抗

目的探讨单纯性肥胖(肥胖)儿童发生非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)的情况及与胰岛素抵抗(IR)、血脂、体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)的关系。方法选择肥胖儿童90例,年龄2.5～14.3岁。其中NAFLD 24例(NAFLD组),无NAFLD 66例(无NAFLD组)。另选35例年龄、性别与其相匹配的健康儿童为健康对照组。清晨空腹测量其体质量、身高、腰围和臀围,计算BMI和WHR,同时静脉采血检测其血清胰岛素(FINS)、糖(FBG)、胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和ALT、AST等,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR=FINS×FBG/22.5),并做肝胆等部位超声检查。结果 NAFLD占肥胖儿童的26.67%;NAFLD组儿童BMI、WHR最高,其次为无NAFLD组,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.001);3组儿童FINS和HOMA-IR值差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.001),NAFLD组最高,其次为无NAFLD组,均明显高于健康对照组,但FBG无明显差异;NAFLD组血清TG、LDL-C和TC水平明显高于无NAFLD组和健康对照组(Pa<0.01);HOMA-IR值与BMI、WHR、血TG、LDL-C呈正相关(r=0.402、0.256、0.239、0.180,P=0.000、0.004、0.008、0.046);BMI、WHR诊断NAFLD的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积分别为0.805和0.765(Pa=0.000)。结论肥胖儿童NAFLD的发生与IR,血TG、LDL-C、TC升高及BMI、WHR增高关系密切,BMI、WHR对儿童肥胖NAFLD具有一定的诊断价值。控制体质量,减少腰围,可减轻IR,阻止NAFLD的发生、发展。     

天津市7123名学龄期儿童腰围、臀围及相关指标特征分析

目的 了解天津市学龄期儿童腰围、臀围、腰臀比(WHR)水平及年龄、性别特征,分析其与身高、体质量及体质量指数(BMI)的关系,并探讨腰围与三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及尿酸(UA)的关系.方法 测量7123名天津市学龄期儿童的身高、体质量、腰围、臀围,计算其WHR、BMI,记录各个年龄组男童和女童的腰围、臀围和WHR,通过两组独立样本资料的t检验分析各年龄组腰围、臀围和WHR的性别差异,并对各指标进行相关性分析.其中1 811名留取静脉血行TG、TC、HDL、LDL、UA检测.结果 儿童的腰围和臀围均随年龄的增长而增长,且男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);男童WHR无明显变化,女童WHR随年龄增长而呈下降趋势,各年龄组男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);BMI均随年龄的增长而增长,各年龄组男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);腰围和臀围分别与年龄、身高和体质量呈正相关,WHR与体质量呈正相关(男童r=0.419,P<0.05;女童r=0 241,Pa<0.05),BMI与年龄、身高和体质量均呈正相关.腰围与TG、TC、LDL、UA呈正相关(r=0.076、0.098、0.137、0.401,Pa<0 05),与HDL呈负相关(r=-0.319,P<0.05).结论 天津市学龄期儿童腰围、臀围和BMI均与身高、体质量有关,WHR与体质量有关,腰围与TG、TC、HDL、LDL、UA有关.腰围及相关指标可作为儿童肥胖及相关疾病的预测指标.     

肥胖青少年非酒精性脂肪肝相关因素的研究

目的 探讨肥胖青少年非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)发病的相关因素.方法 经超声诊断,把47例BMI≥27的15～16岁肥胖青少年分为并发NAFL组(A组)和未并发NAFL组(B组),36例BMI＜23作为正常时照组,用放免法测定空腹血清瘦素(LEP)、胰岛素(FINS),同时检测血糖(FPG)、血脂,测量身高(H)、体重(W)、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC)、肱三头肌皮褶厚度(TSF)、肩胛下皮褶厚度(SSF)、腹部皮褶厚度(ASF)及血压.计算体重指教(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)及皮褶厚度之和(SF).结果 肥胖青少年NAFL的发生率达59.57%,其中21.42%伴有肝脏增大;肥胖并发NAFL组青少年出现血脂异常、血压升高、高瘦素及高胰岛素血症;青少年NAFL的发病与血清LEP、FINS、TC、TG、LDL-C,BMI、WHR、SF、收缩压、舒张压呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 血清高瘦素、高胰岛素、血脂异常、血压升高及BMI、WHR、SF增加是发生非酒精性脂肪肝的危险因素.     

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目的比较儿童青少年腰围与体重指数(BMI)在代谢综合征(MS)诊断中的实用价值。方法采用随机抽样的方法于2009年6月至2010年10月从南宁市14所中小学中抽取6～18岁儿童青少年7893人,分析腰围、BMI与MS各检测指标的相关性。以中华医学会糖尿病学分会(CDS)及国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)(2007)建议的MS标准应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),比较腰围及BMI的ROC曲线下面积,反映腰围及BMI诊断MS的准确性大小。结果 (1)除高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)均值随肥胖增加而降低外,MS的各检测指标均值比较[除外空腹血糖(FBG)和天冬氨酸转移酶(AST)]均为肥胖组>超重组>正常组,3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)腰围、BMI均与臀围、腰臀比、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、FBG、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关,其中腰围与FBG、TG、HDL-C、FINS、HOMA-IR的相关程度较BMI密切。(3)腰围检出MS各组分异常的灵敏性明显高于BMI,阳性预测值(除外HDL-C异常)均相对好于BMI。(4)腰围及BMI的ROC曲线下面积在CDS标准下分别为0.949和0.951;在IDF标准下分别为0.941和0.921。结论儿童青少年MS的诊断中,腰围较BMI更具诊断价值,腰围测量有助于儿童青少年MS的筛查。     

单纯性肥胖儿童血清胰岛素水平与瘦素、肿瘤坏死因子-α的关系

目的探讨单纯性肥胖儿童血清胰岛素水平与瘦素（LP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的关系。方法肥胖儿童47例依据空腹血清胰岛素和空腹血糖水平,分为高胰岛素血症组（HIG）23例。男16例,女7例;年龄（11.3±2.0）岁。正常胰岛素水平组（NIG）24例。男15例,女9例;年龄（11.8±2.7）岁。并选取同年龄段非肥胖正常儿童10例为健康对照组（NCG）。测量各组身高、体质量、腰围等,检测空腹血清胰岛素（FINS）、LP及TNF-α水平,并计算相关指标,分析它们之间的关系。结果1.HIG组BMI、腰围、臀围、腰臂比（WHR）、LP、TNF-α、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）明显高于NIG组及NCG组（Pa〈0.05,0.01）;胰岛素敏感指数（HOMA-IAI）低于NIG和NCG组（P〈0.05,0.01）;2.与NCG组比较,NIG组BMI、腰围、臀围、WHR、LP、HOMA-IR明显增高（Pa〈0.05,0.01）,HOMA-IAI显著降低（P〈0.05）,TNF-α、空腹血糖（FBG）比较差异不显著（Pa〉0.05）;3.HIG组FINS与LP、TNF-α、HOMA-IR分别呈显著正相关（r=0.560,0.413,0.846 P〈0.01,0.05,0.01）,与HOMA-IAI呈显著负相关（r=-0.823P〈0.01）,与血糖无相关性。LP、TNF-α与IR独立相关。结论肥胖患儿血清胰岛素水平与LP、TNF-α密切相关,LP、TNF-α致胰岛素抵抗可能是肥胖患儿高胰岛素血症的原因之一。     

北京市超重肥胖儿童青少年中黑棘皮症检出率及与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 分析超重、肥胖儿童青少年黑棘皮症(AN)与胰岛素抵抗的关系,为诊断胰岛素抵抗提供临床线索.方法 以2004年北京市儿童青少年代谢综合征调研中筛查出的1 877例6～18岁超重和肥胖儿童青少年作为研究对象.测量体重指数、腰围,并检测空腹血糖、胰岛素和血脂水平,采用稳态模式评估(HOMA-IR)法,评价个体胰岛素抵抗状况.结果 超重、肥胖儿童中黑棘皮症检出率分别为12.7%和26.3%;合并AN者的腰围、胰岛素、甘酰甘油(甘油三酯)、血压均分别显著高于单纯超重、肥胖者,肥胖合并AN者的高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇水平显著低于单纯肥胖者;超重、肥胖组中AN阳性者的HOMA-IR指数几何均值(P25～P75)分别为2.81(2.13～4.12)mU/L和3.69(2.53～5.34)mU/L,分别显著高于两组AN阴性者[2.03(1.45～3.01)mU/L;2.45(1.72～3.61)mU/L](P＜0.001).结论 超过1/4的肥胖儿童罹患黑棘皮症;具有黑棘皮症表型特征的超重、肥胖儿童更容易出现代谢异常指标的改变,以及胰岛素抵抗程度的加重;黑棘皮症可以作为筛查胰岛素抵抗患儿的临床表型特征.     

血清microRNA-122与肥胖儿童胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 研究肥胖儿童血清microRNA-122（miR-122）与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法 选取47例7~14岁重度肥胖儿童为肥胖组,另选取与肥胖组性别及年龄匹配的正常体重健康儿童45例作为健康对照组,分别检测并记录两组儿童的身高、体重、腰围、臀围、空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、白介素-6（IL-6）、miR-122水平,计算体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,并进行统计分析。结果 与健康对照组相比,肥胖组儿童身高、体重、BMI、WHR及FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、FFA、IL-6、miR-122水平均升高（P < 0.05）;肥胖组miR-122水平与FINS、HOMA-IR、IL-6水平呈正相关（分别r=0.408、0.442、0.464,P < 0.05）;miR-122的变化与IL-6有线性回归关系,且呈正相关（b'=0.318,P < 0.05）。结论 肥胖儿童血清miR-122可能与胰岛素抵抗相关,具体机制尚需进一步研究。     

循环Alarin在肥胖儿童中的水平及与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的 本研究拟探讨循环Alarin在肥胖儿童中的表达水平及与代谢参数的关系。方法 招募体重指数（BMI）高于第95百分位数的肥胖儿童86例为肥胖组,82例年龄和性别与肥胖组匹配的BMI低于第85百分位数的健康儿童作为健康对照组。根据是否发生胰岛素抵抗（IR）,将86例肥胖组儿童分为IR组（n=27）和非IR组（n=59）。测量身高、体重、收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（SDP）,并计算体重指数（BMI）。检测总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、尿酸（UA）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及空腹血糖（FBG）水平,并计算葡萄糖和胰岛素曲线下面积（AUC）、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、全身胰岛素敏感性指标（WBISI）。ELISA法检测循环Alarin水平。结果 肥胖组儿童循环Alarin水平较健康对照组显著升高,IR组儿童循环Alarin水平较非IR组显著升高（P < 0.01）。循环Alarin与BMI、TG、FBG、AUC_葡萄糖、AUC_胰岛素、HOMA-IR呈正相关,与WBISI呈负相关（P < 0.05）。循环Alarin的变化与BMI、FBG、HOMA-IR有线性回归关系,其中HOMA-IR对循环Alarin的影响最大（P < 0.05）。结论 循环Alarin水平在肥胖儿童中显著升高,可能与肥胖和IR的发生有关。     

人体测量指标与儿童血压的相关性研究

目的调查分析人体测量指标对儿童血压的影响。方法随机抽样检查郑州地区6 790名6~13岁儿童,测量体质指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC)、血压,计算腰围/臀围比(WHR)及腰围/身高比(WHtR),采用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析。结果儿童高血压检出率为5.57%。控制年龄因素后采用偏相关分析发现,男、女童的BMI、WC、HC、WHtR与收缩压和舒张压均呈显著正相关(P均0.05)。无论男女,高血压组的BMI、WC、HC、WHR和WHtR的水平均高于正常血压组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。共检出肥胖儿童280名(4.12%),超重622名(9.16%)。肥胖、超重及正常体质量组的高血压比例的差异有统计学意义(P0.01),肥胖组高血压比例高于超重及正常体质量组。肥胖、超重组的收缩压、舒张压水平均高于正常体质量组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论郑州地区6~13岁儿童高血压患病率处于同年龄段儿童的中低等水平。BMI、WC、HC、WHtR与男、女童血压具有显著相关性,尤以HC较为显著。     

肥胖男童骨密度变化与骨代谢指标及胰岛素抵抗的关系探讨

目的 探讨单纯性肥胖男童骨密度变化与骨代谢生化指标及胰岛素抵抗之间的关系,以了解肥胖男童骨代谢异常可能的发病机制.方法 应用定量骨密度超声仪测定70例7～14岁小同体质指数(BMI≥23)的肥胖男童及20例年龄、性别匹配的健康男童的桡骨远端的超声传播速度(SOS),对其骨骼矿物质密度(BMD)进行评价.并对其空腹血钙(Ca)、磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、血糖(FBG)、胰岛素(FINS)、骨钙素(OC)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)进行监测.用稳态模式(HOMA)计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IR=FBG×FINS/22.5)、胰岛β细胞分泌指数[IS=20×FINs/(FBG-3.5)1.结果 BMI≥25的肥胖男童BMD、OC明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01),而FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR、DTH、ALP均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01);经双变量相关分析,BMD分别与BMI、FINS及HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0.50,r5=-0.58、-0.60,P均<0.01),与OC呈正相关(r=0.63,P<0.01).结论 严重肥胖男童存在明显的骨代谢异常,且与肥胖程度、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗密切相关.     

Comparison of several anthropometric indices with insulin resistance proxy measures among European adolescents: The Helena Study

The aim of the current study was to compare the association of several anthropometric indices, with insulin resistance (IR) proxy measures in European adolescents. The present study comprises 1,097 adolescents aged 12.5-17.5 from ten European cities participating in the HELENA study. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference, skinfolds thickness, fat mass (FM), fasting plasma glucose (G(F)) and serum insulin (I(F)) levels were measured. HOMA (as indicator of IR body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. I(F) and HOMA were statistically significantly related to BMI, WC, skinfold sum, WHtR, WHR and FM. BMI, WC, WHtR, skinfold sum and FM displayed similar correlation with I(F) and HOMA as opposed to WHR where lower correlation with IR indices was detected in the overall sample. Similar results were found for boys, girls and underweight/normal weight adolescents. On the other hand, WC and WHtR were found to be more strongly associated with IR proxy measures compared to the rest of anthropometric indices among overweight/obese subjects. Based on the current findings, WC and WHtR could be used, alternatively, to identify the overweight/obese adolescent at risk for developing IR. In addition, all aforementioned anthropometric indices, except WHR, could be used among the underweight/normal weight adolescents.     

Secular changes in fatness and fat distribution in Australian children matched for body size.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate secular trends in waist girth and skinfold measures among Australian children from 1985 and 1997/2002, matched for body size. SUBJECTS: A total of 2604 children (10-12 years old) measured in the 1985 Australian Health and Fitness Survey and in two later surveys of South Australian schoolchildren (1997/2002), were matched for age, stature, weight and body mass index (BMI). Measurements. The matched children were compared by ANOVA on waist and hip girths, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and abdominal and triceps skinfolds, taken by trained anthropometrists. RESULTS: Between the survey periods, there were significant increases in waist girth, WHR, and the two skinfold measures, but more so for abdominal skinfold. The differences in abdominal skinfold, waist girth and WHR were greater for girls than boys. CONCLUSIONS: In Australian children matched for body size, there have been increases in measures of fatness and central adiposity over the last 20 years. This suggests that reported secular trends in BMI may be under-estimating the looming public health crisis.     

Impact of pubertal development on body fat distribution among white, Hispanic, and Asian female adolescents

Variation in the waist/hip ratio (WHR) may be related to changes in hormonal secretion associated with pubertal maturation. We therefore studied the effects of race, pubertal development, and body fatness on WHR during adolescence in a multiethnic population. A total of 688 white, Asian, and Hispanic female adolescents (mean (+/- SD) 12.4 +/- 0.7 years), participating in the evaluation of a multisite school-based health education program, were included in these analyses. Self-assessed stage of puberty and measurements of height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were obtained from each participant. The WHR and age-adjusted body mass index were calculated. Analysis of covariance demonstrated that puberty significantly affects hip circumference and WHR but not waist circumference among female adolescents. Age and fatness, as reflected by age-adjusted body mass index, contributed significantly to both circumferences and to the WHR. There was a significant effect of ethnicity on hip circumference but not on waist circumference or the WHR. These results confirm that pubertal stage exerts a significant effect on the hip circumference and WHR in female adolescents, even after the effects of fatness and age are controlled. Studies of body fat distribution during late childhood and adolescence should include assessments of pubertal maturation.     

Percentile curves for fat patterning in German adolescents

Background  

Because the body composition of adolescents varies more than that of adults and anthropometric parameters are regularly used for pediatric body fat measurements, we developed age-, gender-, and ethnicity-specific reference values for waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and skinfold thickness (SFT) in German adolescents.     

Body mass index, triceps skinfold and waist circumference in screening for adiposity in male children and adolescents

Simple anthropometric measurements and indices are the most commonly used tools for assessing body composition. Only a few papers have examined the sensitivity and specificity of the body mass index (BMI) against total body fat percentage (TBF%) from underwater weighing in children and adolescents. The objective of the study was to evaluate the screening performance of BMI, triceps skinfold thickness and waist circumference for excess TBF%. A total of 175 healthy volunteer males, aged 7.0-16.9 y, participated in the study. TBF% was measured using underwater weighing as the reference method. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the value of the three anthropometric measurements as a screening measure for total adiposity. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated at several percentile cut-offs for BMI, triceps skinfold and waist circumference. The areas under the ROC curves were also calculated, and were 0.86 for BMI, 0.90 for triceps skinfold and 0.88 for waist circumference. The point on the ROC curve closest to 1 corresponded to the 70th percentile for BMI, to the 75th percentile for triceps skinfold, and to the 70th percentile for waist circumference. Conclusion: BMI, triceps skinfold and waist circumference predicted total fat content well in male children and adolescents.     

Anthropometric indices as predictors of the metabolic syndrome and its components in adolescents

Background: Overweight and related health problems are becoming increasingly recognized, especially in children and adolescents. For early screening, different anthropometrical measurements of obesity have been proposed to identify individuals at risk. We compared body mass index (BMI), BMI standard deviation score, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and waist/height ratio with respect to their power to predict the metabolic syndrome, its components and low‐grade inflammation. Methods: A total of 79 male Caucasian German adolescents (13–17 years) were studied. All anthropometrical measurements of obesity were recorded and blood samples drawn. Predictive power was estimated using receiver operating characteristic curves, by comparing the area under the curve (AUC). Results: Except for WHR, all tested anthropometrical measurements of obesity showed comparably good AUC values for correct prediction, with the highest AUC for BMI (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.885 ± 0.039). Superior prediction power was not observed for BMI standard deviation score, waist circumference, WHR or waist/height ratio. Furthermore, BMI was the best predictor of elevated C‐reactive protein levels as a marker for low‐grade inflammation (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.786 ± 0.064). Conclusions: In this cross‐sectional study the well‐established parameter BMI was shown to have the best predictive power to identify metabolic syndrome, its components and markers for low‐grade inflammation. Newly developed parameters did not provide superior values. Future longitudinal studies are needed to compare these anthropometrical markers in larger cohorts, incorporating different age groups and ethnic backgrounds.     

新疆伊犁地区2438例哈萨克族儿童血压现况分析

目的：了解新疆伊犁地区哈萨克族儿童血压水平和高血压的发生状况及影响因素。方法：2009年5~6月采用随机整群抽样方法,抽取新疆伊犁地区哈萨克族学龄儿童2438例,进行身高、体重、腰围、臀围、皮褶厚度、血压测量,并计算体质指数（BMI）。结果：2438名儿童收缩压（SBP）平均水平为94±13 mm Hg,舒张压（DBP）平均水平为60±9 mm Hg,低于国内同年龄段汉族平均水平;检出高血压儿童138名,患病率5.66%（138/2438）,其中男童患病率4.38% （54/1232）,女童患病率6.97%（84/1206）,女童患病率高于男童（P<0.05）;血压及高血压患病率与BMI、腰围、臀围、皮褶厚度、性别、年龄均呈正相关。结论新疆伊犁地区哈萨克族儿童血压平均水平较国内儿童低;女童高血压患病率高于男童;肥胖与哈萨克族儿童高血压患病率密切相关。     

Risk factors for dyslipidemia in Chinese children

Abstract Aim: Since the mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease continues to increase, research into dyslipidemia has been emphasized in not only adults but also paediatric populations. We aimed to study the risk factors of dyslipidemia in Chinese children. Methods: Nine hundred and sixty-two children, aged 6-18 years, in Beijing were enrolled. For each child, data were collected on body height (cm), body weight (kg), sitting height (cm), waist circumference, upper arm circumference, serum lipid levels, as well as familial history of dyslipidemia and early onset cardiovascular disease. Subgroups were determined on the basis of age and sex. Results: The prevalence rate of dyslipidemia was 11.1% (107/962). Children with dyslipidemia differed significantly from those without, in sitting height, upper arm circumference, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHR) and diastolic and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis suggested that WHR, diastolic blood pressure and positive familial history were risk factors for dyslipidemia in children. Conclusion: Sitting height, upper arm circumference, BMI, WHR, diastolic pressure and systolic pressure were significantly higher in dyslipidemic children than in normal subjects in China. BMI, WHR, diastolic pressure and familial history of dyslipidemia and early-onset cardiovascular disease were risk factors for dyslipidemia in Chinese children.