内窥镜在额颞部除皱术中的应用

目的：探讨内窥镜下额颞部除皱术的临床应用效果。方法：对接受内窥镜下额颞部除皱术的36例患者,采用额颞部发际内小切口,在内窥镜下通过去除部分眼轮匝肌、皱眉肌、降眉肌、额肌等去除额颞部皱纹;在帽状腱膜下和颞深筋膜浅层剥离,颞部用丝线固定于颞深筋膜上。结果：与传统大切口除皱相比内窥镜下去除额颞部皱纹效果确切,提升效果好,术后会有额部麻木感,但一般在3～6个月后恢复,手术无明显瘢痕,无脱发,就医者满意率达100%。大切口除皱可见瘢痕、脱发等并发症。瘢痕相比P〈0.05、脱发相比P〈0.05,有统计学意义。结论：内窥镜下额颞部除皱效果好、创伤小、恢复快。     

A soft dual-port trocar for endoscopic subcutaneous surgery

BACKGROUND: We developed a new trocar for endoscopic subcutaneous surgery and tested it in subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS) for varicose veins of the lower leg. METHODS: The soft trocar is a y-shaped polyvinyl chloride bag equipped with two ports at one end and a flexible ring at the other end. We performed SEPS on 12 patients through a 2-cm incision below the knee. After dissection of the subfascial plane, the ring of the trocar was inserted beneath the fascia, and the subfascial cavity was inflated with CO2 gas. The perforating veins were divided with UltraShears (Autosuture, USSC, Norwalk, CT, USA) inserted through the second port of the trocar with an endoscope. RESULTS: There were no major device-related difficulties or wound complications. CONCLUSION: The soft trocar allowed both an endoscope and a surgical instrument to be inserted simultaneously in the tissue space through a single incision. This useful instrument may have applications in other endoscopic surgical procedures.     

额颞部微创内镜除皱术对眉眼形态的改善

目的探讨内镜下额颞部除皱术对眉眼形态的改善情况。方法采用传统的额颞部小切口方法微创行内镜除皱术,并观察内镜除皱对眉眼形态的改变和影响。结果60例术后眉眼间距较术前增大（5．0±1．2）mm,有效实现眉提升,改善下睑缘松弛下垂;内镜下额颞部除皱后眼周围皮肤紧致,长久去除外眼角鱼尾纹,并可在一定程度上对眉形进行调整。结论额颞部内镜除皱术可以矫正眉下垂及双侧眉毛不对称,改善眉眼形态,达到年轻化的效果。     

Reliable gastric closure after natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) using a novel automated flexible stapling device

Background  Reliable closure of the translumenal incision is one of the main challenges facing natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). This study aimed to evaluate the use of an automated flexible stapling device (SurgASSIST) for closure of the gastrotomy incision in a porcine model. Methods  A double-channel gastroscope was advanced into the stomach. A gastric wall incision was made, and the endoscope was advanced into the peritoneal cavity. After peritoneoscopy, the endoscope was withdrawn into the stomach. The SurgASSIST stapler was advanced orally into the stomach. The gastrotomy edges were positioned between the opened stapler arms using two endoscopic grasping forceps. Stapler loads with and without a cutting blade were used for gastric closure. After firing of the stapler to close the gastric wall incision, x-ray with contrast was performed to assess for gastric leakage. At the end of the procedure, the animals were killed for a study of closure adequacy. Results  Four acute animal experiments were performed. The delivery and positioning of the stapler were achieved, with technical difficulties mostly due to a short working length (60 cm) of the device. Firing of the staple delivered four rows of staples. Postmortem examination of pig 1 (when a cutting blade was used) demonstrated full-thickness closure of the gastric wall incision, but the cutting blade caused a transmural hole right at the end of the staple line. For this reason, we stopped using stapler loads with a cutting blade. In the three remaining animals (pigs 2–4), we were able to achieve a full-thickness closure of the gastric wall incision without any complications. Conclusions  The flexible stapling device may provide a simple and reliable technique for lumenal closure after NOTES procedures. Further survival studies are currently under way to evaluate the long-term efficacy of gastric closure with the stapler after intraperitoneal interventions. Presented in part at the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 2007.     

Neurosensory Preservation in Endoscopic Forehead Plasty

The recent introduction of endoscopic techniques and instrumentation in aesthetic surgery was caused in part by the desire to minimize surgical scars as well as to decrease the possibility of sensory changes secondary to extended incisions, such as the execution of a coronal incision in performing a forehead plasty. Although endoscopic surgical techniques provide field magnification together with excellent illumination, localization and preservation of the forehead neurovascular bundles via the endoscope can be time consuming and tedious. A new method is introduced where percutaneous localization of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves enables the surgeon to perform an endoscopic forehead plasty in an expeditious manner with preservation of sensation of the forehead and scalp.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Dallas, Texas, USA 1994     

Forehead osteoma excision by endoscopic approach

Six cases of frontal osteoma had been operated with assistance of endoscopic surgery. Patient age ranged from 34 to 59 years. The diameter of the masses varies from 8 to 14 mm. The access incision was hidden behind the frontal hairline and the dissection plane went in the subperiosteal layer. The injury of the nerve branch and vessel can be easily avoided and endorsed by manipulating the endoscope. The average length of the procedure was 59.5 minutes. There is no complication such as scalp sensation impairment or hematoma over the forehead or scalp area. The elimination of the forehead osteoma can be executed at the forehead area scarlessly by the assistance of the endoscopic-assisted surgery.     

Small incision subperiosteal and trans-blepharoplasty forehead and browlift.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of non-endoscopic, small-incision subperiosteal forehead and browlift in patients undergoing associated upper eyelid blepharoplasty. This is a retrospective, non-comparative case series of 14 consecutive patients in 12 months. Eleven patients underwent bilateral and three unilateral surgery. Unilateral surgery was performed in patients with facial palsy and was augmented with cable suspension. The technique involves five small scalp incisions to create a single subperiosteal and deep temporal cavity. Superior arcus marginalis release and direct visualisation of the supraorbital nerve was achieved via a trans-blepharoplasty approach. All patients achieved a desirable browlift and contour. Follow up ranged from 2 to 40 weeks. Minor complications included transient diplopia (1), reduced upper eyelid sensation (1), and brief postoperative bleeding from one of the small incision sites (1). Small incision and trans-blepharoplasty forehead and browlift is a safe and effective method to achieve a cosmetically desirable browlift in patients that require associated upper eyelid blepharoplasty, using standard oculoplastic equipment without the need for an endoscope.     

Development of a new access device for transgastric surgery

Flexible endoscope-based endoluminal and transgastric surgery for cholecystectomy, appendectomy, bariatric, and antireflux procedures show promise as a less invasive form of surgery. Current endoscopes and instruments are inadequate to perform such complex surgeries for a variety of reasons: they are too flexible and are insufficient to provide robust grasping and anatomic retraction. The lack of support for a retroflexed endoscope in the peritoneal cavity makes it hard to reach remote structures and makes vigorous retraction of tissues and organs difficult. There is also a need for multiple channels in scopes to allow use of several instruments and to provide traction/countertraction. Finally, secure means of tissue approximation are critical. The aim was to develop and test a new articulating flexible endoscopic system for endoluminal and transgastric endosurgery. A multidisciplinary group of gastrointestinal physicians and surgeons worked with medical device engineers to develop new devices and instruments. Needs assessments and design parameters were developed by consensus. Prototype devices were tested using inanimate models until usable devices were arrived at. The devices were tested in nonsurvival pigs and dogs. The devices were accessed through an incision in the wall of the stomach and manipulated in the peritoneal cavity to accomplish four different tasks: right upper quadrant wedge liver biopsy, right lower quadrant cecal retraction, left lower quadrant running small bowel, and left lower quadrant exposure of esophageal hiatus. In another three pigs, transgastric cholecystectomy was attempted. The positions of the device, camera, and endosurgical instruments, with and without ShapeLock technology, were recorded using laparoscopy and endoscopy and procedure times and success rates were measured. Instrument design parameters and their engineering solutions are described. Flexible multilumen guides which could be locked in position, including a prototype which allowed triangulation, were constructed. Features of the 18-mm devices include multidirectional mid body and/or tip angulation, two 5.5-mm accessory channels allowing the use of large (5-mm) flexible endosurgical instruments, as well as a 4-mm channel for an ultraslim prototype video endoscope (Pentax 4 mm). Using the resulting devices, the four designated transgastric procedures were performed in anesthetized animals. One hundred percent of the transgastric endosurgical procedures were accomplished with the exception of a 50% success for hiatal exposure, a 90% success rate for wedge liver biopsy, and a 33.3% success rate for cholecystectomy. A new endosurgical multilumen device and advanced instrumentation allowed effective transgastric exploration and procedures in the abdominal cavity including retraction of the liver and stomach to allow exposure of the gallbladder, retraction of the cecum, manipulation of the small bowel, and exposure of the esophageal hiatus. This technology may serve as the needed platform for transgastric cholecystectomy, gastric reduction, fundoplication, hiatus hernia repair, or other advanced endosurgical procedures. Presented at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–18, 2005 (oral presentation). Partially funded and supported by USGI Medical, San Clemente, California.     

Transgastric endoscopic splenectomy

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported the feasibility of diagnostic and therapeutic peritoneoscopy including liver biopsy, gastrojejunostomy, and tubal ligation by an oral transgastric approach. We present results of per-oral transgastric splenectomy in a porcine model. The goal of this study was to determine the technical feasibility of per-oral transgastric splenectomy using a flexible endoscope. METHODS: We performed acute experiments on 50-kg pigs. All animals were fed liquids for 3 days prior to procedure. The procedures were performed under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. The flexible endoscope was passed per orally into the stomach and puncture of the gastric wall was performed with a needle knife. The puncture was extended to create a 1.5-cm incision using a pull-type sphincterotome, and a double-channel endoscope was advanced into the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneal cavity was insufflated with air through the endoscope. The spleen was visualized. The splenic vessels were ligated with endoscopic loops and clips, and then mesentery was dissected using electrocautery. RESULTS: Endoscopic splenectomy was performed on six pigs. There were no complications during gastric incision and entrance into the peritoneal cavity. Visualization of the spleen and other intraperitoneal organs was very good. Ligation of the splenic vessels and mobilization of the spleen were achieved using commercially available devices and endoscopic accessories. CONCLUSIONS: Transgastric endoscopic splenectomy in a porcine model appears technically feasible. Additional long-term survival experiments are planned.     

额颞部除皱的同时行额肌帽状腱膜瓣折叠隆额术

目的：探讨额颞部除皱的同时行额肌帽状腱膜瓣折叠隆额术的新方法，评价其优缺点。方法：选额颞部皮肤老化、皱纹增多、伴有额头较扁平、要求同时行除皱及隆额的患者8例，采用冠状切口，在帽状腱膜下间隙剥离达眶上缘，在双侧额结节水平以上部位的头皮瓣下分离出额肌帽状腱膜瓣，将之折叠并垫于额结节水平以下部分，增加额部的高度；再将额颞部皮肤提紧，去除多余皮肤后缝合。结果：所有患者均随访6个月，术后效果均满意，未出现神经及毛囊损伤等并发症。结论：额颞部除皱的同时行额肌帽状腱膜瓣隆额术，不仅可以增强额颞部除皱的效果，还可有效地利用额部多余的自体额肌腱膜组织，无排异反应的发生，手术可以一次完成，效果满意。     

Hybrid minimally invasive surgery—a bridge between laparoscopic and translumenal surgery

Background The peroral transluminal approach to the peritoneal cavity appears safe, feasible, and may further reduce the invasiveness of surgery. However, flexible endoscopes have multiple limitations inside the peritoneal cavity, which can potentially be overcome by blending the use of both a laparoscope and a flexible upper endoscope—a hybrid approach. The goal of the present study was to evaluate a hybrid minimally invasive technique for cholecystectomy in a porcine model. Methods Hybrid cholecystectomies were performed in acute experiments on 50-kg pigs under general anesthesia. Pneumoperitoneum was created with a Veress needle, and a laparoscopic 10-mm port was inserted. Under laparoscopic observation, the gastric wall incision was done with an endoscopic needle-knife and sphincterotome, and the upper endoscope was advanced into the peritoneal cavity. A laparoscopic 10-mm port was inserted into the right upper quadrant of the abdomen for gallbladder traction to facilitate exposure of the cystic duct and artery. Via the biopsy channel of the flexible endoscope, and using a knife with an isolated tip, a needle knife, and clips, both the cystic duct and artery were identified, clipped, and transected. The gallbladder itself was then dissected and retracted through the mouth, and the gastric wall incision was closed with endoscopic clips. Results Five hybrid cholecystectomies were performed without complications. The laparoscopic port enabled a stable pneumoperitoneum, good traction and counter-traction, and improved spatial orientation and visualization. Necropsy did not reveal any intraperitoneal complications. Conclusions The hybrid approach increases safety of initial gastric puncture and gastric wall incision, improves orientation and navigation of the flexible endoscope inside the peritoneal cavity, simplifies peroral transgastric cholecystectomy, and could be used to decrease invasiveness of laparoscopic surgery and to facilitate development and clinical introduction of transgastric endoscopic procedures. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This work was presented in part at SAGES Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas, April 2006     

Forehead rhytidoplasty: Endoscopic approach

The difficulty in determining how much skin must be resected to achieve an adequate forehead and eyebrow lift through the coronal approach led the author to search for another forehead rhytidoplasty procedure. The endoscopic approach yields a natural lift of the eyebrows without skin excision through a minimal incision. It has been useful for patients who have a prominent forehead or have had a forehead rhytidoplasty. In addition, this technique provides a smooth forehead that is achieved by breaking the continuity of the forehead and glabella muscles. Despite the fact that the endoscopic approach is in the early stages of development, the results obtained from its use allow it to be an alternative procedure for treating the aging forehead and glabella.     

Cervical video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery using a flexible endoscope for bilateral thoracoscopy

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has become the standard of care for pleural evaluation, drainage, and pleurodesis. The major limitations to standard VATS techniques include intercostal pain and the unilateral nature of the procedure. We report on a cervical VATS approach for bilateral thoracoscopy, pleural biopsy, and talc pleurodesis using a flexible video endoscope without any intercostal incision. A 64-year old male with peritoneal carcinomatosis was noted to have significant bilateral pleural effusions. A cervical video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (C-VATS) procedure was performed through a 2-cm cervical incision using a sterile flexible gastroscope. Bilateral thoracoscopy, pleural drainage, pleural biopsies, lung biopsy, and talc pleurodesis were performed. No thoracic intercostal incisions were performed. Total operative time was 48 minutes. The procedure was successful and the recovery was uneventful. The patient was discharged 4 days after the procedure. C-VATS is an extremely minimally invasive procedure. It avoids intercostal incisions and allows for bilateral pleural procedures through a single small cervical incision.     

Subperiosteal transblepharoplasty forehead lift

Contemporary options for correction of the aging upper one-third of the face include open techniques with a coronal or anterior hairline incision, endoscopic access to the forehead including muscle transection, brow lift through direct forehead skin excision and various forms of brow-pexies. Realizing the common need for aesthetic improvement in the upper eyelids and desiring minimal incisions for forehead rejuvenation, an approach through the blepharoplasty incision has been developed which addresses all of the components of the aging upper third of the face: A combined subperiosteal approach for forehead elevation and transection of corrugator and procerus muscles through the blepharoplasty incision is presented. The postoperative improvements in the position of the brow as well as improvement in the glabellar area rivals other approaches and allows simultaneous improvement in upper eyelid aesthetics.Presented at the Annual Meeting of The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Inc., March 1995 and at the 13th International Congress of The International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, September 1995     

Application of endoscope in zygomatic fracture repair.

The endoscope has been used to visualise the upper face and brow in aesthetic facial surgery which is performed without a coronal incision. We applied these principles to repair zygomatic fractures with the aid of a 4 mm, 30 degree telescope inserted through a small temporal incision. Fracture sites at the zygomatic arch and the zygomaticofrontal suture were exposed and fixed with miniplates under endoscopic control. This technique was used in 15 consecutive patients including 2 with isolated zygomatic arch comminuted fractures and 13 having displaced zygomatic fractures with segmental, displaced zygomatic arch fractures. Nine patients were men and six patients were women with a mean age of 35 years. Three patients had associated mandibular fractures. The periods of follow-up ranged from 3 to 22 months. Two patients developed transient frontal nerve palsy which recovered within 2 months. One patient had mild temporal hollowing on the side of the facial fracture. All patients achieved the adequate anatomic reduction and satisfactory malar symmetry. There has been no case of chewing problems, cheek numbness or progressive enophthalmos developing postoperatively. Application of the endoscope in zygomatic fracture repair minimises the scalp scar, avoids forehead numbness, provides a comfortable postoperative recovery and shortens hospital stay. Careful preoperative evaluation and proper surgical technique are mandatory for achieving optimal results in selected patients.     

In Favor of the Subcutaneous Forehead Lift Using the Anterior Hairline Incision

We present our experience with 980 women who had subcutaneous forehead lifts using the anterior hairline incision, during the years 1989–1996. The dissection is easy and fast; the forehead wrinkles are smoothed by the separation of the septa between the frontalis and the skin. The access to the corrugator and the procerus muscles is easy, and the adjustment of the brows to the desired location can be accurate. We use this approach for 90% of women who are eligible for upper face rejuvenation. We have obtained a 96% satisfaction rate; only 1.8% of our patients had minor and reversible complications. The scar, which is supposed to be the main disadvantage of this procedure, is almost unnoticeable, and none of our patients has permanently changed her hairstyle due to this operation. Now, during the peak of interest in forehead lifts with limited scars using the endoscope, is the time to highlight this time-worn, safe, reproducible, and effective approach.     

Novel flexible forceps for endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors: technical report

The endoscope has become an essential tool for transsphenoidal pituitary surgeries because of the panoramic view and the ability to visualize structures beyond the direct line of vision. However, the regular dedicated instruments for these surgeries sometimes do not reach the areas visualized by an angled endoscope, and instrument maneuverability is limited. To overcome or minimize these problems, we constructed a new flexible tumor forceps that can be manipulated to change shape after placing into the surgical fields via the endonasal or sublabial route, to reach any desirable location for tumor dissection and excision. We applied this newly developed instrument in endonasal endoscopic resection complementing microsurgical procedure in 20 cases of pituitary tumors. The flexible forceps was able to access sites where regular dedicated instruments for transsphenoidal pituitary surgeries could not readily reach despite endoscopic visualization. No complication was observed in the present series, confirming the safety of the newly designed flexible forceps. Our newly developed flexible forceps improves the instrument maneuverability of endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors, especially those located laterally at the cavernous sinuses or with frontal extension. The use of this instrument makes the best use of endoscopic panoramic visualization for tumor removal.     

Endoscopic reverse third ventriculostomy via the cisterna magna: anatomical study and proposal of a novel procedure.

Basilar artery injury has been known as a potential lethal complication of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. In order to avoid this complication, endoscopic reverse third ventriculostomy via a trans-cisterna-magna route was studied. A cadaveric study was performed for navigation of a flexible endoscope through the cisterna magna. Three fresh, unfixed cadavers were used for this endoscopic navigation. In the prone position, a small vertical paramedian skin incision is made at the mid-portion of the posterior neck. An 11-mm threaded plastic tube is inserted towards the posterior arch of the atlas. After a partial hemilaminectomy of the atlas, a flexible endoscope is introduced into the cisterna magna and is navigated cephalad along the vertebrobasilar artery to the inferior aspect of the floor of the third ventricle. Through the working channel of a fiberscope, third ventriculostomy is performed in a reverse direction. Additional detailed anatomy was studied in fixed cadaveric head specimens with a rigid rod-lens endoscope for anatomic orientation. A novel technique of a trans-cisterna-magna reverse third ventriculostomy was studied in cadaveric specimens. This technique may avoid basilar artery injury which occurs occasionally during conventional third ventriculostomy.     

额部个性化切口提升术临床应用效果观察

目的:评价额部个性化切口提升术在治疗额部皱纹及皮肤提紧方面的疗效。方法:选择2012年1月至2013年12月在我院行此手术的患者22例,笔者针对额部正中及额部两侧皮肤松弛的不同情况将额部皮肤松弛分为三型,并根据这三型的不同特点选择额部正中切口或者额部两侧切口或者额部正中联合额部两侧切口行额部提升术,术中通过切口对额肌进行部分去除处理,PGA缝合线将皮下组织固定于额部骨膜层,对患者随访3~12个月,观察患者额部皱纹、额部皮肤松弛改善情况并进行效果评估。结果:根据效果评价标准,效果良好者18例,效果一般者3例,效果差者1例,所有患者切口瘢痕不明显,双侧眉毛可以正常抬举。结论:该术式具有效果明显、损伤小、恢复快、并发症较少的优点,值得临床推广。     

骨膜下径路前额脂肪瘤切除术

目的：为了充分认识前额脂肪瘤的特征,并使术后得到最佳美学效果。方法：发际切口,带照明直接喉镜辅助,明视骨膜下径路切除门例前额脂肪瘤。结果：前额脂肪瘤位于额肌和骨膜之间;术后效果满意,随访2年-3年,无一例复发。结论：前额脂肪瘤属异位脂肪瘤,该方法无可见性瘢痕,易掌握分离层次,尤其适合于有瘢痕素质的患者。