静脉动脉化前臂筋膜掌长肌腱移植的应用研究

静脉动脉化前臂筋膜掌长肌腱移植的应用研究冯承臣，陈沂民，杨殿玉，刘茂文，刘瑞军手部腱鞘区屈指肌腱损伤手术修复后均有不同程度的粘连，影响手功能恢复。我们采用带前臂静脉动脉化游离前臂筋膜掌长肌腱移植术，修复腱鞘区屈指肌腱损伤及腱鞘重建术，手功能恢复良好，...     

吻合血管的跖肌腱移植的临床应用

目的 探讨一种新的吻合血管的肌腱移植方法及其不同术式的临床应用。方法 以胫后动脉筋膜穿支或小段胫后动脉主干为蒂的跖肌腱，游离移植修复电击伤后拇长屈、示指屈肌腱的缺损。并根据受区组织缺损情况，同时携带小腿筋膜或皮肤．以形成肌腱、筋膜复合瓣或肌腱、皮肤复合瓣，三种术式I临床应用、随访共7例。结果 7例移植均成活，配合功能锻炼，在电击伤这类严重损伤病例，术后移植区关节总活动度较术前均有明显增加。结论 吻合血管的跖肌腱移植具有易于切取、供区易修复、对供区主干血管影响小、可同时修复复杂缺损的优点。     

膝上外侧动脉复合皮瓣的复应用

目的：报道以膝上外侧动脉为蒂的股骨远端骨膜、髂胫束及皮肤组成的复合皮瓣移植的临床应用。方法：对5例手、前臂远端、踝部及足背部外伤后伴有骨、肌腱和皮肤缺损的病例，采用膝上外侧动脉复合皮瓣移植修复组织缺损，结果：随访半年－1年，复合皮瓣全 活，术后3－5个月骨愈合，患肢外观满意，功能恢复良好。结论：膝上外侧动脉复合皮瓣游离移植，适合于修复手、前臂远端、踝部及足背部外伤后伴有骨、肌腱和皮肤的复合组织缺损。     

肌腱带血管移植的实验研究

作者应用大白鼠带腹壁浅血管蒂的腹直肌前鞘游离移植来修复跟腱缺损。对侧肢体以不带血管的腹直肌前鞘修复跟腱作对照。４２天行大体，组织学及生物力学检查，发现带血管移植组踝关节活动度正常，跟腱色泽正常，与周围组织粘连很轻，塑形良好，组织学检查为分化良好的腱组织，腱周为疏松的结缔组织，并有血管袢进入肌腱，而对照组踝关节活动受限，瘢痕化，粘连重，组织学检查发现肌腱变性，腱周为慢性炎症及瘢痕组织，生物力学检查显     

应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损

目的报道应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法和临床效果。方法对骨折行简单内固定，然后行游离背阔肌皮瓣修复创面。术前做动脉造影检查，了解血管的走向情况。切取背阔肌皮瓣于腋皱纹下缘、背阔肌范围内按需要设计一梭形肌皮瓣。手术时沿切口标线的外下方切开皮肤皮下组织，在背阔肌的深面逐渐向上解剖，在近腋窝处即可见胸背动脉及其伴行的静脉、神经。完全游离背阔肌皮瓣。受区准备：上肢部位要解剖正中神经、尺动脉、头静脉；下肢解剖出胫前动静脉、大隐静脉备用。按照先吻接动脉后吻接静脉的原则用10-0的无损伤缝针作端端吻合，上肢以尺动脉与胸背动脉做端端吻合或端侧吻合，胸背静脉与头静脉吻接，下肢胫前动脉与胸背动脉吻接，胫前静脉或大隐静脉与胸背静脉吻接。前臂前侧合并有肌腱缺损者，将游离的背阔肌卷成条状，两端与屈指肌腱吻合。合并神经损伤者，将正中神经和胸背神经在手术显微镜下作外膜缝合。切取皮瓣的面积范围16em×8cm～22cm×13cm。结果1例出现静脉危象，经处理后远端表皮坏死，经换药而愈。6例切口甲级愈合。1例因皮瓣臃肿行皮瓣、肌皮瓣修整术。1例屈指肌腱缺损以游离背阔肌重建患者肌力从1级恢复到3级。其余病例肢体功能大部分恢复且外形满意。结论在动脉造影的指导下，应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损可取得较好的疗效。根据缺损的不同部位、范围和性质，选择不同的手术方法进行修复，可获得满意的临床效果。     

静脉动脉化治疗严重下肢缺血的远期疗效分析

目的：探索静脉动脉化治疗严重下肢缺血的新术式。方法：在对大隐静脉、胫后静脉瓣膜进行解剖学和生物力学研究的基础上，设计静脉瓣膜切除或破坏、原位一期静脉动脉化两种新术式，治疗动脉广泛闭塞所致严重下肢缺血患者７１例（７４条肢体）。结果：随访１～８年（其中随访５年以上３２例），静息痛消失率９６．５％，间隙性跛行消失率９３．７％，截肢率降至２．７％，获得满意效果。结论：两种新术式通过静脉通道，逆行灌注动脉血，确能改善或重建严重缺血下肢的血循环，具有满意的远期疗效。     

大隐静脉动脉化游离隐神经移植的实验研究

目的为临床应用带血管蒂的隐神经移植提供解剖学及动物实验依据。方法用墨汁灌注6侧成人新鲜尸体下肢,乳胶灌注36侧成人尸体下肢后,解剖并观测隐神经及其营养血管。选用国产成年狗,分成大隐静脉动脉化神经移植组、吻合动静脉组、不带血管组和不吻合血管组,每组10只狗,观察四组神经移植后的结果。结果隐神经自深筋膜穿出至内踝最高点的全长为(38.19±2.06)cm。隐神经上段由隐动脉营养,中、下段由胫后动脉的肌间隔穿支及跗内侧动脉营养,各营养血管形成血管网相互吻合,回流静脉与大隐静脉形成血管网相互吻合汇入大隐静脉。隐神经大多数位于大隐静脉后方。动物实验结果表明静脉蒂动脉化隐神经移植与吻合血管游离神经移植,在神经再生功能方面无统计学差异,而明显优于不带血管的神经移植。结论隐神经可形成以隐动脉为血管蒂的神经移植,也可以形成以大隐静脉动脉化的隐神经移植,手术操作简便易行,为长段神经缺损的治疗提供了良好的供区。     

游离复合皮瓣一期修复腕晚期电烧伤畸形

目的 探讨应用游离复合皮瓣移植，在一次手术中完成多种组织缺损的修复，以提高晚期腕电烧伤的治疗效果。方法 设计以胫后动、静脉为滋养血管的皮瓣，保留其到跖肌腱的筋膜分支切取跖肌腱；通过小腿筋膜携带腓肠神经，从而达到带血供移植肌腱、神经、筋膜和皮肤的目的。同时，从足背切取趾长伸肌腱，将3～4条肌腱分别植人皮瓣深筋膜浅面，将复合皮瓣行吻合血管的游离移植到受区，用以一期修复受区的肌腱、神经、血管的长段缺损。术后定期随访，并对治疗效果进行评价。结果 本组5例，皮瓣移植均成活，随访3～12个月。其中3例在术后3～6个月达到屈指主动屈距掌纹4～5cm，伸指伸距水平3～4cm。2例术后6个月屈指主动屈距掌纹6cm，伸指伸距水平5cm，经补充手术，松解肌腱及功能锻炼，屈指主动屈距掌纹4cm，伸指伸距水平4cm。指腹感觉6个月时均达到S2级，患手皮温明显提高。结论 小腿内后侧胫动、静脉蒂游离复合皮瓣移植，可一次手术修复腕电烧伤后皮肤、肌腱、神经、血管等多种组织缺损，减少了手术次数，治疗效果良好。     

显微外科技术修复肌腱的实验研究——(三)屈趾肌腱游离移植与转移的比较研究

36只新西兰大白兔双前爪,行腱鞘区第2趾肌腱转移、第4趾游离肌腱移植,术后1、3、7、14、21、28天。对两种术式肌腱及缝合处行大体、组织学、血供、生化检查。结果显示肌腱随术后时限延长,粘连逐渐加重,胶原纤维于术后21天可见,肌腱愈合以外源形式为主;游离移植肌腱有部分退变。肌腱的再血管化能力低。转移肌腱组织的羟脯氨酸及氨基已糖均较正常肌腱低,较游离移植肌腱高。本实验表明:腱鞘区肌腱缺损,进行游离肌腱移植与肌腱转移对肌腱愈合均有影响,在组织学及生化方面,尤以游离肌腱移植为甚。这与腱鞘区肌腱的营养特性以及游离移植肌腱的营养更加贫乏有关。     

拇手指末节部分缺损的修复与再造

目的报道应用吻合血管的足趾游离移植修复与再造拇、手指末节部分缺损的临床效果。方法采用吻合趾-指动、静脉的第二足趾游离移植或趾皮瓣游离移植修复与再造拇、手指末节部分缺损45例45指，其中：游离第二足趾12例、躅趾腓侧皮瓣游离移植4例、躅趾趾腹皮瓣游离移植3例、第二足趾胫侧皮瓣游离移植6例、第二足趾趾腹皮瓣游离移植5例、躅甲瓣游离移植3例、趾甲瓣游离移植7例、趾甲瓣加伸肌腱复合组织移植游离移植5例。结果术后45例全部成活，得到随访41例，外形满意，功能较好。结论拇、手指末节部分缺损采用足趾移植的方法进行修复与再造可获比较满意效果。     

Biomechanic analysis of trapeziectomy, ligament reconstruction with tendon interposition, and tie-in trapezium implant arthroplasty for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis: a cadaver study

PURPOSE: Thumb carpometacarpal joint arthritis has been commonly treated with some combination of resection of the trapezium and interposition of a spacer using either a biologic or artificial material plus tenodesis to reconstruct the volar oblique ligament. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanic stability of the classic ligament reconstruction with tendon interposition (LRTI) or without tendon interposition compared with a newly developed 1-piece silicone trapezium implant. METHODS: Twelve cadaver arm specimens had the following procedures: resection of the trapezium, tendon interposition, ligament reconstruction, LRTI, and the silicone implant. Biomechanic testing of joint stability was performed with a physiologic loading protocol before and after each procedure. RESULTS: The implant significantly corrected the axial displacement after trapeziectomy and resulted in less radial displacement than LRTI. It significantly reduced angulation of the thumb metacarpal base but resulted in more rotation of the thumb during simulated pinch. There was no significant difference in stability measures between trapeziectomy and LRTI or ligament reconstruction without tendon interposition. CONCLUSIONS: We found several biomechanic advantages to the implant compared with LRTI. Advantages include reduction in axial and radial displacement and maintenance of the trapezial space. We attribute these advantages to the effect of the implant as a spacer. The significant rotation with the implant, however, raises questions concerning implant design and fixation. We found no biomechanic advantage to LRTI or ligament reconstruction without tendon interposition over trapeziectomy alone.     

同种异体肌腱移植与肌腱库的建立

目的：为临床应用异体肌腱移植提供实验依据以及介绍肌腱库的建立。方法：用经深低温冷冻、冷冻干燥、不加处理的同种异体肌腱和自体肌健移植，修复ＳＤ大鼠跟腱缺损。术后３、８周行免疫原性和生物力学测定、形态学组织学观察。结果：经深低温冷冻与冷冻干燥处理的异体肌腱，有明显降低组织抗原性的作用，并保留了腱组织的生物学特性。结论：深低温冷冻保存的异体肌腱可应用于临床，近期疗效较为满意［１］。     

Experimental tendon sheath formation by free transplantation of a long vein segment (comparative study of adhesions formed around free grafts and pedicled grafts)]

In dog experiments, in order to improve the functions after tendinous injuries diphasic operations have been performed by the authors. In the first phase, after the extirpation of the tendon of the 2nd finger its area has been bridged over by a 5-6 cm long autologous vein transplant, cannulated with a silicone rubber bar. After 4 weeks, after the vascularization of the vein transplant the silicone bar has been removed from a new approach, and through the "tunnel" formed in this way and padded with silicone a tendon has been pulled through with two different methods: 1. according to the method of Paneva-Holevitch a diphasic pedicled tendon transplant and 2. a free tendon transplant. No differences were found as regards the adhesions, the vascularization and the tissular structure of the tendon. It may be presumed that also the distal portion of the pedicled tendon transplant is really a free tendon transplant.     

Comparative biomechanic performances of locked cruciate four-strand flexor tendon repairs in an ex vivo porcine model

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of 3 different locking configurations on repair strength when used in a cruciate four-strand repair. METHODS: Sixty fresh porcine flexor tendons were transected and repaired with cruciate four-strand core suture repairs with 3 different locking configurations: simple locks (a modification of the Pennigton method), circle locks, and cross locks. Half of the repairs in each locking group were reinforced with a peripheral suture. The tendon repairs were subjected to linear load-to-failure testing. Outcome measures were 2-mm gap force and ultimate tensile strength. RESULTS: The cross lock repair had significantly greater 2-mm gap force and ultimate tensile strength than the simple lock repair, both with and without a peripheral suture. The cross lock repair showed significantly greater 2-mm gap force without a peripheral suture and significantly greater ultimate tensile strength with a peripheral suture than the circle lock repair. With peripheral reinforcement, the cross lock cruciate repair had a mean 2-mm gap force of 92 N and ultimate tensile strength of 119 N. The cross lock cruciate repair consistently produced the strongest biomechanic performance in all outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Locking configuration influences the biomechanic performance of cruciate four-strand flexor tendon repairs. Our results suggest that the cruciate repair with cross locks is stronger than repairs with simple locks or circle locks. Whether the results of this ex vivo porcine linear model can be translated to the clinical arena is unknown, because the factors of tendon/sheath friction, tendon healing, and compromised tendon viability from the lock were not addressed.     

吻合血管的骨间背皮瓣移植修复手指皮肤缺损

目的游离长蒂骨间背侧穿支感觉皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损。方法急诊或择期行同侧骨问背侧穿支感觉皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损8例；其中单纯皮肤缺损4例，各关节主及被动活动正常；合并肌腱伤或骨折者4例，关节主动活动有不同程度影响。皮瓣大小：3、5cm×2cm～5cm×3cm；端端吻合骨间背侧动脉-指固有动脉，伴行静脉-指掌侧浅静脉，前臂后侧皮神经-指固有神经。术后定期测量两点辨别觉、外观满意度及关节活动度，评估手术效果。结果本组皮瓣全部存活，无1例发生血管危象，两点辨别觉8～18mm。外观满意度评估优5例，良3例。结论长蒂骨间背侧穿支感觉皮瓣是修复手指尤其是指端及指腹皮肤软组织缺损的一种较好方法。     

Reconstruction of the injured flexor tendon in the proximal half of the "no man's land" by a modified method (tendon sheath reconstruction using a vein graft)]

On the basis of long years' experiences the "no man's land" has been divided by the author into 2 parts: the proximal and the distal part. For the treatment of the flexor tendon lesions occurred in the distal part of the author advocates his method already published: in the "tendon sheath" formed from the vein its "bridging" by free tendon transplant. If the lesion occurred in the proximal part, the formation of a long "tendon sheath" from a vein and then its "bridging" by long tendon transplant are advocated by the author.     

克氏针串接组合内固定治疗髌骨粉碎骨折的生物力学分析

目的：利用生物力学方法测试克氏针串接组合（CSKW）内固定治疗髌骨粉碎骨折的生物力学原理。方法：新鲜尸体膝关节，制成髌骨粉碎骨折模型，用CSKW法固定、单纯克氏针固定法、Magnuson法、钢丝环状缝扎法复位固定，应用实验力学方法测定，比较内固定后的生物力学性能。结果 CSKW复位内固定完全符合髌骨的生物力学性能，能满足膝关节锻炼时的钢度和强度。结论：CSKW固定治疗髌骨粉碎骨折，具有优越的力学和生物力学性能。     

Functional deficit after transfer of the pronator teres for acquired radial nerve palsy

PURPOSE: A suitable muscle motor in reconstruction after acquired never injury should have adequate strength to perform the desired task, be aligned in the direction of pull, have synergistic action, and not result in unacceptable functional loss. In radial nerve palsy, the pronator teres is the most common motor donor used to restore wrist extension. Although the pronator teres remains aligned to provide pronation, the force deficit of the transfer is not known. METHODS: We used 6 cadavers and 6 patients to determine the loss of pronation strength both experimentally and clinically. RESULTS: Cadaveric testing showed a loss of pronation produced with similar load after transfer of the pronator. Clinical testing showed statistically significant loss of pronation ranging from 24% to 44%, depending on the method of testing. This deficit may be an important consideration in some clinical situations when transfers are used while waiting for radial nerve function to return. CONCLUSIONS: In the cadaveric biomechanic testing, we simulated the pronator teres-to-extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon transfer and showed a decreased range of motion and force developed after transfer. The clinical arm of the study confirmed our biomechanic findings by showing the loss of pronation function. This loss may be an important factor when planning reconstruction for radial nerve injuries. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.     

Flexor tendon repair in zone II with 6-strand techniques and early active mobilization

PURPOSE: There are many biomechanic studies of 6-strand suture techniques for active mobilization, but few reports have described the clinical outcome in zone II flexor tendon lacerations. We discuss the clinical results of zone II flexor tendon repair using 2 of these techniques followed by controlled early active mobilization. METHODS: Six-strand sutures using the number 1 technique by Yoshizu or a triple-looped suture technique were used to repair flexor tendons in 27 fingers from 21 consecutive patients. Fingers were mobilized by combining active extension and passive or active flexion in a protective splint for the first 3 weeks after surgery. The follow-up period averaged 13 months. RESULTS: Based on the original Strickland criteria, the results were excellent in 17 fingers, good in 9, and fair in 1. The average flexion was 62 degrees for distal interphalangeal joints and 91 degrees for proximal interphalangeal joints. None of the repaired tendons ruptured. CONCLUSIONS: The 6-strand flexor tendon suture technique followed by controlled active mobilization protected with a dorsal splint is safe, produces no ruptures, and achieves very good results in zone II flexor tendon laceration repair. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, Level II.     

Extensor hallucis longus tendon and soft-tissue reconstruction with palmaris longus tendon included in a radial forearm free flap: A case report

Reconstruction of foot structures is challenging because of the need to restore both anatomy and function. Extensor hallucis longus (EHL) excision without reconstruction could result in a flexion deformity of the toe at the interphalangeal joint. In this report, we present a case of the use of a palmaris longus tendon included in a fasciocutaneous radial forearm free flap to reconstruct EHL tendon and soft tissues of the distal foot dorsum. A 41-year-old woman presented with a recurrence of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma on the medial part of the left foot dorsum. The EHL tendon was sacrificed, leaving a soft-tissue defect of 14 × 5 cm and 14-cm tendon gap. A 14 × 5 cm radial forearm flap with a 16-cm section of palmaris longus tendon was harvested from the left forearm. Radial artery and its comitant vein were anastomosed with dorsalis pedis artery and vein. EHL tendon repair was performed from the composite mass to the proximal and distal stumps. No complication in the postoperative period occurred. At latest follow-up, 12 months postoperatively, the patient showed a normal joint function and was satisfied with the treatment. Palmaris longus tendon included in a radial forearm free flap could be recommended for combined soft tissue and tendon defects, particularly on the foot dorsum.