ATP结合ABCA1在动脉粥样硬化性疾病发生发展中的作用机制研究进展

动脉粥样硬化(As)是导致各种血管疾病的主要原因,而过多的胆固醇在巨噬细胞中积累形成泡沫细胞是As的主要原因之一,ATP结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)是高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和胆固醇逆转运(RCT)的重要调节因子。综述ABCA1在As性疾病发生发展中的作用机制发现,ABCA1可以抑制As的炎症反应,引起血管内皮细胞变化,参与氧化应激反应,通过多种代谢通路影响As。     

ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1与动脉粥样硬化

对Tangier病病因的研究,发现ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1(ATP binding cassette transport protein A1,ABCA1)在胆固醇逆向转运(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)中起重要作用。ABCA1主要通过核受体PPARs途径发挥作用。ABCA1基因变异影响其功能。     

激动β_3肾上腺素能受体上调载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ促进泡沫细胞胆固醇流出的研究

目的 通过激动或抑制HepG2细胞的β3肾上腺素能受体(β3-AR),探讨β3-AR调节胆固醇逆转运过程的可能机制。方法 将培养的HepG2细胞随机分为对照组、β3-AR激动剂组(激动剂组)和β3-AR拮抗剂组(拮抗剂组),ELISA法检测上清液载脂蛋白(apo)A-Ⅰ、apoA-Ⅱ及β3-AR水平;测定细胞内胆固醇、游离胆固醇和胆固醇酯水平,3 H标记的胆固醇测定胆固醇流出率,实时定量PCR和蛋白印迹法分别检测细胞中三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运蛋白A1(ABCA1)和肝X受体α亚型(LXRα)的表达。结果 与对照组比较,激动剂组apoA-Ⅰ、游离胆固醇、胆固醇流出率显著增加,胆固醇、胆固醇酯显著降低,ABCA1和LXRαmRNA及ABCA1和LXRα蛋白显著增加;拮抗剂组胆固醇、胆固醇酯显著升高,apoA-Ⅰ、胆固醇流出率显著减少,ABCA1和LXRαmRNA及ABCA1和LXRα蛋白显著降低。与激动剂组比较,拮抗剂组ABCA1和LXRαmRNA及ABCA1和LXRα蛋白显著降低(0.49±0.10 vs1.24±0.02,0.85±0.05 vs 1.32±0.05,0.38±0.01 vs 1.45±0.20,0.08±0.01 vs 0.76±0.02,P0.01)。结论激动HepG2细胞的β3-AR,可上调apoA-Ⅰ表达,促进巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇逆转运相关蛋白的表达。     

NgBR对巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇逆转运的影响

目的通过转染小干扰RNA(siRNA)沉默RAW264.7细胞源性泡沫细胞神经轴突生长抑制因子B受体(Ng BR)表达,研究Ng BR对泡沫细胞胆固醇逆转运(RCT)的影响,探索从RCT途径抗动脉粥样硬化(As)的新方法,为冠心病的临床防治提供新思路。方法利用氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导RAW264.7细胞形成泡沫细胞,油红O染色进行鉴定。将泡沫细胞分为四组:空白对照组、siRNA阴性对照组、Ng BR-siRNA1转染组(si Ng BR-1组)、Ng BR-siRNA2转染组(si Ng BR-2组)。利用siRNA沉默泡沫细胞Ng BR基因表达,并利用real-time PCR和Western blot对其进行干扰效率鉴定。随后采用real-time PCR检测各组细胞肝X受体α(LXRα)、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)及三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G1(ABCG1)mRNA表达,Western blot检测各组细胞相应蛋白含量,液闪计数仪检测胆固醇流出率。结果 ox-LDL成功诱导泡沫细胞形成;si Ng BR-1组和si Ng BR-2组Ng BR mRNA及其蛋白明显下调(P0.05);si Ng BR-1组和si Ng BR-2组LXRα、ABCA1和ABCG1的mRNA及其蛋白表达显著降低(P0.05),胆固醇流出显著减少(P0.05)。结论 Ng BR可以增加巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞RCT的调控基因LXRα及其下游基因ABCA1、ABCG1的表达,从而减弱或者避免As的发生和发展,为冠心病的临床防治提供理论依据。     

以ABCA1为靶点防治动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,As)是一个多因素参与的复杂疾病,其中血管壁胆固醇蓄积和炎症反应是其发生发展的两个关键环节,而两者又相互促进。三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ATP binding cassette transporterA1,ABCA1)是一种膜整合蛋白,通过与载脂蛋白AⅠ(apoAⅠ)结合,促进细胞内胆固醇流出并抑制血管壁炎症反应。人类ABCA1基因突变导致血浆高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平降低,并增加心血管疾病的风险。ABCA1基因敲除动物不仅表现出低的血浆HDL水平,还表现出胰腺β细胞功能紊乱、体内促炎状态和As斑块的形成。多种促As的炎症因子和代谢产物可能通过下调ABCA1的表达,从而促进As相关心血管疾病的发展。因此,ABCA1有望成为心血管疾病和糖尿病新的治疗靶标和研究方向。     

泡沫细胞胆固醇逆向转运机制及药物干预研究

目的 人THP-1单核/巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为研究对象,探讨罗格列酮、洛伐他汀对三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运蛋白(ABC)A1表达和细胞内胆固醇含量的影响.方法 低密度脂蛋白(LDL)提取,Cu2+氧化法获得氧化型LDL(ox-LDL).建立泡沫细胞模型.Western blot检测洛伐他汀、罗格列酮对THP-1单核/巨噬细胞ABCA1蛋白表达的影响.泡沫细胞分9组,分别给予相应的干预因子,培养24 h,检测各组细胞内胆固醇含量.结果 与对照组比较,洛伐他汀组、罗格列酮组、各ABCA1单克隆抗体预处理组细胞内胆固醇含量无明显变化(P>0.05);而载脂蛋白(Apo)A-I组、洛伐他汀+ApoA-I组、罗格列酮+ApoA-I组显著降低(P<0.05).结论 胆固醇逆向转运需在ApoA-I和ABCA1蛋白共同参与下完成,并能降低细胞内胆固醇含量.罗格列酮能通过促进ABCA1蛋白表达介导胆固醇向胞外转运,使细胞内胆固醇含量进一步降低.     

荷叶碱对巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1表达与胆固醇流出的影响及机制

目的观察荷叶碱(NF)对巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ATP结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)表达和胆固醇流出的影响及机制。方法体外培养人源性THP-1单核细胞,使用佛波酯(160 nmol/L)对其进行诱导,促进其分化为巨噬细胞,并在50 mg/L氧化低密度脂蛋白处理下,使其荷脂形成泡沫细胞,进行常规体外培养细胞。高效液相色谱检测泡沫细胞内脂质成分,液体闪烁计数仪检测泡沫细胞胆固醇流出的水平;实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测ABCA1表达情况。PPARγ抑制剂GW9662和LXRα抑制剂GGPP分别处理泡沫细胞,通过荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测荷叶碱对泡沫细胞PPARγ、LXRα和ABCA1表达的影响。结果荷叶碱显著减少泡沫细胞内的脂质成分,增加ABCA1表达与胆固醇流出水平。PPARγ抑制剂GW9662处理细胞后,显著降低了PPARγ、LXRα和ABCA1的表达。泡沫细胞在LXRα抑制剂GGPP处理下,也明显降低了LXRα和ABCA1表达。结论荷叶碱通过PPARγ/LXRα途径上调巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞ABCA1的表达,促进胆固醇流出,减少细胞内脂质蓄积。     

阿托伐他汀钙和非诺贝特酸对2型糖尿病患者泡沫细胞胆固醇外流的影响

目的了解巨噬细胞对胆固醇处理能力的改变在糖尿病泡沫细胞形成中的作用,以及调脂药物治疗对细胞内胆固醇(IC)外流的影响。方法选择2型糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化(AS)患者8例(Ⅰ组)、非糖尿病AS患者8例(Ⅱ组)和非糖尿病非AS患者6例(Ⅲ组)。外周血单核细胞经乙酰化低密度脂蛋白(LDL)诱导成泡沫细胞。采用免疫细胞化学和细胞酶联免疫吸附法测定阿托伐他汀钙和非诺贝特酸处理后泡沫细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)α和三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)的表达。高效液相色谱法测定药物处理前后IC和胆固醇酯(CE)转运率。结果Ⅰ组患者巨噬细胞对乙酰化LDL有很强的吞噬能力。乙酰化LDL显著抑制细胞PPARα和ABCA1的表达。非诺贝特酸明显上调细胞PPARα和ABCA1的表达,并在Ⅰ组显著促进IC外流。两药均可抑制巨噬细胞对脂质的吞噬和脂质引起的细胞损伤,并加速泡沫细胞IC和CE的外流。结论糖尿病巨噬细胞对胆固醇处理能力的改变与细胞内脂质沉积相关,调脂药物对细胞损伤具有保护作用,并促进IC外流。     

干预载脂蛋白AⅠ表达的研究进展

大量的临床流行病学研究已经表明,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平与心血管疾病风险呈负相关。载脂蛋白AⅠ(Apo AⅠ)是HDL中的主要功能蛋白,其含量约占HDL的70%左右。寡脂的Apo AⅠ是ATP结合盒转运子A1(ABCA1)介导的巨噬细胞胆固醇流出的主要接受体,能够介导巨噬细胞中游离胆固醇的外流,启动胆固醇逆转运(RCT)过程,并在肝外组织清除过多胆固醇。大量的动物实验也已证实即使HDL保持正常水平,Apo AⅠ的缺乏也可导致动脉粥样硬化病变加重,过表达人Apo AⅠ基因抑制动脉粥样硬化早期脂纹的产生,因此调控Apo AⅠ基因表达对动脉粥样化及其他心血管疾病具有重要意义。本文拟就干预Apo AⅠ基因表达调控机制及诱导和抑制Apo AⅠ表达的相关因素进行综述。     

核因子-κB对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导THP-1源性泡沫细胞ATP结合盒转运子A1表达的影响

目的:探讨核因子-κB(NF-κB)对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导THP-1源性泡沫细胞ATP结合盒转运子A1(ABCA1)表达的影响及在胆固醇流出中的作用。方法:THP-1源性泡沫细胞分别给予10-5mol/LAngⅡ(AngⅡ组)、10μmol/LNF-κB特异性抑制剂TPCK预孵(TPCK组)。采用夹心酶联免疫分析法检测泡沫细胞内NF-κB的活化程度。通过透射电镜和荧光分光光度计、酶化学法,检测泡沫细胞内胆固醇含量的变化。利用闪烁计数法测量泡沫细胞内胆固醇流出率。用逆转录-聚合酶链反应法和免疫印迹法半定量分析泡沫细胞ABCA1的表达。结果:TPCK组NF-κB活化核易位则无明显高峰,维持在较低的水平。TPCK组泡沫细胞内胆固醇含量较AngⅡ组降低24.1%(P<0.05),胆固醇流出率较AngⅡ组显著升高41.1%(P<0.05),ABCA1mR-NA和蛋白表达较AngⅡ组升高30%和19%(P<0.05)。结论:AngⅡ可经NF-κB介导下调THP-1源性泡沫细胞ABCA1的表达,致泡沫细胞内胆固醇流出减少,增加泡沫细胞内胆固醇含量,加速动脉粥样硬化。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.