上海市金山区2007-2011年中小学生营养状况不同标准评价结果比较

了解上海金山区2007-2011年中小学生营养不良的流行病学特点,比较2种标准筛查结果差异,为标准的合理选择提供科学依据.方法 收集上海市金山区2007-2011年监测点校学生体检资料51 429份,利用身高别体重法和年龄别体质量指数(BMI)两种标准筛检营养不良.结果 5 a间中小学生营养不良状况呈现下降趋势.采用2000年身高别体重法筛查,男生营养不良检出率从2007年的7.59%下降到2011年的4.91%,女生从4.52%下降到1.94%.年龄别BMI标准筛查,男生消瘦检出率从6.88%下降到4.18%,女生从7.02%下降到3.92%;生长迟滞检出率较低,变化较平稳.身高别体重标准筛检营养不良与年龄别BMI标准筛检一致率为72.03%.结论 上海市金山区2007-2011年中小学生营养不良问题较轻,新的儿童青少年营养不良筛查标准更合理.     

用身高别体重与BMI标准评价沙县中小学生肥胖现状

[目的]筛查沙县中小学生肥胖现状并进行比较。[方法]利用2006年学生体检资料，分别用“身高别体重”和BMI标准统计中小学生肥胖、超重率并进行比较。[结果]用身高别体重和BMI标准筛查出的肥胖率分别为6．1％和3．2％，超重率为7．7％和8．3％，差异有显著性；不同年龄不同性别学生用2种标准筛查出的肥胖和超重率不一致，有2．7％（368／13580）学生用身高别体重标准不能进行评价；2种标准查出的肥胖率均为小学组高于初中组，初中组高于高中组，男生高于女生。[结论]沙县中小学生肥胖检出率处于较低水平，2种标准筛查的超重与肥胖率有差异，BMI标准能更有效地对学生进行超重和肥胖筛查。     

大连市儿童青少年体重指数分布状况

目的探讨大连市儿童青少年体重指数的分布特征,为预防儿童青少年的超重、肥胖提供相关依据。方法整群抽取大连市区1635名儿童青少年进行身高和体重测量。按照中国肥胖问题工作组（WGOC）推荐的“中国儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查BMI值分类标准”诊断超重与肥胖。结果大连市儿童青少年体重指数随着年龄的增加而增加,年龄越大BMI值越大;男生不同年龄、女生不同年龄BMI值之间差异有统计学意义;对同一年龄不同性别儿童青少年BMI值进行Z检验,结果表明除7岁、9岁年龄组外,其他年龄段男女生BMI值之间差异均有统计学意义,且男生BMI值均高于女生;不同年龄男生肥胖率变化趋势无明显的规律性,女生肥胖率在9岁后逐年下降,而超重率在10岁后却逐年上升。结论应重视儿童青少年超重、肥胖的预防工作。     

成都市2144名中小学生超重肥胖现状分析

分析成都市7~15岁学龄儿童青少年超重肥胖现状,为预测该地区超重肥胖发展趋势提供依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样法,共获得成都市中、小学各2所7~15岁儿童青少年有效数据2 144份.测量儿童青少年的身高、体重,计算体质量指数(BMI).分别采用中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)推荐的“中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数值分类标准”以及国际肥胖工作组(IOTF)推荐的“儿童青少年超重肥胖筛查标准”评价超重和肥胖.结果 根据WGOC标准和IOTF标准,成都市7~15岁儿童青少年的超重率和肥胖率分别为10.68%,12.92%和6.53%,3.17%.不同性别学生超重率差异无统计学意义,男生肥胖率高于女生(P<0.05);男生超重率和肥胖率最高的年龄段分别为10~12岁和7~9岁,而女生超重率和肥胖率最高的年龄段均为10~12岁.结论 成都地区儿童青少年的肥胖问题男生较女生更为严重,且超重和肥胖出现低龄化.     

北京市海淀区1985-2010年中小学生肥胖变化趋势分析

目的 了解北京市海淀区1985 -2010年中小学生超重、肥胖及体质量指数(BMI)变化趋势,为儿童青少年肥胖干预政策的制定提供科学依据.方法 使用1985 -2010年中国学生体质与健康调研北京市海淀区资料,根据身高和体重计算BMI,应用中国肥胖工作组(WGOC)“中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查BMI分类标准”判定超重和肥胖,比较7 ～18岁学生各年度超重与肥胖检出率,分析各百分位数BMI( P25,P50,P75,P90,P95)变化趋势.结果 1985 -2010年7～18岁男生肥胖率分别为1.0％,4.0％,6.5％,15.2％,女生分别为0.5％,2.1％,2.8％,5.2％.各年龄组男、女生超重、肥胖率以及各百分位数BMI值均随年度不断上升(P值均＜0.01).1985 -2010年各百分位数BMI增长表现为男生增速高于女生,较高百分位BMI值增速高于较低百分位BMI值,各年龄组高百分位BMI值全面大幅上升.2000-2010年以来10～15岁男、女生BMI增速明显.结论 北京市海淀区1985 -2010年学生超重、肥胖检出率以及BMI水平持续增长,10～15岁学生是下一步肥胖防控的重点对象.     

宝山区友谊街道中小学生超重和肥胖调查

目的了解目前上海市宝山区友谊街道青少年生长发育和超重、肥胖状况,为有效防治青少年超重和肥胖提供科学依据。方法用整群抽样的方法对上海市宝山区友谊街道13所中、小学共9195人身高、体重等项目进行了调查,用“中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖BMI分类标准”进行筛查。结果上海市宝山区友谊街道中小学生各年龄身高、体重均数均超过2005年全国城市水平;其中男生超重和肥胖率为21．7％和14．9％,女生为11．8％和8．4％。结论上海市宝山区友谊街道中小学生超重和肥胖已非常严重,学校应大力开展健康教育、增加学生每天户外活动时间、提倡健康饮食等,提高学生体质,减少超重和肥胖。     

潮州市区小学生肥胖现状调查分析

目的了解潮州市区小学生肥胖状况,为制订有效的肥胖干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用WGOC推荐的“中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查人体质量指数值分类标准”,人体质量指数（BMI）为体重（kg）与身高（m）平方的比值,抽取市区4064名7～12岁在校小学生进行超重肥胖状况分析。结果2010年共调查4064名7～12岁小学生,男生2136人,女生1928人。总超重率为13．41％,肥胖率为10．26％;男生超重率和肥胖率分别为16．20％、13．58％,均高于女生（10．32％、6．59％）（P〈0．01）;超重率在女生中随年龄增长而变化的趋势不同（P〈0．05）,而肥胖率在男生中的变化跟年龄有关（P〈0．05）。结论潮州市小学生超重肥胖状况不容乐观,应采取切实有效的干预措施．防治重点为男生。     

2009-2014年上海市宝山区中小学生超重肥胖流行趋势分析

目的分析上海市宝山区中小学生超重、肥胖现况,探讨流行趋势,为卫生和教育部门开展防治工作提供科学依据。方法利用2009-2014年学生健康监测数据,计算BMI,根据《中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查BMI分类标准》判定是否超重肥胖,计算分年龄段和性别的超重率、肥胖率。结果 2009-2014年中小学生男生超重率为16.97%~19.15%、肥胖率为11.28%~15.29%,男生超重率、肥胖率随年份呈先升后降趋势。各年龄男生超重率较为稳定,肥胖率则随年龄增长有下降趋势。女生超重率为9.68%~14.89%、肥胖率为4.20%~7.63%,女生超重率、肥胖率随年份呈上升趋势(χ2=24.35、20.87,均P<0.01)。女生超重率随年龄增长稍有下降趋势,肥胖率随年龄增长下降趋势明显。各年龄段男生超重率、肥胖率高于女生(均P<0.05)。结论宝山区中小学生超重肥胖发生情况存在性别、年龄差异,男生超重肥胖较为严重但趋于稳中有降,女生超重肥胖呈上升趋势,男、女生均存在年龄越小肥胖率越高现象,可采取有针对性措施防治中小学生超重肥胖发生。     

2012年苏州市吴中区小学生超重肥胖状况分析

目的分析2012年苏州市吴中区小学生超重、肥胖现状,为制定相应的防治策略和干预措施提供依据。方法对2012年苏州市吴中区小学生健康体检数据进行分析,利用中国肥胖工作组(WGOC)制定的BMI标准筛查超重和肥胖。结果2012年吴中区小学生超重和肥胖率分别为14.0%和11.2%,男生和女生超重率分别为16.9%和10.5%,男生和女生肥胖率分别为14.0%和7.9%,男生超重、肥胖率均高于女生,男生和女生超重、肥胖率随着年龄增长表现出不同的变化趋势。结论吴中区小学生超重和肥胖率处于较高水平,高于全国平均水平,需制定综合防治规划,采取切实可行的干预措施,防治儿童超重和肥胖。     

青岛市某高校2012年和2013年新入学大学生肥胖状况调查分析

目的了解青岛市某高校新入学大学生身高、体重和肥胖状况,为开展预防保健工作提供依据。方法选择青岛市某高校2012年和2013年新入学的7 891名学生(男生4 213名,女生3 678名)为研究对象,进行医学体格检查,测量身高、体重,计算BMI,并对入学大学生肥胖状况进行统计分析。结果该校男女新生平均BMI分别为21.69 kg/m~2、20.29 kg/m~2,新生超重检出率为12.08%,肥胖检出率为3.97%,新生超重肥胖检出率为16.04%,其中男生超重肥胖率为22.53%,女生超重肥胖率为8.62%,上述各项指标男生均高于女生(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论肥胖已经成为影响大学生身体健康的重要因素之一,应加强健康教育和体育锻炼,提高学生身体素质。     

企业职工高尿酸血症与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性研究

目的探讨企业职工高尿酸血症（HUA）与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性,为企业进行健康管理提供依据。方法以中国石油长庆油田公司各下属企业为抽样单位,整群随机抽取2个单位,每个单位中所有的HUA者作为HUA组,共720人;同时在尿酸水平正常者中随机选取620人为正常组。通过Logistic回归分析HUA与年龄、性别、血压、血脂、血糖的关系。结果HUA合并高血压、高血脂、空腹m糖受损任意一项、两项、三项的比例均远高于正常组（OR值分别为：4．036,2．562,4．174）。多因素Logistic回归发现：男性、收缩压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是HUA的危险因素（OR值分别为7．736,2．309,1．721,2．761,1．411）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为HUA的保护因素（OR值为0．211）。结论HUA存在性别差异,且与血压、血脂密切相关。企业对职工的健康管理应充分考虑多危险因素的综合作用,全面的进行健康教育及干预。     

癌缺氧病因及预防和治疗

目的 探讨癌及安阳林州市食管癌高发原因及癌病因预防和治疗措施.方法 对林州市食管癌等疾病现场进行调查,在进行10余年统计分析基础上,综合分析了全国156篇文献成果.结果 提出癌缺氧病因学说,使用制氧机、按摩器、饮用纯净水治疗恶性肿瘤,取得良好效果,改水能够大幅降低林州市居民食管癌发病率、死亡率.结论 癌可能是由于机体长...     

Recruitment and retention challenges and successes

Objective: Addressing health disparities requires well designed, culturally adapted research. However, recruiting/retaining minority participants has often been challenging. We present strategies used to successfully recruit and retain rural Hispanic women during a breastfeeding education intervention.

Design: This study involved a two-group repeated measures quasi-experimental design with assessments at seven intervals between enrollment and 6 months postpartum. Participants (Hispanic women?≥?15 years old) were recruited through a regional hospital.

Results: We successfully met our recruitment goals, most women contacted were enrolled (46 of 58), and 100% completed the study.

Discussion: Research staff with ties within the community helped establish trust. Using bilingual study materials, simple language, and an interpreter addressed language/literacy concerns. Phone assessments facilitated participation as transportation was an issue. Accommodating requests to deliver or mail study materials and providing incentives were important. Extra effort was needed to maintain contact when phone service was disrupted or participants moved. Keys to success were persistence, flexibility, and alleviating barriers to participation.     

初产妇与经产妇焦虑抑郁状态分析及干预

目的：分析初产妇、经产妇心理状态特点,以便采取更有效的干预措施。方法筛选2014年6月至2015年1月在咸阳市旬邑县妇幼保健院产科门诊产前检查的健康初产和经产妇各60名,孕周为28~40周。入组时用焦虑自评量表( SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组孕妇进行心理评定,并给1次支持性心理干预(40~60分钟),1周后再次用SAS、SDS对两组孕妇进行评定分析。结果经产妇干预前SAS(50.73±3.45)、SDS(49.13±3.86)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(42.45±2.08)、SDS(41.77±2.21),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-15.921、-12.817,均P<0.01);干预后两组SAS、SDS评分均比干预前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为14.999、15.413;15.724、15.832,均P<0.01);干预后经产妇 SAS(38.61±5.02)、SDS(39.10±3.03)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(34.88±3.31)、SDS(32.01±4.27),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.805、-10.489,均P<0.01)。结论初产妇和经产妇均伴有焦虑、抑郁情绪,干预前后经产妇抑郁、焦虑情绪均较初产妇明显,支持性心理干预能有效改善孕妇的不良情绪。     

Continuity and change in neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent depression and anxiety

We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study which includes a sample of adolescents of age 15 at the most recent wave (between 2014 and 2017) from mainly low-income urban families in the United States, to examine the association between neighborhood poverty entries and exits and adolescent depression and anxiety. In addition, we examined whether these associations differed by gender. Adolescents who consistently lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods had the highest level of depression and anxiety. Those who entered poor neighborhoods were more depressed than those who never lived in poor neighborhoods. Those who exited poor neighborhoods showed no significant difference in depression and anxiety compared to those never lived in poor neighborhoods. Furthermore, these associations applied to adolescent girls only and were not statistically significant for boys. The results suggest that neighborhood poverty has cumulative negative impacts on adolescent mental health and disproportionally affects adolescent girls. Reducing neighborhood poverty would substantially improve the health of adolescents, especially girls, which would reduce health disparities.     

Enabling positive change: Progress and setbacks in HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights

At a point in history when the future of sexual and reproductive health including HIV looks particularly uncertain, it is helpful to recognise that many of the challenges currently faced are neither new nor insurmountable. Reflecting on past achievements and lessons learned helps us to have confidence that positive change is feasible. This paper reflects on some of the changes observed in countries like India and Mozambique and identifies a range of factors which need to coalesce to enable these developments, along with specific contextual factors. It is the combination of these influences rather than any one of them alone that brought about the change in the three instances described – fostering a positive political response to HIV in its early years in India; bringing about policy reform on abortion in Mozambique; and increasing contraceptive prevalence and age at marriage in some districts in Bihar, India. Change is always fragile and susceptible to setbacks, but change-seekers can learn in the process and gain renewed hope that progress can and often does take place if they persevere.     

儿童青少年超重肥胖评价方法及SPSS和SAS实现

超重肥胖已成为世界各国儿童青少年面临的重大公共卫生问题之一。现行的儿童青少年超重肥胖筛查标准不统一,逐条评价或自行编写程序容易出错且效率较低。本研究以中国学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准为例,详细介绍了国际和中国共四种评价儿童青少年超重肥胖的方法和步骤,结合具体案例详细介绍其应用方法,同时编制SPSS和SAS程序包和解...     

Car ownership and the association between fruit and vegetable availability and diet

Objective

Nearly all research on the food environment and diet has not accounted for car ownership — a potential key modifying factor. This study examined the modifying effect of car ownership on the relationship between neighborhood fruit and vegetable availability and intake.

Methods

Data on respondents' (n = 760) fruit and vegetable intake, car ownership, and demographics came from the 2008 New Orleans Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Shelf space data on fresh, frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables were collected in 2008 from a random sample of New Orleans stores (n = 114). Availability measures were constructed by summing the amount of fruit and vegetable shelf space in all stores within defined distances from respondent households. Regression analyses controlled for demographics and were run separately for respondents with and without a car.

Results

Fruit and vegetable availability was positively associated with intake among non-car owners. An additional 100 m of shelf space within 2 km of a residence was predictive of a half-serving/day increase in fruit and vegetable intake. Availability was not associated with intake among car owners.

Conclusions

Future research and interventions to increase neighborhood healthy food options should consider car ownership rates in their target areas as an important modifying factor.