2005—2011年我国县级妇幼保健机构发展状况

目的了解我国县级妇幼保健机构的发展状况,为妇幼保健机构规范化建设提供政策依据。方法通过全国妇幼保健机构管理信息网络报告系统,收集2005—2011年全国县级妇幼保健机构资源、服务提供及运营情况等数据,并对东、中、西部地区县级妇幼保健机构的资源配置、服务提供以及运营等发展状况进行分析。结果2005—2011年我国县级妇幼保健机构在资源配置、服务提供、机构运营等方面均有所增长,东部地区发展明显好于中西部地区,西部地区发展相对较慢。各地区均存在人员编制不足、卫生技术人员学历与职称不高、政府投入不足等现象。结论应进一步增加对县级妇幼保健机构的投入,尤其是中西部地区的投入,提高县级妇幼保健机构人员的服务能力。     

筹资能力对东、西部典型县妇幼保健机构服务能力影响的比较

从东、西部典型县妇幼保健机构筹资能力入手，揭示机构筹资能力对妇幼保健机构服务能力的影响。分析形成东、西部地区农村妇幼保健机构筹资能力差距的主要成因是财政体制、居民支付能力和居民购买服务的欲望。并针对形成筹资能力差异的成因，提出缩小东、西部地区农村妇幼保健机构筹资能力差距，提高西部地区农村妇幼保健服务水平的建议。     

县级妇幼保健机构资源配置在服务人口与面积分布的均衡性分析

目的:分析县级妇幼保健机构资源分布的均衡性,为科学合理配置妇幼保健机构资源提供参考。方法:根据卫生资源密度指数(HRDI)对妇幼保健机构资源分布的均衡性进行分析。结果:以全国县级妇幼保健机构HRDI为标准,中部地区县级妇幼保健机构所需要的资源最高,其次是西部地区。而目前中西部地区县级妇幼保健机构资源较为缺乏。不同地区县级妇幼保健机构的资源分布不均衡。结论:在今后的妇幼保健机构资源配置标准的制定中要兼顾服务人口和服务面积,使二者分布达到均衡,同时也要考虑不同地区妇女儿童的健康水平和妇幼保健机构的服务水平。     

全国各级妇幼保健机构业务用房面积现况及达标情况分析

目的了解2017年全国妇幼保健机构业务用房面积现况及达标情况,为妇幼保健机构标准化建设及相关政策的制定提供参考依据。方法通过全国妇幼保健机构监测直报系统,收集2015—2017年全国各级妇幼保健机构的资源及运营等基本情况,分析各级妇幼保健机构的业务用房面积分布现状,并根据2018年妇幼保健机构建设新标准对各级妇幼保健机构业务用房达标情况进行分析。结果 2017年全国妇幼保健机构业务用房总面积为2 459万平方米,省、市、县区级妇幼保健机构业务用房面积达到标准的比例分别为26.7%、14.5%和14.4%。其中有住院服务机构的用房面积高于无住院服务机构,但达标率低于无住院服务机构,我国东部地区机构的业务用房面积和达标率都高于中西部地区。结论我国各级妇幼保健机构业务用房面积虽然呈现逐年增长的趋势,但各级机构达标率仍较低,各级政府应继续加强支持,促进我国妇幼卫生事业良好发展。     

2010-2014年我国县级妇幼保健机构发展现状分析

目的分析2010-2014年全国县级妇幼保健机构资源和运营情况的变化趋势,为进一步加强妇幼保健机构规范化建设提供依据。方法通过收集全国妇幼保健机构管理信息网络直报系统中2010-2014年县级妇幼保健机构的监测数据,从资源、服务及运营等方面对全国县级妇幼保健机构及东、中、西部地区县级妇幼保健机构进行发展状况分析。结果 2010-2014年全国县级妇幼保健机构在人力资源、资产、服务提供及机构运营等方面指标均呈逐年增长的趋势。就机构固定资产、设备及门急诊人次指标而言,西部地区发展较快,水平逐渐高于中部地区。结论整体来看全国县级妇幼保健机构人员数量与质量、财政补助收入及基础设施等方面仍存在不足,应进一步加强对县级妇幼保健机构人力、物力及财力的投入,继续实施西部地区倾斜政策,同时县级妇幼保健机构自身要不断提升管理水平和人员素质,持续推进机构的规范化建设与发展。     

2014年全国县区级妇幼保健机构业务用房面积现况分析

目的 了解2014年全国县区级妇幼保健机构业务用房面积现况及分布情况,为妇幼保健机构规范化建设及相关政策制定提供参考依据.方法 通过全国妇幼保健机构监测直报系统,收集2014年县区级妇幼保健机构业务用房情况.结果 全国有购建业务用房的2 463所县区级妇幼保健机构中,平均人均业务用房面积为42.2 m2.按照《妇幼保健院、所建设标准(试行)》中的业务用房人均面积标准,未达到标准的共计1 163所(47.2％),开展住院服务的机构,平均人均面积及达标比例低于未开展住院服务的机构.独立机构平均人均面积低于非独立机构,中部地区平均人均面积及达标比例低于东部及西部地区,全国30个省份均存在不同程度的人均面积不达标情况.结论 根据目前县区级妇幼保健机构业务用房建设落后状况,国家和各级政府应增加投入,促进机构可持续发展.     

我国县(区)级妇幼保健机构经营状况分析

目的: 了解我国县(区) 级妇幼保健机构收支盈亏情况。方法: 利用2003年卫生部重点调查妇幼保健机构的资料, 分析重点调查中县(区) 级妇幼保健机构的经营情况。结果: ①不同地区县(区) 级妇幼保健机构收支盈亏构成没有明显差异。②不同地区及不同盈亏情况的县(区) 级妇幼保健机构业务支出占总支出的比重差别不大。③不同地区及不同盈亏情况的业务收入占总收入的比重有差别。④县(区) 级妇幼保健机构卫生事业拨款平均水平由高到低的顺序为: 东部、西部和中部地区, 且中部和西部地区县(区) 级妇幼保健机构卫生事业拨款平均水平低于总体水平。     

山西省市、县级妇幼保健机构儿童保健服务能力调查分析

目的 了解山西省市、县级妇幼保健机构儿童保健服务能力。方法 采用问卷调查和现场核实的方法,抽样调查山西省11个市级和119个县级妇幼保健机构的基本情况和儿童保健业务用房、人力资源、业务开展等情况。结果 山西省市、县级妇幼保健机构的儿童保健服务能力发展不平衡,部分机构业务用房紧张或不符合儿童保健业务用房规定。县级妇幼保健机构中儿童保健人员职称、学历较低,儿童保健业务单一,心理发育评估和干预能力亟待提高。结论 山西省卫生行政部门和省级妇幼保健机构要针对各市、县级妇幼保健机构,特别是贫困县妇幼保健机构的儿童保健服务的薄弱环节进行业务支持,不断提高其服务能力。     

全国县级妇幼保健机构人力资源状况分析

目的了解不同机构设置(有无住院服务)、不同地区(东、中、西部)县级妇幼保健机构人力资源的现状及差异,从而为开展妇幼卫生人才队伍建设研究,加强县级妇幼保健机构人才队伍建设提供依据。方法利用全国妇幼保健机构监测数据,对全国县级妇幼保健机构人力资源指标进行描述性和趋势分析。结果按卫生部《各级妇幼保健机构编制标准(试行)》中的县级妇幼保健机构保健人员配备40人的标准,在无住院服务的县级妇幼保健机构中,保健人员配备不足的比例为97.6%～98.6%。在有住院服务的县级妇幼保健机构中,东、中、西部保健人员配备不足的比例分别为82.7%、89.4%和90.1%。县级妇幼保健机构的职工总数、卫生技术人员数、保健人员数,以及卫生技术人员学历构成,在东、中、西部地区的分布不均衡,西部地区明显低于中部和东部地区。县级妇幼保健机构卫生技术人员数在2004-2008年间无明显增加,仍处于较低水平。结论全国县级妇幼保健机构人员编制不足及人才分布不均衡现象依然存在,尤其西部地区妇幼保健人才队伍的数量和素质均有待进一步提高。     

省市县三级妇幼保健机构2004～2006年度服务提供及发展能力分析

目的:对省市县三级妇幼保健机构的服务和发展能力进行分析,为妇幼保健机构规范化建设提供政策依据。方法:通过网络直报的形式,开展对全国妇幼保健机构资源与运营情况的年度监测,采用对比分析的方法对2004～2006年度妇幼保健机构的服务和发展能力进行评估。结果:三级妇幼保健机构年门诊人次、年出院人次,资产、业务收入逐年增加,大部分指标增长率也逐年提高。结论:总体上各级妇幼保健机构的服务和发展能力逐年增强,县级妇幼保健机构服务和发展状况有所改善。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.